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## Chapter 20
**44**
Eight *madastanas* (sources of pride) are mentioned, such as: *jatimda* (pride in one's mother's lineage), *kulmada* (pride in one's father's lineage), *balmada* (pride in one's strength), *rupmada* (pride in one's beauty), *tapomda* (pride in one's austerities), *srutamada* (pride in one's knowledge), *labhmada* (pride in one's wealth), and *aishwarymada* (pride in one's power).
Eight *pravchan-matas* (mothers of the teachings) are mentioned, such as: *iryasamiti* (the assembly of those who walk), *bhasasamiti* (the assembly of those who speak), *eshanasamiti* (the assembly of those who desire), *adana-bhanda-matra-nikshepanasamiti* (the assembly of those who deposit only the necessary amount of food and other necessities), *uccara-prastavana-khel-jall-singhana-parishthapanasamiti* (the assembly of those who engage in play, laughter, singing, and dancing), *manogupti* (guarding the mind), *vachanagupti* (guarding the speech), and *kayagupti* (guarding the body).
**Explanation:**
The places or reasons from which a person develops pride or arrogance are called *madastanas*. There are eight of them. Pride in proficiency or skill in various arts should be understood as falling under *srutamada*. The term *pravchan* refers to the twelve-fold *ganipitaka* and its foundational assembly. Just as a mother protects her child, so too do the five assemblies and three guardians protect the twelve-fold *pravchan* and the assembly, which is the embodiment of restraint and Dharma. Therefore, they are called *pravchan-matas*.
**45**
The *chaitya-vruksha* (sacred trees) of the *vanavyantara* (intermediate gods) are said to be eight *yojanas* (leagues) high. The *jambhu* tree, located in *uttarakuru* (northern Kuru), is said to be eight *yojanas* high. The *kutasalmalli* tree, located in *devakuru* (divine Kuru) and the abode of Garuda, is said to be eight *yojanas* high. The *jagati* (boundary wall) of *jambudvipa* (the Jambudvipa continent) is said to be eight *yojanas* high.
**46**
The *kevalisamudghata* (the complete liberation of the soul) is said to have eight stages. In the first stage, the *kevali* (liberated soul) performs the *danda-samudghata* (the liberation of the body from the bondage of the senses). In the second stage, the *kevali* performs the *kapaata-samudghata* (the liberation of the mind from the bondage of the senses). In the third stage, the *kevali* performs the *manthana-samudghata* (the liberation of the soul from the bondage of the senses). In the fourth stage, the *kevali* fills the intervals of the *manthana-samudghata* (the liberation of the soul from the bondage of the senses). In the fifth stage, the *kevali* contracts the intervals of the *manthana-samudghata* (the liberation of the soul from the bondage of the senses). In the sixth stage, the *kevali* contracts the *manthana-samudghata* (the liberation of the soul from the bondage of the senses). In the seventh stage, the *kevali* contracts the *kapaata-samudghata* (the liberation of the mind from the bondage of the senses). In the eighth stage, the *kevali* contracts the *danda-samudghata* (the liberation of the body from the bondage of the senses). After this, the soul becomes as small as a body.
**47**
The *arhat* (liberated soul) who is a *purishadaani* (a human being) has eight *ganas* (groups) and eight *ganaharas* (leaders of the groups).