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## Pinḍa Niyukti
Being a text on conduct, it later became established as a मूलसूत्र (fundamental text). Due to its description of पिण्ड (body), it is sometimes counted among the छेदसूत्र (texts dealing with specific topics).
The author of the text, in the beginning, has divided the faults related to begging into eight categories through संग्रह गाथा (collected verses). Even though many other topics are discussed later, the author has described these eight categories in order. The name of the text is पिण्डनिर्युक्ति, therefore, the author has explained the word पिण्ड in detail at the beginning. In the explanation of the nine types of पिण्ड, a beautiful description is given of how a पिण्ड, from one-sense to five-sense, is useful for humans. This entire description is very useful from the perspective of Ayurveda and medicine. In ancient times, before washing their clothes, monks would practice विश्रमणा-विधि (a method of rest) for seven days or three days. Although this practice is no longer followed, it still signifies the importance of subtle non-violence in the conduct of monks at that time.
There are many types of भावपिण्ड (mental body) that present various options for spirituality. After the detailed explanation of the word पिण्ड, the author has given a concise explanation of the words एषणा (desire) and उद्गम (origin). Then, the author has discussed the sixteen faults of उद्गम, including आधाकर्म (half-action), in detail. Among the sixteen faults of उद्गम, आधाकर्म is considered more serious, therefore, it has been discussed comprehensively through various categories. After that, the author has indicated which fault belongs to which category, विशोधिकोटि (purifying category) or अविशोधिकोटि (non-purifying category).
After उद्गम, the author discusses the concise explanation of उत्पादना (production) and its sixteen faults, including धात्री (wet nurse). Along with the explanation of the faults, the author has also presented a picture of the culture and civilization of that time, such as what effect a particular धात्री has on a child and what types of धाय (wet nurses) existed at that time and what their roles were. After the explanation of the sixteen faults of उत्पादना, the author discusses the ten faults of एषणा, including शंकित (doubtful).
Finally, the author gives a detailed description of the five faults of ग्रासैषणा (desire for food), including संयोजना (combination). Even after consuming pure food free from the faults of उद्गम and उत्पादना, a monk can still create karmic bondage during the time of consumption. The description of the प्रमाण-दोष (fault of quantity) in ग्रासैषणा is important from the perspective of Ayurveda, and the description of the quantity of food according to the season is also scientifically explained. The criteria of हिताहार (beneficial food) and मिताहार (moderate food) are noteworthy from the perspective of health science.
The author has often used stories to explain the faults related to begging.
1. बृहद् इतिहास भाग - २ पृ. १५९ (The Great History, Part 2, Page 159)