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________________ jaina saMskRti kA Aloka vizva kA prAcInatama dharma megharAja jaina jaina dharma vizva kA sabase prAcInatama dharma hai isameM kiJcit mAtra bhI saMzaya kI guMjAiza nahIM hai| tathApi prazna samupasthita hotA hai ki isake saMsthApaka kauna the? bhagavAna mahAvIra, bhagavAna pArzva yA bhagavAna RSabhadeva vividha vidvAnoM ke uddharaNoM se isa viSaya ko spaSTa kara rahe haiM - zrI megharAjajI jaina / - saMpAdaka jainadharma vizva ke pramukha evaM prAcIna dharmoM meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| bIsavIM zatI ke prathama caraNa paryaMta aneka paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAn isa dharma ko hindU dharma kI eka sudhAravAdI zAkhA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karate the| isakI aitihAsikatA ko bhI zramaNa mahAvIra se adhika prAcIna nahIM mAnate the| kintu Aja aitihAsika evaM vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna kAryoM ke phalasvarUpa aneka prAmANika pariNAma sAmane Aye haiM jo jaina dharma ko prAcInatama paramparA ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate haiN| prAcya vidyAoM ke vizvavikhyAta anusaMdhAtA DaoN. harmana yAkovI ne jaina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM jainadharma kI prAcInatA para paryApta Thosa pramANa prastuta kiye haiN| 'isa tathya se aba saba sahamata hai ki vardhamAna, buddha ke samakAlIna the| bauddha graMthoM meM isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki vardhamAna, buddha ke samakAlIna the| svayaM bauddha graMthoM meM isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki zramaNa mahAvIra se pUrva jaina yA arhat dharma vidyamAna thaa| parantu mahAvIra isake saMsthApaka the aisA koI bhI ullekha bauddha graMthoM meM prApta nahIM hotaa|..... __ pArzvanAtha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the, isakA bhI koI pramANa nahIM hai| jaina paramparA prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha deva ko jainadharma kA saMsthApaka mAnane meM ekamata hai|"..... vizvavikhyAta dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne bhI apanI prakhyAta pustaka 'bhAratIya darzana' meM spaSTa likhA hai -nissaMdeha jaina dharma vardhamAna aura pArzvanAtha se bhI pahale pracalita thaa| yajurveda meM RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha, aura ariSTanemi tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza hai| bhAgavata-purANa dvArA bhI isa bAta kA samarthana hotA hai ki RSabhadeva jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka the|" zarada kumAra sAdhaka ke zabdoM meM - "Ama dhAraNA hai ki veda saMsAra ke sabase prAcIna dharma graMtha haiN| para vedoM meM jo aMtarvirodhI dharmatattva pratipAdita haiM, ve unase bhI pUrvavartI dhArmika avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi karate haiN| una avadhAraNAoM ke pravaktA vrAtya the| vrAtya saMskRti vizva kI prAcInatama saMskRti mAnI jAtI hai| mahAvrAtya RSabhadeva kI carcA prAcIna graMthoM meM hone kA artha hI hai ki veda kAla meM RSabhadeva loka zraddhA ke kendra bara cuke the| unase pUrva hue vrAtyoM taka pahu~cAne meM sahAyaka hai - jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pichalI caubiisii| vartamAna caubIsI meM RSabhadeva pahale tIrthaMkara hai aura mahAvIra caubIsaveM, kintu ina caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM se pahale hue caubIsa vrAtyoM kI pratimAe~ kaccha (gujarAta) meM nirmita 72 jinAlayoM meM vidyamAna haiN|" bhArata kI prAcIna zramaNa saMskRti tathA adhyAtmapradhAna mahAn mAgadha dharma ke sajIva sateja pratinidhi ke rUpa meM jaina dharma, darzana, saMskRti kA bhAratIya dharma, darzana aura saMskRtiyoM meM hI nahIM varan sampUrNa vizva ke dArzanika ciMtana, dhArmika, itihAsa evaM sAMskRtika vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| dUsarI zatI IsvI ke AcArya samantabhadra ke zabdoM meM - "mahAvIra prabhRti zramaNa tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pratipAdita vizva kA prAcInatama dharma Uain Education International
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________________ sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni evaM pracArita yaha sarvodaya tIrtha mAnava mAtra kA unnAyaka evaM kalyANa kartA hai / " DaoN. ravIndra kumAra jaina ke anusAra "Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muniyoM aura kezI se sambandhita kathAe~ bhI jainadharma kI prAgaitihAsika prAcInatA kA puSkala pramANa prastuta karatI hai / RSabhadeva aura kezI kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha bhI isI prAcInatA kA dyotaka hai| vaidika sAhitya meM muniyoM ke sAtha yatiyoM aura vrAtyoM kA varNana paryApta mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai / ye tInoM mUlataH zramaNa paramparA ke hI haiN| inake AcaraNa aura svabhAva meM tathA vaidika RSiyoM ke sAmAnya svabhAva aura AcaraNa meM jo vyApaka antara hai, vaha sahaja hI spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / AhAra, tapa aura yajJAdi kI hiMsAtmaka yA zithila pravRtti meM zramaNa sAdhu vizvAsa nahIM rakhate the / ve svabhAvataH adhika zAMta aura saMyamI the / DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina ke anusAra - " jaina paramparA ke mUla srota prAgaitihAsika pASANa evaM dhAtu pASANa yugIna Adima mAnava sabhyatAoM kI jIvavAda ( enimijma) prabhRti mAnyatAoM meM khoje gae haiN| siMdhu upatyakA meM jisa dhAtu / loha yugIna prAgaaitihAsika nAgarika sabhyatA ke avazeSa prApta hue haiM usake adhyayana se eka saMbhAvita niSkarSa yaha nikAlA gayA hai ki usa kAla aura kSetra meM vRSabha lAMchana digambara yogIrAja RSabha kI pUjA-upAsanA pracalita thI / ukta siMdhu sabhyatA ko prAgvaidika evaM Arya hI nahIM, prAgArya bhI mAnya kiyA jAtA hai, aura isI kAraNa suvidhA ke lie bahudhA drAviDIya saMskRti kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / " 'vizvadharma' pustaka meM AcArya suzIlamuni jI ne jaina dharma kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai- "Adi yuga jitanA prAcIna hai, utanA hI ajJAta bhI hai / sabhyatA ke svarNa vihAna kA zubha aruNodaya yadi Adi divasa mAna liyA jAya to usI dina jainatva astitva meM aayaa| usakA 8.4 lAlana-pAlana RSabha ne kiyA aura asi, masi, kRSi sAtha prANi vijJAna diyaa| unase vaidika saMskRti ne janma nahIM to svarUpa avazya prApta kiyA / zramaNa saMskRti ke to ve Adi puruSa hI hai / karma aura jJAna yoga ke saphala vyAkhyAkAra aura jaina tIrthaMkara honA hI unakI itimattA nahIM hai, apitu unakI mahattA to Adi dharma ke mUlAdhAra samUcI Arya jAti ke upAsya tathA samUce vizva ke prAcInatama vyavasthAkAra hone meM hai / " AcArya suzIla muni jI ne apanI pustaka 'itihAsa ke anAvRta pRSTha' meM jaina dharma kI aitihAsika khoja viSayaka zodha sAmagrI prastuta kI hai / jisameM anAgrahabhAva se atIta ko dekhA aura khojA hai| isa pustaka se pAThakoM ko eka talasparzI dRSTi nizcita rUpa se prApta hogI / dekhie pustaka kA eka aMza - 'prazna uTha sakatA hai ki vizva ke virAT prAMgaNa meM vaicArika krAMti ke janmadAtA aura mAnavIya maryAdAoM ke vyavasthApaka kauna hai ? yadyapi prAcInatA kA vyAmoha rakhanA vizeSa artha nahIM rakhatA kyoMki zreSThatA aura uccatA prAcInatA se nahIM A sakatI to bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se hone vAlI khoja kA mahatva hai / merA mAnanA hai ki veda kisI eka paramparA kI nidhi nahIM hai aura na hI vedoM meM koI eka hI vicAra vyavasthA hai / kahIM yajJa samarthaka maMtra hai, kahIM yajJa-virodhI / ekadeva, bahudeva aura bahudevoM meM ekatva kI pratIti karAne vAlI tAttvika pRSThabhUmi vedavihita hone se hI unameM yama, mAtarizvA, varuNa, vaizvAnara, rudra, indra Adi nAnA devoM kA sthAna hai / vedoM se brAhmaNa dharma kA bodha karAnA, vedoM ke vividhamukhI dRSTikoNoM evaM Arya-anArya RSiyoM ke vibhinna vicAroM kA apamAna karanA hai| kyoMki veda bhArata kI samasta vibhUtiyoM, saMtoM, RSiyoM muniyoM, manISiyoM kI punIta vANI kA saMgraha hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zramaNoM ne anya graMthoM kA nirmANa nahIM kiyaa| sabake vicAroM kA vizva kA prAcInatama dharma
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________________ jaina saMskRti kA Aloka saMkalana, vedoM meM ho jAne se yajJaparaka bhAga se brAhmaNoM isIlie pazuvadha rokane ke kAraNa yAjJika unheM vighnakartA kA tathA tyAgaparaka bhAga se zramaNoM kA samAdhAna hotA anArya, asura, mleccha kahA karate the| vrAtya bhautika rhaa| jaina vicArakoM kA mata hai ki bhale hI Aja veda devatAoM ko na mAnane se 'adevayu', yajJa virodhI hone se brAhmaNa dharma ke graMtha ho gaye haiM lekina ve bahuta varSoM taka ayajvana, anyavrata, akarman Adi nAmoM se pukAre jAte zramaNa saMskRti ke bhI AdhAra graMtha rahe haiM jinameM prathama the| tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI vANI saMkalita hai| unheM mahAvrAtya vrAtyoM aura brAhmaNoM kA vikAsa-krama jAnane ke lie kahA jAtA thaa| veda meM RSabhavANI kA samAveza ho jAne hameM atIta ke usa pASANayuga aura dhAtuyuga meM jAnA se siddha ho jAtA hai ki vrAtya vedoM se bhI prAcIna hai|" par3egA jahA~ 'mohanajodar3o' aura 'har3appA' kI saindhava aura vrAtya bhArata kA prAtInatama sampradAya hai| usakA prAdurbhAva vrAtya sabhyatA kI janma kahAnI zilAMkita kI gaI hai| vedoM ke nirmANa se pUrva aura saMbhavataH AryoM ke Agamana se takSazilA, mohanajodar3o, har3appA, mathurA ke TIloM se mile pahale ho cukA thaa| veda meM vrAtya, dravir3a, dAsa, dasyu, zilAlekha, ur3IsA kI hAthIguphA se prApta khAravela ke paNi, kirAta aura niSAdAdi zabdoM kA ullekha hai| unheM zilAlekha, ujaina kI prAcInatama prastara kRtiyA~ dekheM to sama-samAnArthaka to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hA~, vrAtyoM ke unameM muniyoM ko, RSabhadeva kI dhArmika sabhA ko, upadezoM prabhAva se AyI huI prAcIna jAtiyA~ avazya mAnA jA ko adhika vyApaka sarvajAti aura sarvajIva samAnatva ke sakatA hai| lie ukerA gayA hai| isase bhI pramANita hotA hai ki veda meM vrAtya ko paramezvara. AtmadraSTA mani ke rUpa meM AryoM ke Ane se pUrva bhAratavarSa meM drAvir3oM aura AgneyoM citrita kiyA gayA hai| vaha akSarazaH jaina tIrthaMkara kA kA paryApta vikAsa ho cukA thaa| varNana hai kintu smRti-yuga meM vrAtya ko nindita batAyA bhAratIya rahasyavAda ke vikAsa kI pRSThabhUmi aura gyaa| sambhava hai ki usa samaya zramaNa brAhmaNoM meM eka usameM sAdhusaMsthA ke yogadAna kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa dUsare kA virodha karane kA vAtAvaraNa bana gayA ho| karate hue bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa ke pUrva mahAnidezaka zrI usakA prabhAva vyAkaraNakAra para bhI par3A hai| jaina zAstroM / ema.ena. dezapAMDe isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce the- "bhArata meM meM arihaMtoM kA zrAvakoM ke prati (manuSya ke lie) gauravamaya sAdhavatti atyanta parAtana kAla se calI A rahI hai aura uccAraNa "devAnupriya" rahA, jisakA sAmAnya artha devatAoM jaina muni caryA ke jo Adarza RSabhadeva ne prastuta kiye ve se bhI adhika pyArA lagane vAlA mAnava hotA hai kintu brAhmaNa paramparA se atyanta bhinna haiN| yaha bhinnatA pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM 'devA na priya' kA artha mUrkha kiyA upaniSadakAla meM aura bhI mukhara ho uThatI hai| upaniSadoM gayA aura ahi-nakula, mArjara-mUSaka kI bhAMti zramaNa kI mUla bhAvanA kI saMtoSajanaka vyAkhyA kevala tabhI brAhmaNoM ko janmajAta bairI batA diyA gyaa| saMbhava hai jaba isa prakAra sAMsArika baMdhanoM ke parityAga vratI kA lakSya ekamAtra Atma-sAkSAtkAra antarnAda aura gahavirata bhramaNazIla jIvana ko apanAne vAlI manicaryA aura paramAtmapada prApti hai aura yAjJika kA dhyeya svarga tathA ke atirikta prabhAva ko svIkAra kara liyA jAya / bhAratIya lokaiSaNA prApti ke lie anuSThAna aura somapAna kI ora dharmoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pravRtta honA hai| vrAtya pazuoM kA vadha yajJa meM hotA nahIM sRSTi ke Arambha meM mAnava jAti ke lie RSabhadeva jI ne dekha sakate the aura ahiMsA kI sthApanA karanA cAhate the vizeSa puruSArtha kiyA thaa| vivAha vyavasthA, pAka zAstra, | vizva kA prAcInatama dharma
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________________ sAdhanA kA mahAyAtrI : zrI sumana muni gaNita, lekhana Adi saMskRti ke bIja RSabhadeva ne samAja meM boye| yaha nirvivAda hai ki RSabha ko samajhe vinA bhAratIya saMskRti ke prArambha vindu ko nahIM samajhA jA sktaa|" ___NANasAyara' jaina zodha kI eka mahatvapUrNa traimAsikI hai| isake RSabha aMka meM saMkalita DaoN. premasAgara jaina kA 'siMdhu ghATI meM RSabha yuga' kA eka aMza - ___"sara velsa ke anusAra bhArata meM AryoM ke Ane se pUrva eka sabhyatA thI, jo bhUmadhya sAgara meM, sudUra dakSiNapUrva jAvA taka vistRta thii| ise videzI sabhyatA kaha sakate haiM kyoMki isameM jitane lakSaNa the, ve saba bhArata ke drAvir3oM meM prApta hote haiN| ataH yaha bhAratIya sabhyatA thI jo IsA ke cAra hajAra varSa pUrva samRddhi ko prApta huii| muNDA AdivAsiyoM kI apanI sabhyatA thii| usakA samaya bhI vidvAnoM ne IsA se cAra hajAra varSa pUrva kahA hai| muNDA AdivAsI varmA se kamboDiyA aura viyatanAma hote hae bhArata meM Aye the| IsA se DhAI hajAra varSa parva jaba Arya bhArata meM Aye to unhoMne muNDA AdivAsiyoM ko dekhA thaa| inakI muNDarI bhASA thii| isameM prAkRta zabda adhika haiN| muNDA AdivAsI jina pavitra AtmAoM para vizvAsa karate haiM, unameM auratoM kI AtmAe~ bhI zAmila phargyusina ne apanI pustaka 'vizva kI dRSTi meM' (pRSTha 26 se 52) meM likhA hai ki RSabha kI paramparA araba meM thI aura arava meM sthita podanapura jainadharma kA gar3ha thaa| islAma ke kalaMdarI sampradAya ke loga jainadharma ke siddhAMtoM se sAmya rakhate haiM, ve AdimAnava sabhyatA ke pravAha ko sUcita karate haiN| sAiveriyA ke purAtAtvika utkhanana meM narakaMkAla 20 se 25 phuTa taka ke nikale hai jinheM eka karor3a cAlIsa lAkha varSa pahale kA mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN. jyoti prAsada jaina ne "jaina aitihAsika pRSTha bhUmi' nibaMdha meM kahA hai -- "tIrthaMkara RSabha kA jyeSTha putra bharata hI isa deza kA sarvaprathama cakravartI samrAT thA aura isI ke nAma para yaha deza bhArata yA bhAratavarSa kahalAyA / yaha jaina paurANika anuzruti bhI vaidika sAhitya evaM vAsaNIya purANoM se samarthita hai| RSabha ke uparAnta samaya-samaya para 23 anya tIrthaMkara hue jinhoMne unake sadAcAra pradhAna yogakarma kA punaH punaH pracAra kiyA aura jaina saMskRti kA poSaNa kiyaa| bIsaveM tIrthakara munisuvratanAtha ke tIrtha meM ayodhyApati rAmacandra hue, jinhoMne zramaNa-brAhmaNa ubhaya saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kA bhagIratha prayAsa kiyaa| ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara nami videha ke janakoM ke pUrvaja mithilA nareza the jo usa AdhyAtmika paramparA ke sambhavatayA Adya prastotA the, jisane janakoM ke prazraya meM aupaniSadika AtmavidyA ke rUpa meM vikAsa kiyaa| bAisaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi nArAyaNa kRSNa ke tAUjAta bhAI the| donoM hI jaina paramparA ke zalAkA puruSa haiN| ariSTanemi ne zramaNadharma punarutthAna kA netRtva kiyA to kRSNa ne ubhaya paramparAoM ke samanvaya kA stutya prayatna kiyaa| teisaveM tIrthaMkara pAzve (877-777 I.pU.) kAzI ke uragavaMzI kSatriya rAjakumAra the aura zramaNadharma punarutthAna AMdolana ke sarvamahAn netA the| unakA cAtuyAma dharma prasiddha hai| sambhavatayA isI kAraNa aneka Adhunika itihAsakAroM ne tIrthaMkara maulAnA sulemAna nadavI ne apane graMtha - "bhArata aura araba ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki samaniyana aura kailiDyana do hI dharma the| samaniyana nagna rahate the aura pUrva deza ke the| khurAsAna deza ke loga inheM zamanAna yA / zramana kahate the| hvenasAMga ne zramaNerasa (shramneras) kA ullekha kiyA hai| aravI kavi aura tattvavettA abu- la-alA (673-1058) kI racanAoM meM jainatva kA poSaNa hai| ve zAkAhArI the aura dUdha aura madhu sevana bhI adharma mAnate the| 86 vizva kA prAcInatama dharma
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________________ jaina saMskRti kA Aloka pArzva ko hI jainadharma kA pravartaka mAna liyaa| aMtima tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra, bauddha sAhitya meM jinakA 'nigaMTha nAtaputta' (nirgrantha jJAtaputra) ke nAma se ullekha huA hai kA jIvana kAla 566-527 I.pU. hai| mahAvIra kA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| zramaNa punarutthAna AMdolana pUrNatayA niSpanna huA, isakA adhikAMza zreya mahAvIra ko hai|" niSkarSata : mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharma vizva kA prAcInatama dharma hai| cAhe usa samaya athavA aMtarAla meM usakA nAma jo bhI rahA hai| isa viSaya para zodha, Aja kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| jisase Adhunika itihAsakAroM kI bhrAmaka mAnyatAoM kA unmUlana kiyA jA ske| jo itihAsa ke zodha chAtra isa kSetra meM kArya karanA cAhate haiM unakA sadaiva svAgata hai| zrI megharAja jI jaina kA janma 18 agasta 1618 ko dillI meM huaa| dillI vizvavidyAlaya se bI. kaoNma. kI zikSA prApta kI tadanantara prakAzana-vyavasAya meM saMlagna ho gye| ApakI jaina sAhitya ke pracAra-prasAra meM vizeSa abhiruci hai| Apa vartamAna meM kelAdevI sumati prasAda TrasTa, dillI ke saciva haiN| -sampAdaka Sterestinar / vairAgya kA koI mahatva nahIM hai| jisa prakAra kisI ne bhojana chor3A, vastra tyAga diye aura kaI prakAra kI upabhoga kriyAe~ tyAga dI lekina AtmajJAna nahIM, to usakA prabhAva kisa para par3ane vAlA hai? kisI para bhI nahIM ! AtmajJAna ke binA, kiyA gayA tyAga, vaha to deha kA kaSTa ho jaaegaa| tyAga jJAna pUrvaka karanA caahie| vahIM nirjarA kA kAraNa banegA, usIse sakAma nirjarA hogI karma kI / anyathA bAlakarma yA ajJAna karma hI kahalAegA, ataH virAga ke sAtha jJAna honA ati Avazyaka hai| - sumana vacanAmRta | vizva kA prAcInatama dharma 87