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## Explanation of Pratyakhyana
This text refers to the third light of Yogashastra, verse 129.
**Defects in Kausagg:**
11. **Shakatolka:** Standing with the heels together or apart, like the rear wheels of a bullock cart, is a defect called Shakatolka.
12. **Sanyati:** Covering the entire body except the head with a cloth during Kausagg, like a Sadhvi, is a defect called Sanyati.
13. **Khalin:** Holding the reins of a horse, like a charwale or a bunch of oge, while standing in Kausagg, is a defect called Khalin. Other Acharyas say that repeatedly shaking the head or moving it up and down during Kausagg, like a horse suffering from the reins, is a defect called Khalin.
14. **Vayas:** Moving the eyes around or looking in different directions during Kausagg, like a crow, is a defect called Vayas.
15. **Kapittha:** Gathering the cholapatte in fear of a jū and holding it in a fist like a kapitth fruit during Kausagg, is a defect called Kapittha. Similarly, holding the fist closed during Kausagg is also considered the same defect.
16. **Shirshothkampit:** Repeatedly shaking the head during Kausagg, like a possessed person, is a defect called Shirshothkampit.
17. **Mook:** Speaking in an unclear and unintelligible way during Kausagg, like a mute, is a defect called Mook.
18. **Anguli:** Counting the number of people by running a finger on the toes during Kausagg, is a defect called Anguli.
19. **Bhru:** Moving the eyebrows up and down during Kausagg, to look in another direction, is a defect called Bhru.
20. **Varuni:** Making a gurgling sound during Kausagg, like the sound of boiling liquor, is a defect called Varuni. Other Acharyas say that swaying around during Kausagg, like a drunkard after drinking alcohol, is a defect called Varuni.
21. **Anupreksha:** Moving the lips during Kausagg, like when studying, is a defect called Anupreksha.
**Summary of Defects in Kausagg:**
1. Ghotak
2. Lata
3. Stambh
4. Kadya
5. Mal
6. Shab
8. Nigad
9. Lambottar
10. Stan
11. Urvi
12. Sanyati
13. Khalin
14. Vayas
15. Kapittha
16. Shirshothkampit
17. Mook
18. Anguli
19. Bhru
20. Varuni
21. Preksha
Many Acharyas mention other defects besides these, such as spitting during Kausagg, touching or scratching body parts, being restless, not following the prescribed methods, neglecting age limits, violating time limits, having an attached and anxious mind, making the mind restless due to greed, engaging in sinful acts, becoming confused in actions, standing on a mat or a stool during Kausagg, etc.
**The fruit of Kausagg is also Nirjara.**
Therefore, it is said: "As the limbs of the body break and hurt during Kausagg, so the eight types of karma groups of the liberated soul break." (A. Ni. 1648)
We have already explained the meaning and interpretation of the sutras of Kausagg.
**Pratyakhyana:**
Pratyakhyana is formed from the three words: "Prati," "A," and "Khyan." "Prati" means "opposite tendency," "A" means "according to the rules," and "Khyan" means "to say." Therefore, Pratyakhyana or Pacchakkhana is the acceptance of favorable rules by the soul, which has been in the Vibhava state since time immemorial, by abandoning unfavorable rules according to its present nature.
There are two types of Pratyakhyana: **Mulaguna** and **Uttaraguna**.
For Sadhus, the five Mahavratas are Mulaguna, and for Shravakas, the five Anuvratas are Mulaguna. For Sadhus, Pindavishuddhi, etc., are Uttaraguna, and for Shravakas, Gunavrata and Shikshavrata are Uttaraguna.
In Mulaguna, there is Pratyakhyana (rule) in the form of complete and universal abandonment of the five sins, namely violence, etc., while in Uttaraguna, for Sadhus, there are rules like Pindavishuddhi, etc., and for Shravakas, there are rules like Digvatadi, etc., in the form of abandonment of opposing tendencies.
A Shravaka who has previously accepted Pratyakhyana (rules) at the appropriate time, knowing the nature of Pratyakhyana, goes to a knowledgeable Guru, who is an expert in Pratyakhyana, with humility and respect, with a focused mind, for Pratyakhyana. He should accept the Pratyakhyana that the Guru recites, contemplating its meaning.
In this regard, the fourfold truth of Pratyakhyana should be considered:
1. **Shuddha Bhang:** Both the giver and the receiver of Pratyakhyana know its meaning.
2. **Shuddhashuddha Bhang:** The Guru who gives Pratyakhyana knows its meaning, but the receiver does not. If the Guru explains the meaning of Pratyakhyana to the receiver in brief while giving it, then this is considered as...
1. The Chaityavandan Bhashya mentions 16 defects.
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