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The term 'kāya' is used. Just as an atom, being only a point, does not have any other points, and is therefore called 'apradesha' (without parts), similarly, a time atom, being only one point, is also 'apradesha'. The term 'ajīva' is a general term for dharma, etc., because they do not possess the characteristics of a jīva. The terms 'dharma', 'adharma', 'ākāsha', and 'pudgala' are specific terms, which are compound.
8528. Here it is said, "In all the transformations of substances, only..." etc. It is asked, what are the substances mentioned in these sutras?
The answer is:
Dharma, adharma, ākāsha, and pudgala are the substances. ||2||
8529. The word 'dravya' is derived from the root 'du', which means 'to obtain'. Therefore, the meaning of the word 'dravya' is that which is obtained by its own transformations, or which obtains transformations.
Doubt: Is 'dravya' a category, and is it called 'dravya' because of its relation to this category?
Answer: No, because this would not prove both. Just as a stick and a stick-holder are both separately established, and therefore their relation is established, similarly, 'dravya' and 'dravya-tva' are not separately established. If, even though they are not separately established, their relation is accepted, then the relation of a sky-flower and the second head of a natural man would also have to be accepted. If you accept their separate establishment, then the separate acceptance of 'dravya-tva' is useless.
Doubt: If you say that 'dravya' is a collection of qualities, then also, in the absence of a difference between qualities and their collection, the term 'dravya' would not be appropriate. If you accept a difference, then the same fault arises as mentioned earlier.
Doubt: If you say that 'dravya' is that which is obtained by qualities, or which obtains qualities, then also the same fault arises?
Answer: No, because, in some cases there is a difference, and in some cases there is no difference, and therefore the term 'dravya' is established. Qualities and 'dravya' cannot exist without each other. 1. This is not its fault. 2. Dharma, adharma, ākāsha, and pudgala are the substances. 3. The second head of a natural man. 4. A collection of qualities is 'dravya'. 5. The term 'dravya' is established. 6. It obtains. 7. It is obtained.