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SOME CONCEPTS IN JAINA ONTOLOGY
have no doubt, the concepts of substance, mode, quality etc. but the Tattvärthasūtra way of defining the real as characterised by origination, destruction and permanence is absent in them.
The Tattvārtha concept, i. e. Umāsvāti's concept of reality as the synthesis of permanence and change is further developed by Samantabhadra in his Āptamimaisā. He has a clear idea of the doctrine of non-absolutism that a thing must be characterised by two (apparently) mutually contradictory features at one and the same time. In order to justify this position he examines the following ontological pairs of contradictory features :
(1) Existence and non-existence (2) Identity and difference (3) Permanence and change (4) Cause and effect (5) Substance and mode (6) Mental Existence and physical existence
Samantabhadra first considers two one-sided views and then offers a synthesis of the two. This frame-work became the model for subsequent Jaina philosophers.
References
1. Ācāranga, 10, 136 etc. 2. Sutrakstanga, 1.4.6 3. Ācārūnga, 127 4. Bhagavati. (Agamodaya Samiti, Bombay, 1918 ), P. 78 b 5. Ibid., p. 80 b 6. Ibid., p. 717 6 7. Ibid., 13.4 8. Ibid., 25.4 9. Dravyasangraha, 24 10. Ibid., 27 11. Uttarādhyayana, 28.6 12. Tattvärthasutra, 5.38 13. Ibid., 5.30 14. Ibid., 5.31
