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## Chapter Five
**581.** It has been stated that the specific characteristics of substances like dharma, etc. have been mentioned, but the general characteristic has not been stated. That should be stated. It is stated:
**The characteristic of substance is sat.** ||29||
**8582.** The meaning of this sutra is that whatever is sat is substance.
**8583.** If this is so, then it should be stated what is sat. Therefore, the next sutra states:
**That which is endowed with utpada, vyaya, and dhrauvya is sat.** ||30||
**8584.** There are two types of substances: cetana (conscious) and acetana (non-conscious). They never abandon their own jati (category), yet due to the influence of both internal and external causes, they acquire a new state at every moment. This acquisition of a new state is called utpada. For example, the transformation of a lump of clay into a pot. Similarly, the abandonment of the previous state is called vyaya. For example, the abandonment of the shape of a lump of clay when a pot is created. Since it has an eternal and continuous nature, it does not undergo vyaya or udhaya (emergence), but remains stable. Therefore, it is called dhruva. The state or karma of this dhruva is called dhrauvya. For example, the presence of clay in the states of a lump of clay, a pot, etc. Thus, that which is endowed with utpada, vyaya, and dhrauvya is sat.
**Objection:** The word "yukta" (endowed with) is seen in the context of difference. For example, "Devadatta is endowed with a stick." Here, there is a difference between Devadatta and the stick. If we assume the same in the present case, then the absence of those three and the substance endowed with those three would result.
**Solution:** This is not a fault, because even in the absence of difference, the word "yukta" is seen in the context of a certain perspective of difference. For example, "The pillar is endowed with essence." In such a situation, since there is an inseparable relationship between those three, the use of the word "yukta" is appropriate.
**Alternatively:** The word "yukta" is used in the sense of samadhi (concentration). The meaning is that "yukta," "samahita" (concentrated), and "tadātmaka" (identical with that) are all synonyms. Therefore, the statement "sat is endowed with utpada, vyaya, and dhrauvya" means "sat is identical with utpada, vyaya, and dhrauvya."
**Note:** 1. "jahat" - आ., दि. 1, दि. 21 2. "provyuktam sad iti" - मु. .