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Sec. V]
375
STUDIES IN THE BHAGAWATI SUTRA
The evidence regarding the progress of this branch of learning is also corroborated by other Jaina texts in which it is stated that 'Ganiya' (arithmetic) was one of the seventy two arts and one of the four topics of discourse (anuyoga).
There is also the reference in the Thananga3 to ten kinds of science of numbers, viz. parikamma (fundamental operation), vavahara (subject of treatment), rajju ("rope" meaning Geometry), rasi ("heap" meaning measurement of solid bodies), Kalasavanna (fractions), Jāvaṁ tāvaṁ ("as may as", meaning simple equations), vagga ("square" meaning quadratic equation), ghana ("cube" meaning cubic equation), vaggavagga (liquidratic equation), and vikappa (permutation and combination)..
FIFTH SECTION
Military Science
It appears from the BhS that Military Science, particularly the science of archery, the art of mechanised fighting and the strategy of war planned by military experts reached a remarkable stage of development.
Archery
The archer held the bow, took the position, drew the arrow upto his ear and discharged the arrow with full strength at the target.'
1 Avasyaka Curni, p. 156. 2 Dasa Cürni, p. 2.
3 Thananga Sutra, 10, 747. Refer to the Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society, Vol. XXI, p. 115 ff. (1929), "The Jaina school of Mathematics,' Bibhutibhusana Datta; Indian Historical Quarterly, 1931, 'A short chronology of Indian Astronomy', Sukumar Ranjan Das; 'Introduction to Ganitatilaka' (G. O. S. No. LXXVIII)-L. R. Kapadia; Annals of the Bhandarkar Institute, 1926-7, pp. 145 ff.-D. M. Roy: See also 'Life in Ancient India' p. 178, f.n. 36. 4 BhS, 7, 9, 303,
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