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## 204]
**Sapicity**
[5138531] There would be an **atiprasanga** (fallacy of excessive implication) if we were to say that atoms are not perceived by the senses like eyes, etc., and therefore they lack form, etc. Similarly, water is fragrant because it is tangible, like earth. Fire also has taste and smell because it has form, like earth. Mind is of two types: **dravya-mana** (material mind) and **bhava-mana** (mental mind). Of these, **bhava-mana** is the essence of knowledge, and knowledge is a quality of the soul, therefore it is included within the soul. **Dravya-mana** has form, etc., and is therefore a modification of **pudgala** (matter). Just as mind has form, etc., it is also an instrument for the use of knowledge, like the eye sense.
**Objection:** Since even sound, which is intangible, is seen to be an instrument for the use of knowledge, the argument used to prove that mind has form, etc., is **vyabhichari** (fallacious).
**Solution:** No, because sound is **paudgalika** (material), therefore it has the potential to be tangible.
**Objection:** Just as atoms are proven to have form, etc., because their effects have form, etc., the effects of air and mind do not have form, etc.
**Solution:** No, because the effects of air and mind also have form, etc., because it is accepted that all atoms have the potential to produce all effects that have form, etc. There are no atoms that are specifically of the earth, etc., types, because we see the beginning of all things through the mixing of types.
Similarly, direction is included within space, because there is a basis for the usage of terms like "here" and "there" in relation to the regions of space, based on the rising of the sun, etc.
**Special Note:** In relation to types, all substances like souls, **pudgala**, etc., are called **dravya** (substance). The word **dravya** has two meanings: **dravna-shila** (capable of flowing) and **dhruva** (permanent). Every substance in the universe is both capable of transformation and permanent, therefore it is called **dravya**. The meaning is that every substance never violates its own qualities and modifications. It has a fixed flow, based on which it continues to flow. The word **dravya** is used in the Jain philosophy, and especially in the Vaisheshika philosophy. In the Vaisheshika philosophy, a complete distinction is made between **guna** (quality) and **gunin** (possessor of quality), **kriya** (action) and **kriyavan** (possessor of action), and **samanya** (general) and **vishesha** (particular). Therefore, it is **dravya** in relation to **dravya-tva** (substance-ness). The word **dravya** has this meaning, but it does not seem appropriate, because there is no independent substance called **dravya-tva** that is experienced. This philosophy considers earth, water, fire, air, 1. **iti cet para** **Mu., A., Di. 1, Di. 2**. 2. **-yoga-karanatva** **Mu**. 3. **karyatva-darsha-** **Mu**. 4. **drishya te m tesha** **A., Di. 1, Di. 21**. 5. **tad-utpatti:** **Mu**.