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________________ - - -. - -. - -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. - . - . -. - . - . - . -. -. - . - . -. - . -. - . -. - . -. - . - . videzoM meM jainadharma D DaoN0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara', [adhyakSa, pAlI-prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nyU eksaTeMzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura (ma0 rA0)] jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki usane sAdhAraNata: apanI janmabhUmi kI sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyaa| usakA pracAra-prasAra utanA adhika nahIM ho pAyA jitanA bauddhadharma kA huaa| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki usakA AcAra-zaithilya bauddhadharma kI apekSA bahuta kama rhaa| AcAra ke kSetra meM dRr3hatA aura pragAr3hatA hone ke kAraNa vaha videzI kiMvA zuddha bhautikavAda meM patI-gutI pAzcAtya saMskRti ko antarbhUta nahIM kara sakA / antarbhUta karane kI AvazyakatA thI bhI nhiiN| AvazyakatA thI apane siddhAntoM ko prastuta karane kI / yaha prastuti kisI sImA taka videzoM meM huI hai aura vahA~ kI saMskRti ko jainadharma ne prabhAvita kiyA bhI hai| ise hama do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM-prAcIna yuga aura Adhunika yuga / 1. prAcIna yuga bhArata kI bhaugolika sImA badalatI rahI hai| prAcIna kAla meM aphagAnistAna, gAMdhAra (kandahAra tathA IrAna kA pUrvI bhAga), nepAla, bhUTAna, tibbata, kazmIra, barmA, zrIlaMkA Adi dezoM ko bhArata ke hI antargata mAnA jAtA thaa|' jAvA, sumAtrA, vAlI, malAyA, zyAma Adi deza bhArata ke upaniveza jaise the| cIna, araba, mizra, yUnAna Adi kucha aise deza the jahA~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra bar3ha rahA thaa| videzoM se thala aura jala mArgoM dvArA vyApAra huA karatA thaa| isalie AvAgamana ke sAtha sAMskRtika tattvoM kA bhI AdAna-pradAna lagA rahatA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja ke sudUra pUrvavartI dezoM aura madhya eziyA ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha rUpoM kA astitva milatA hai / jaina saMskRti kA rUpa bhI yahA~ upalabdha hai| zrIlaMkAra jainadharma zrIlaMkA (Ceylon) meM lagabhaga AThavIM zatI I0pU0 meM pahuMca cukA thA / usa samaya use ratnadvIpa, siMhadvIpa athavA siMhaladvIpa kahA jAtA thA / dakSiNa kI vidyAdhara saMskRti kA astitva siMhaladvIpa ke hI pAli grantha mahAvaMza meM upalabdha hotA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki vijaya aura unake anuyAyiyoM ko zrIlaMkA meM yakSa aura yakSiNiyoM ke tIvra virodha kA sAmanA karanA par3A thaa| bAda meM pANDukAbhaya 438-368 I0pU0) nareza unakA sahayoga lene meM 1. AdipurANa, 16. 152-56. 2. zrIlaMkA vartamAna sIlona hai yA vaha kahIM madhyapradeza athavA prayAga ke AsapAsa thI, isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sIlona hI zrIlaMkA hai|
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________________ videzoM meM jainadharma ........................-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-. saphala ho gyaa| usane anurAdhApura ke Asa-pAsa jAtiya niggaMTha ke lie eka vihAra bhI bnvaayaa| vahA~ lagabhaga pA~ca sau vibhinna matAvalambiyoM kA nivAsa thA / vahIM giri nAmaka eka niggaMTha bhI rahatA thaa|' pA~ca sau parivAroM kA rahanA aura niggaMThoM ke lie vihAra kA nirmANa karanA spaSTa sUcita karatA hai ki zrIlaMkA meM lagabhaga tRtIya-caturtha zatI I0 pU0 meM jainadharma acchI sthiti meM thaa| bAda meM tamila AkramaNa ke bAda baTTagAmaNi abhaya ne niggaNThoM ke vihAra Adi saba kucha naSTa-bhraSTa kara diye / mahAvaMza TIkA ke anusAra khallATanAga ne giri niggaNTha ke bihAra ko svayaM naSTa kiyA aura usake jIvana kA anta kiyaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra zrIlaMkA meM vijaya ke pahu~cane ke pUrva vahA~ yakSa aura rAkSasa nahIM the balki vikasita sabhyatA sampanna mAnava jAti ke vidyAdhara the, jinameM jaina bhI the| zrIlaMkA kI kiSkindhAnagarI ke pAsa trikUTa giri para jaina mandira thA jise rAvaNa ne mandodari kI icchApUrti ke lie banavAyA thA / 5 kiSkindhAnagarI kI pahacAna Adhunika kenDI se kI jA sakatI hai jisake samIpa Aja bhI eka sundara parvata-zRMkhalA vidyamAna hai| isI parvata para Aja bhI rAvaNaparivAra ke avazeSa-cihna surakSita batAye jAte haiN| jaina sAhitya zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma ke astitva ko aura bhI aneka pramANoM se spaSTa karatA hai| kahA jAtA hai, pArzvanAtha kI jo pratimA Aja zirapura (vAzima, mahArASTra) meM rakhI hai, vaha vastutaH zrIlaMkA se mAlI-sumAlI le Aye the|6 karakaNDucariu meM bhI laMkA meM amitavega ke bhramaNa kA ullekha milatA hai aura malaya parvata para rAvaNa dvArA nirmita jaina mandira kA bhI patA calatA hai / malaya nAmaka parvata zrIlaMkA meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma kA astitva vahA~ bauddhadharma pahu~cane ke pUrva thA aura bAda meM bhI rahA hai / tamilanADu ke tirapparaMkurama (madurai jilA) meM prApta eka guphA kA nirmANa bhI laMkA ke eka gRhastha ne karAyA thaa| yaha vahA~ se prApta eka brAhmI zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai / jahA~ taka purAtAttvika pramANoM kA prazna hai, zrIlaMkA meM ve nahIM milte| DaoN0 parNavitAna ne yaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki yadyapi jainadharma se sambaddha purAtAttvika pramANa zrIlaMkA meM abhI taka upalabdha nahIM hue para prAcIna stUpoM ko mUlataH jaina stUpoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai|" barmA tathA anya deza varmA ko prAcIna kAla meM suvarNabhUmi ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| kAlakAcArya ne suvarNabhUmi kI yAtrA kI thii|" RSabhadeva ne bahalI (bekTriyA), yavana (yUnAna), suvarNabhUmi, paNDava (IrAna) Adi dezoM meM bhramaNa kiyA 1. mahAvaMza, pR0 67. 2. vahI, 33-76. 3. mahAvaMzaTIkA, pR0 444. 4. harivaMzapurANa, paumacariu Adi grantha isa sandarbha meM draSTavya haiN| 5. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 63. 6. vahI, pR0 102. 7. karakaNDucariu, pR0 44-66. 8. yazastilakacampU, pR0 34, 181, 466. 6. jaina kalA va sthApatya, bhAga-1, pR0 102. 10. Pre-Buddhist Religion Beliefs, JRAS (Ceylon), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, 1929, p. 325. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kI pustaka Jainism in Buddhist Literature, p. 46-50. 11. uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 120, bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, pR073-75. - 0
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________________ ___ 22 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa thaa|' pArzvanAtha dharma-pracAra ke liye zAkyadeza (nepAla) gaye the| aphagAnistAna meM bhI jainadharma ke astitva ke aneka pramANa milate haiM / bahAkarena emIra (aphagAnistAna) se kAyotsarga mudrA meM saMgamaramara se nirmita tIrthakara kI mUrti bhI prApta huI hai / IrAna, syAma aura philistAna meM digambara jaina sAdhuoM kA ullekha AtA hai| yUnAnI lekhaka mizra, ebIsIniyA aura ithyUpiyA meM bhI digambara muniyoM kA astitva batAte haiM / kAmbuja, caMpA, balgeriyA Adi meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra huA hai / kemalA (balgeriyA) se to eka kAMsya tIrthakara mUrti bhI prApta huI hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM samudrI yAtrAoM kA varNana bahuta milatA hai| jaina zrAvaka bhI deza-videza meM vyApAra ke lie isa prakAra kI yAtrAyeM kiyA karate the / kuvalayamAlA meM nimnalikhita jalamArgoM kI sUcanA milatI hai :5 1. sopAraka se cIna, mahAcIna jAne vAlA mArga (66.2) 8. suvarNadvIpa se lauTane ke rAsta meM kuDaMgadvIpa (86.4) 2. sopAraka se mahilArAjya (tibbata) jAne vAlA mArga (66.3) 6. laMkApurI ko jAte hue rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa (86.6) 3. sopAraka se ratnadvIpa (66.4) 10. jayazrI nagarI se yavanadvIpa (106.2) 4. ratnadvIpa se tAradvIpa (66.18) 11. yavanadvIpa se candradvIpa (106.16) 5. tAradvIpa se samudrataTa (70.12, 18) 12. samudrataTa se rohaNadvIpa (161.13, 16) 6. kozala se laMkApurI (74.11) 13. sopAraka se babbarakula (65.33) 7. pATaliputra se ratnadvIpa ke rAste meM kuDaladvIpa (88.26, 30) 14. sopAraka se svarNadvIpa (66.1)6 ye jaina vyApArI jahA~ vyApAra karane jAte hoMge vahA~ jaina parivAra, mandira, sthAnaka, upAzraya hone kI sambhAvanA adhika hai ; kyoMki jaina zrAvaka kI kriyAyeM kucha isa prakAra kI hotI haiM jinheM unake binA pUrA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH ina dezoM meM jainadharma nizcita rUpa se kAphI acchI sthiti meM rahA hogaa| jaina saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra videzoM meM adhika kyoM nahIM huA, yaha eka sAdhAraNa prazna hara adhyetA ke mana meM ubhara AtA hai| usakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha rahA, jahA~ taka maiM samajhatA hU~, ki azoka jaise karmaTha aura krAntikArI nareza kI chAyA jainadharma ko nahIM mila skii| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM ki jainadharma ko rAjAzraya nahIM milaa| rAjAzraya to bahuta milA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata meM bauddhakalA aura sthApatya kI apekSA jainakalA aura sthApatya parimANa aura guNa donoM kI apekSA adhika hai / parantu yaha rAjAzraya mAtRbhUmi taka hI sImita rahA / videzoM taka nahIM jA skaa| eka anya kAraNa yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina AcAra kA paripAlana apekSAkRta kaThina pratIta hotA hai| bauddhadharma kI taraha yahA~ zaithilya yA apavAdAtmaka sthiti nahIM rahI / bauddhadharma videzI saMskRti ke pariveza meM apane Apako bahuta kucha parivartita karatA rahA jo jainadharma nahIM kara skaa| jainadharma ke sthAyitva kA bhI yahI kAraNa hai| bauddhadharma apane AcAra-vicAra kI zithilatA ke kAraNa apanI janmabhUmi se luptaprAya ho gayA para jainadharma aneka tIkhI jhaMjhAvAtoM ke bAvajUda sudRr3ha aura lokapriya banA rahA / jaina itihAsa se dekhane ko yaha bhI AbhAsa hotA hai ki jainAcArya bhI svayaM jainadharma ko videzoM kI ora bhejane meM adhika utsuka nahIM rhe| ve to sadA sAdhaka rahe haiM, AtmonmukhI rahe 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 336-37. 2. JRAS. (India), Jan. 1885. 3. je0epha0mUTa, hukumacandra abhinandana grantha, pR0 374. 4. Asiatic Researches, Vol. 3, p. 6. 5. kuvalayamAlA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, DA0premasumana jaina, pR0 211. 6. draSTavya-go0 i0lA0i0, pR0 138.
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________________ videzoM meM jainadharma 23 ......................................................................... hai| rAjanIti ke jaMjAla meM ve prAyaH kabhI nahIM par3e / isake bAvajUda bhI jainadharma videzoM meM pahu~cA / use videziyoM kI guNagrAhakatA hI kahanA caahie| 2. Adhunika yaga Adhunika yuga meM videzoM meM pahu~ce hue jainadharma kI sthiti ko samajhane ke lie jaina sAhitya kI ora dRSTipAta karanA hogaa| 18-19vIM zatI meM vizeSarUpa se videzI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna prAcIna jaina sAhitya kI ora AkarSita huaa| unhoMne hastalikhita jaina granthoM kI khojakara unheM susaMpAdita kiyA aura prakAzita kara anya vidvAnoM ke lie zodha-khoja ke kSetra meM mArga prazasta kiyaa| prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kI ora unakA jhukAva adhika dikhAI detA hai| jaina hastalikhita grantha-sUcI kadAcit videzI vidvAnoM ne hI hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI-nirmANa kA kArya prArambha kiyA hai| sarvaprathama viyena se I0 1881 meM vU tara ne saMskRta-prAkRta hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI prakAzita kii| isake bAda pITarasana ne san 1882 se 1894 ke bIca vambaI kSetra se cAra risorTa prastuta kI jinameM kumArapAla pratibodha, paumacariya Adi grantha prakAza meM aaye| isI prakAra vebara kA Verzzichnies des Sanskrit and Prakrit Hand-schriften der Kinig lichen Bibliothek lu Berlin." (1886-1892), Th. Aufrecht Fr Florentine Sanskrit Manuscripts examined' (1892), Pulle kA 'The Florentine Jain Manuscripts' (London, 1893), evaM Leumann kA 'A List of the Strassbury Collection of Digambar Manuscripts' (Vien, 1897), kArya bhI ullekhanIya haiM / ina kAryoM ke bAda hI bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isa ora dhyAna diyA hai| jainAgama grantha sampAdana isa kSetra meM bhI sarvaprathama Buhler, Keilhorn, Jacobi, Weber, Leumann, Peterson Adi videzI vidvAnoM ne hI kArya kiyA hai / Jacobi ne AcArAMga (London P. T. S. 1882), Schubring ne AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha (1910), Weber ne "Fragment, der Bhagawati, Steinthal ne 'nAyAdhammakahAo', (Leipzig, 1881), Hoernle ne uvAsakadasAo (pUnA, 1640) tathA rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI ne antagaDadasAo (laMdana, 1907) kA saMpAdana kiyaa| upAMgoM meM aupAtikamUtra kA sampAdana Leumann ne sarvaprathama kiyA (Leipzin, 1885) aura isI ke gara AdhAra para bAda meM anya vidvAnoM ne aneka saMskaraNa taiyAra kiye| sUryaprajJapti ko isI taraha sarvaprathama apane adhyayana kA viSaya banAne vAloM meM Weber va Thibaut haiM jinhoMne isa para nibandha likhe| isake bAda je0 ena0 kohI ne usakA saMpAdana kiyA aura jaMbudvIpaprajJapti ke sAtha usakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA (Stuttgart, 1937) / isI taraha S. J. Warren kA prabandha "Niryavaliya-suttam een Upanga der Jains" 'nirayAvaliyasutaM' ke vistRta adhyayana ke lie bar3A upayogI siddha huaa| chedasUtroM ke adhyayana meM bhI videzI vidvAnoM ne apanA mahanIya yogadAna diyA hai| W. Schubring ne saMkSipta para mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAnizIya kA sampAdana kiyA (Berlia, 1918) aura unhIM ne phira kalpasUtra, vyavahAra-sUtra aura nizIthasUtra ko bhI eka sAtha sampAdita kara prakAzita kiyaa| Celette Caillat ne vyavahArasUtra kA sampAdana kara anuvAda ke sAtha phrAMsa meM use tIna bhAgoM meM prakAzita kiyaa| H. Jacobi ne sarvaprathama dasAsuyakbaMdha kA 1. "Uber die Suryaprajnapti" published in India Studies, Vol. X, p. 254-316., Leipzig, 1868. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XLIX, p. 109-127, etc. 181-206.
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________________ 24 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhimanTana prAya : SaSTha khaera tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha sampAdana kiyA (Leipzig, 1879) jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda Sacred Books of the East Vol. 22 meM prakAzita huaa| bAda meM unhoMne kalpasUtra kA bhI sampAdana kiyaa| J. Stevenson ne unhIM ke anukaraNa para kalpasUtra aura navatatva kA saMyukta sampAdana kiyA / aMgrejI anuvAda ke sAtha (London, 1848) / w.schubring ne bhI barapasUtra vA arayana kiyA-Das Kalpasutra, dic alte Sammlung Unistischer Monchs uor sehriften" (Leipzig, 1905) mUlasUtroM para bhI videzI vidvAnoM ne adhyayana kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| H. Jacobi ne uttarAdhyayana kA sampAdana tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha sarvaprathama prastuta kiyaa|' J. Charpentier ne usake adhyayana ko aura Age bddh'aayaa| Avazyaka sUtra aura usakI TIkAoM kA E. Leumann ne acchA adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| unhoMne Avazyaka sAhitya kA prathama bhAga to prakAzita kara diyA (Hemburg 1934) para dvitIya bhAga abhI taka sAmane nahIM A pAyA / Leumann ne niyukti sahita dazavakAlika sUtra ko tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha sampAdita kiyA (Bombay Samvat 1999.) ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke a yayana kI ora videzI vidvAnoM kA jhukAva adhika rahA hai, zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI ora nahIM Agametara granthoM kA saMpAdana-anusaMdhAna yaha bahavidha vyApI kSetra hai / isa kSetra meM caritakAvyoM meM se jekobI ne sarvaprathama vimalasUri ke paumacariya kA saMpAdana viyA (bhAranagara, 1614) / kathAkAcyoM meM se taraMgavaIkahA kA sampAdana Leumann ne aura samarAhaccakadA tathA kAlakAcariyakahAnaya (ZDMG, Vol. XXXIV, p. 247-318, Leipzig 1880) kA sampAdana vistRta bhUmikA ke sAtha jekobI ne (Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1926) kiyA / Leumann ne bhI Zwei weitere Kalaka-Legenden zIrSaka se isakA adhyayana kiyA / prAkRta koSoM ke kSetra meM Buhler pahale "On a Prakrit Glossar entitled Pailacchi aura The author of the Pailacchi' zIrSaka do nibandha likhe aura phira pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA kA sampAdana svayaM kiyA / isI taraha hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA tathA usakI TIkA kA sampAdana R. Pischel ne kiyA / 5 videzI vidvAnoM ne prAkRta jaina sAhitya ke AdhAra para prAkRta bhASAoM kA bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana bhI kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se A. Hoefer, J. Beames, G. Gold Schamidt, E. Muller, A. F. Rudolf, John Beames, H. Jacobi, R. Pischel, Sten Kcmeu, T. Burrow, Alsdorf, Hulsh, Buhler, Bloch, Wilson Adi vidvAnoM ke nAma isa kSetra meM ullekhanIya haiN| inameM bhI Jacobi aura Pischel vizeSa smaraNIya haiM / Jacobi ke Uber Unregel massige Passive in Prakrit (Kuhre's Zeitschift fur deultschen morgenlandischen ceselleschaft, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 249-259, Gutersloh, 1887), 791 Uber das Prakrit in der Erahlungh-Leteratur der Jainas (Rivista degi studi oriental, Vol. II pp. 231-236, Roma, 18881909) kArya yahA~ ullekhanIya haiM, jinameM unhoMne prAkRta kI vibhinna vizeSatAoM ko bhASAvijJAna ke kSetra meM adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| haribhadrasUri kI samarAiccakahA tathA vimalasUri ke paumacariuM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha nicita karane kA prayatna kiyA ki jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta ke gadya-padya sAhitya kI vizeSatAe~ pRthak-pRthaka haiN| 1. SBE, Vol. 45. 2. Upsala, 1914. 3. Indian Antiquary, Vol. II, pp. 166-168, Bombay, 1875. 4. Ibid., Vol. IV, p. 59-60, Bombay, 1875. 5. baMbaI, 1880.
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________________ videzoM meM jainadharma ___R. Pischel ne 1900 meM Strassburg se Grammatik 'der Prakrit Sprachen (Grundriss der Indo-arischen philogie un Alterturns kunde, Band I, Heft 8) prakAzita kara bhASAvaijJAnikoM ko prAkRta kA adhyayana karane ke lie aura bhI prerita kara diyaa| yahA~ lekhaka ne yaha bhI siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ki zvetAmbara sampradAya ke prAkRta jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI nAma diyA jAnA cAhie, jaina prAkRta nahIM / isI prakAra mahArASTrI jaina prAkRta ke sthAna para saurASTrI jaina prAkRta tathA digambara sampradAya ke prAkRta Agama granthoM kI bhASA ko zaurasenI jaina prAkRta kahA jAnA caahie| prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kA adhyayana prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ko sAdhAraNataH dro sampradAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-pUrvI aura pshcimii| pUrvI sampradAya kA netRtva vararuci karate haiM aura pazcimI sampradAya kA netRtva hemcndr| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ina donoM sampradAyoM para kAma kiyA hai / pUrvI vyAkaraNa sampradAya para zodha prArambha karane kA zreya Cl. Lassen ko diyA jA sakatA hai jinhoMne 1837 meM Bonnae se Institutions Linguae Pracritieae nAmaka grantha prakAzita kiyaa| katipaya vidvAn caNDa ke 'prAkRta lakSaNa' ko vararuci se bhI pUrvavartI mAnate haiN| prAkRta lakSaNa kA sarvaprathama sampAdana H. Hoernle ke kiyA jo 1880 meM kalakattA se The Prakrit Lakshanam or Chanda's Grammar of the ancient (ArSa) Prakrit, Pt. I, text with a critical Introduction and Indexes nAma se prakAzita huaa| Hoernle kI dRSTi meM caNDa ne ArSa (ardhamAgadhI mahArASTrI) vyAkaraNa likhA hai aura yaha caNDa vararuci se pUrvavartI hai / parantu Block ne apane Vararuchi unt Hemachandra zIrSaka nibandha meM isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki caNDa ne apanA vyAkaraNa hemacandra Adi aneka vyAkaraNoM se udhAra liyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, usameM azuddhiyA~ bhI bahuta haiN| pizala ne ina donoM matoM kA khaNDana kiyA aura kahA ki caNDa utanA prAcIna nahIM jitanA Hoernle mAnate haiM / DaoN0 hIrAlAlajI ne bhI caNr3a ko vararuci se pUrvatara mAnA hai| kramadIzvara kA saMkSiptasAra hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai| isakA sarvaprathama sampAdana Lassen ne 1836 meM 'insTITyUtsIonesa' meM kiyA jisakA kucha bhAga "rADiyeta prAkRtikA e (baunAeArDaranuma)" nAma se prakAzita huaa| puruSottama ke prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana kA sarvaprathama sampAdana Nitti Dolci ne nepAla se prApta eka hI prati ke AdhAra para kiyA jisakA prakAzana 1938 meM perisa se huaa| kobela aura ApharesTa ke bhI prAkRta-adhyayana kA mUlyAMkana Dolci ne kiyaa| prAkRta-kalpataru ke racayitA rAmatarkavAgIza kA ullekha lAssana ne insTITyUtsIonesa meM kiyaa| usake samUce bhAga ko eka sAtha prakAzita nahIM kiyA jA sakA / griyarasana ne usake kucha bhAgoM ko nibandhoM ke rUpa meM avazya prastuta kiyA hai| bAda meM sampUrNa grantha kA sampAdana E. Hultzsch ne kiyA jisakA prakAzana rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI Hertford se 1906 meM huaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke pazcimI sampradAya ke pramukha vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra ko kahA jA sakatA hai| unakA prAkRta vyAkaraNa "siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana" kA aSTama adhyAya hai jisakA sarvaprathama sampAdana R. Pischel ne do bhAgoM meM kiyA jinakA prakAzana Halle se 1877 aura 1880 meM huaa| prathama bhAga meM mUlagrantha aura zabda-sUcI dI gaI hai aura dvitIya bhAga meM usakA jarmana anuvAda, vizada vyAkhyA aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM pizala ne hemacandra ke siddhAntoM kI mImAMsA kI hai| kahIM ve unase sahamata bhI nahIM ho ske| kahIM unhoMne akathya kI bhASA ko kathya bhI banA diyaa| ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI Adi ke atirikta DhakkI, dAkSiNAtyA, AvantI aura jaina-zaurasenI jaisI prAkRta boliyoM para pizala ne bilakula naI sAmagrI prastuta kI hai| trivikrama ke zabdAnuzAsana ke AdhAra para siMharAja ne 'prAkRta rUpAvatAra' likhA jisakA prathama sampAdana
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________________ 26 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA bhabhinandana anya : pATha bama o r -. -. -. -. -.-. -.-.-.-...-.-.-. -.-. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. eBo E.Hultzsch ne kiyA aura prakAzana rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, Hertford se 1606 meM huaa| sampAdaka ne isakI bhUmikA meM lekhaka ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| uparyukta vyAkaraNoM ke AdhAra para videzI vidvAnoM ne aneka vyAkaraNa-grantha svatantrarUpa se likhe jinameM Hoeffar, Lassen, Muller, Goldschmidt, Jacobi, Pavolini, Grierson, wollner Adi vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| bAda meM Weber, Jacobi, Comell, Pischel, Nachtrag Adi vidvAnoM ne prAkRta kI kisI eka bolI para adhyayana prArambha kiyA / tadanantara AcAraMga, sUyagaDaMga, uttarajjhayaNa Adi jaina granthoM kA vizeSa AdhAra lekara prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne kiyaa| ___ apabhraMza sAhitya kI ora bhI ina vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa huaa| sarvaprathama Pischel ne 'Materialen zur Kenntnis des Apabhransa (Goltingen,1902) aura 'Ein Nachtrag zur Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen' (Berlin, 1902) prakAzita kiye aura phira Jalobi ne unakA adhyayana kara prAkRta-apabhraMza granthoM kA sampAdana kiyaa| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, kAlakAcArya kathAnaka, paumacariya, samarAiccakahA (1913-14), bhavisayattakahA (Munchen 1918), sanatakumAracariu (1921) Adi granthoM kA sampAdana unakI hI pratibhA aura adhyavasAya kA pariNAma thaa| unake bAda Alsdorf ne isa kSetra ko saMvArA aura kumArapAlapratibodha (Harward University, 1928) Adi grantha sampAdita kiye / ina vidvAnoM ne anya vidvAnoM ko bhI prerita kiyA aura phalataH vartamAna meM bhI isa dizA meM kArya cala rahA hai| prAkRta-apabhraMza ke sAtha hI saMskRta jaina sAhitya kA bhI videzI vidvAnoM ne adhyayana kiyA / Jacobi, Keith Adi jaise vidvAna isa kSetra meM agraNI rahe haiN| AcAryoM ke kAla-nirNaya kI dizA meM unakA vizeSa yogadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| pracAra-prasAra jaina sAhitya ke isa adhyayana krama ne videzoM meM jainadharma kI lokapriyatA ko kAphI Age bddh'aayaa| sva0 zrI campatarAya berisTara aura zrI jainI ne briTena, amerikA Adi dezoM meM jAkara jainadharma para aneka bhASaNa diye aura eka saMsthAna bhI prArambha kiyaa| vartamAna meM unake kArya ko DaoN. narendra seThI bar3hA rahe haiM pUrI tatparatA ke sAtha / unhoMne vahA~ eka mandira tathA eka pustakAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA hai| pichale varSa muni zrI suzIlakumArajI ne amerikA, briTena Adi dezoM meM tIna-cAra mAha kI lambI yAtrA kara jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyA tathA jaina yogasAdhanA kendroM kI sthApanA kii| munizrI kucha ziSyoM ko sAtha lekara vApasa Aye aura unheM jaina AcAra kA vyAvahArika zikSaNa-nirIkSaNa kraayaa| abhI janavarI 1980 meM nAirobI (keniyA) meM paMcakalyANa pratiSThA karAkara zrI kAnajI svAmI ne jainadharma ke pracAra meM eka aura nayA adhyAya jor3a diyA hai| unhoMne vahA~ apanI ziSya-maNDalI ke sAtha svayaM pahuMcakara nAirobI, mumbAsA Adi zaharoM meM bIsa dina taka tattva pracAra kiyA tathA jaina mandira kI pratiSThA kraaii|| videzoM meM hae jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki jaina siddhAntoM kI samIcInatA tathA usakI sArvabhaumikatA kI ora videziyoM kA jhukAva rahA hai / jisa tatparatA aura lagana ke sAtha bauddhadharma kA pracAra kiyA gayA, yadi usI tatparatA aura lagana ke sAtha jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA gayA hotA to nizcita hI jainadharma kI sthiti bauddhadharma kI sthiti se kahIM adhika acchI hotii| 1. vistRta jAnakArI ke liye dekhiye lekhaka kA lekha-"Adhunika yuga meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA adhyayana-anu saMdhAna-saMskRta-prAkRta jaina vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA," chApara, 1977, pR0 236-61.