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578
STUDIES IN THE BHAGAWATI SUTRA
[Ch. X
and sammurchima (born without the union of the male and female). The five-sensed-beings are also studied from the same aspects of the vikalendriya beings, such as, cognition, etc.
Human beings
Human beings are classified into two groups, viz. developed (paryāptaka) and undeveloped (aparyāptaka), like the five-sensed lower animals. They are further divided into sammurechima and garbhaja (i.e. those born without the union of the male and the female and those born in the womb after their union). They are studied from aspects, such as, cognition, activity, etc.
SECOND SECTION
Jaina Psychology as revealed in the Bhagavati Sūtra
Psychology is one of the necessary aspects of philosophy, as it is the scientific study of soul which is the central theme of knowledge, It is the whole scheme of experience which helps one understand Ontology as well as Materialism (the problem of being and matter).
There is a self-distinct bodily structure which is the basis of Psychology as found in the BhS.
In the evolution of life and the Universe as revealed in this canonical work there are two traditions, viz. atom-tradition (paramāņu) and self-tradition (ayā-âtmā) i. e. materialistic and spiritualistic. Atom and ātmā (soul) are eternal substances and exist mutually bound together in the Universe."
It is explained that upayoga" (conscionsness or application) which is inherent in soul is the most fundamental characteristic of life. It is divided into two kinds, viz. darsana (self-awareness and jñāna (knowledge), as the application of the psychic process comes in the form of darsana and jñana. Darsana is self-consciousness, self-awareness while jaana is the taking note of external
1 BhS, 2, 10, 118; 2 Ib, 1, 6, 55.
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14, 4, 510; 18, 10, 647. s Ib, 2, 10, 118.
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4 16, 18, 8, 642.
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