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## Translation:
**40**
**Leshya:**
The influence that causes a living being to become entangled in karma (punya-papa) is called Leshya. There are six types of Leshya: (1) Krishna Leshya, (2) Neel Leshya, (3) Kapoth Leshya, (4) Tejo Leshya, (5) Padma Leshya, and (6) Shukla Leshya.
Leshya are categorized into two types based on auspiciousness and inauspiciousness. Tejo, Padma, and Shukla are the three auspicious Leshya, while Krishna, Neel, and Kapoth are the three inauspicious Leshya.
**Loka (World):**
The fourteen Rajoo Parimaan (units of measurement) of space, encompassing all substances, both Dharmastikaya and Adharmastikaya, is called Loka. There are three types of Loka: (1) Urdhva Loka (Upper World), (2) Adho Loka (Lower World), and (3) Tiryaak Loka (Intermediate World).
Another classification divides Loka into four types: (1) Dravya Loka (World of Substance), (2) Kshetra Loka (World of Space), (3) Kaal Loka (World of Time), and (4) Bhava Loka (World of Emotion).
**Valagra Koti:**
The smallest possible division of the tip of a hair is called Valagra Koti. In other words, Valagra Koti represents an extremely minute region.
**Vishaya (Object of Knowledge):**
Vishaya refers to the object of knowledge. According to Shwetamber literature, there are three types of sound, five types of form, two types of smell, five types of taste, and eight types of touch. Thus, there are a total of twenty-three Vishaya for the five senses. However, according to Digamber literature,
**Loka:**
**Vishaya:**
**Mahapaap Innayan:**
People from countries like Arbaak (Akkaag), Hoon, Rosak (Russians or Romans), Marook, Root (Bhramar Root), and Vilas (Chilat) etc.
**Footnotes:**
1. (a) Staananga 3/1/58, (b) Samavaayaang 6/31, (c) Uttaraadhyaayan 34/3, (d) Prajnaapana 17/2, 28/4, (e) Shri Jain Siddhant Bol Sangrah, Part 2, Page 70-77, (f) Jainendra Siddhant Kosh, Part 3, Page 436.
2. (a) Shri Jain Siddhant Bol Sangrah, Part 1, Page 45-46, (b) Jainendra Siddhant Kosh, Part 3, Page 456.
3. Vyakhya Prajnaapti 11/10/2.
4. Shri Jain Siddhant Bol Sangrah, Part 6, Page 175.