Agam 15 Upang 04 Pragnapana Sutra Part 02

SR No.: 001064
Original Sutra Author: Shyamacharya
Author: Punyavijay, Dalsukh Malvania, Amrutlal Bhojak
Publisher: Mahavir Jain Vidyalay
Publication Year: 1971
Total Pages: 934
Language: Prakrit
Classification: Book_Devnagari, Agam, Canon, Metaphysics, & agam_pragyapana
File Size: 16 MB

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regarded as true speech. If its meaning is false, it is regarded as false speech. In other words, that speech which enables us to know the thing as it is is true speech; and that speech which leads us to know the thing as it is not is false speech. Thus paryāptā speech has two sub-types, viz. true speech (satya-bhāṣā) and false speech (mṛṣābhāṣā) (861). The truth or validity of the speech depends on various situations and conditions. These situations and conditions being ten, the types of true or valid speech are also ten. They are: 1. Janapada-satya, 2. Sammata-satya, 3. Sthapanasatya, 4. Nama-satya, 5. Rūpa-satya, 6. Pratitya-satya, 7. Vyavaharasatya, 8. Bhāva-satya, 9. Yoga-satya, 10. Aupamya-satya (862)11. There are so many reasons or conditions that lead a person to speak untruth. And on the basis of these conditions the untrue or false speech is also divided into ten classes. They are: 1. Krodhaniḥsṛta, 2. Mānaniḥsṛta, 3. Māyāniḥsṛta, 4. Lobhaniḥsṛta, 5. Premaniḥsṛta, 6. Dvesaniḥsrta, 7. Hasyaniḥsṛta, 8. Bhayaniḥsṛta, 9. Akhyānikāniḥsṛta, 10. Upaghataniḥsṛta. (863)
The aparyăptă speech is of two types, viz. satyā-mṛṣā (true-aswell-as-false) and a-satya-mṛṣā (neither-true-nor-false) (864). The former is again of ten types (865) and the latter of twelve types (866). The speech which contains half-truth or partial truth is satya-mṛṣā speech. On the other hand, that speech to which the standard of truth or falsity is not applicable is called a-satya-mṛṣā speech. For instance, when a person wanting John to come near him says 'O! John', his speech could be described as a-satyā-mṛṣā (neither-true-nor-false). Similarly, when a person says to another person, 'Go ahead', his speech could be described as a-satyā-mṛṣā. This means that the statements of address, order and the like are neither valid nor invalid. And such statements come under the head of a-satya-mṛṣā speech. The commentator has explained its various types; hence we need not enter into the details thereof (Comm. folio 259).
The speech characterised by the phrases 'I believe', 'I think' and the like is called avadharani (determinate) speech (830). This avadharani speech is fourfold. That avadharani speech which enhances religion is true, that which does harm to the cause of religion is false, that which does both is true-as-well-as-false and that which does neither is neither-true-nor-false (831, 856).
Prajñāpani (descriptive) speech which is one of the types of a-satya-mṛṣā speech (866) is discussed at length in this chapter. Let us explain it. (Though all the words themselves are without any gender), the words like 'go' (cow) (which express universals) are
11. Sthānānga-samavāyānga, pp. 122-123; Prajñāpanātikā, folio 257.