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________________ 100 jaina dharma aura darzana antara hai / antara yaha hai ki nirmantha paraMparA meM aparigraha paMcama vrata hai jaba ki bauddha paraMparA meM madyAdi kA tyAga pA~cavA~ zIla hai / yahA~ eka prazna yaha bhI hotA hai ki kyA khuda mahAvIra ne brahmacarya rUpa se nae vrata kI sRSTi kI yA anya kisI paraMparA meM pracalita usa vrata ko apanI nirgranthaparaMparA meM svataMtra sthAna diyA ? sAMkhya-yoga-paraMparA ke purAne se purAne staroM meM tathA smRti Adi granthoM meM hama ahiMsA Adi pAMca-yamoM kA hI varNana pAte haiM / isalie nirNayapUrvaka to kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki pahale kisane pA~ca mahAvratoM meM brahmacarya ko sthAna diyA ? 1 prasiddha bhI thA yadyapi bauddha granthoM meM bAra-bAra caturyAma kA nirdeza AtA hai para mUla piTakoM meM tathA unakI aTThakathAoM meM caturyAma kA jo artha kiyA gayA hai vaha galata tathA aspaSTa hai / aisA kyoM huA hogA ? yaha prazna zrAe binA nahIM rahatA / nirgranthaparaMparA jaisI apanI par3osI samakAlIna aura ati prasiddha paraMparA ke cAra yamoM ke bAre meM bauddha granthakAra itane anajAna hoM yA aspaSTa hoM yaha dekhakara zurU-zurU meM Azcarya hotA hai para hama jaba sAmpradAyika sthiti para vicAra karate haiM taba vaha acaraja gAyaba ho jAtA hai| hara eka sampradAya ne dUsare ke prati pUrA nyAya nahIM kiyA hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki mUla meM buddha tathA unake samakAlIna ziSya caturyAma kA pUrA aura saccA artha jAnate hoN| vaha artha sarvatra isalie unhoMne usako batalAne kI AvazyakatA samajhI na ho para piTakoM kI jyoM-jyoM saMkalanA hotI gaI syoM-tyoM caturyAma ke artha spaSTa karane kI AvazyakatA mAlUma huii| kisI bauddha bhikSu ne kalpanA se usake artha kI pUrti kI, vahIM Age jyoM kI tyoM piTakoM meM calI AI aura kisI ne yaha nahIM socA ki caturyAma kA yaha artha nirgrantha-paraMparA ko sammata hai yA nahIM ? bauddhoM ke bAre meM bhI aisA viparyAsa jainoM ke dvArA huA kahIM-kahIM dekhA jAtA hai| kisI sampradAya ke mantavya kA pUrNa saccA svarUpa to usake granthoM aura usakI paraMparA se jAnA jA sakatA hai / ( 6 ) uposatha-pauSadha isa samaya jaina paraMparA meM pauSadha vrata kA AcaraNa pracalita hai| isakA prAcIna itihAsa jAnane ke pahale hameM isakA vartamAna svarUpa saMkSepa meM jAna lenA cAhie / pautra gRhasthoM kA vrata hai / use strI aura puruSa donoM grahaNa karate haiN| jo This dIrgha0 0 2 | dI0 sumaMgalA pR0 167 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1 2 2.24- 28
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________________ uposatha-paudhaSa pauSadhavrata kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha kisI ekAnta sthAna meM. yA dharma-sthAna meM apanI zakti aura ruci ke anusAra eka, do yA tIna roja Adi kI samaya maryAdA bA~dha karake dunyavI saba pravRttiyoM ko chor3akara mAtra dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karane kI pratijJA karatA hai| vaha cAhe to dina meM eka bAra bhikSA ke taura para azanapAna lAkara khA-pI sakatA hai yA sarvathA upavAsa bhI kara sakatA hai / vaha gRhasthayogya veSabhUSA kA tyAga karake sAdhu-yogya paridhAna dhAraNa karatA hai| saMkSepa meM yoM kahanA cAhie ki pauSadhavata lenevAlA utane samaya ke lie sAdhu-jIvana kA ummedavAra bana jAtA hai| ___ gRhasthoM ke aMgIkAra karane yogya bAraha vratoM meM se pauSadha yaha eka vrata hai jo gyArahavA~ vrata kahalAtA hai| zrAgama se lekara abhI taka ke samagra jainazAstra meM pauSadhavrata kA nirUpaNa avazya AtA hai| usake AcaraNa va prAsekna kI prathA bhI bahuta pracalita hai / kucha bhI ho hameM to yahA~ aitihAsika dRSTi se pauSadhavrata ke saMbandha meM nimnalikhita praznoM para kramazaH eka-eka karake vicAra karanA hai-- (1) bha0 mahAvIra kI samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM pauSadhavrata pracalita thA yA nahIM ? aura pracalita thA to usakA svarUpa kaisA rahA ? (2) bauddha aura dUsarI zramaNa paraMparAoM meM pauSadha kA sthAna kyA thA ? aura ve pauSadha ke viSaya meM paraspara kyA socate the ? ... (3) pauSadhavata kI utpatti kA mUla kyA hai ? aura mUla meM usakA bodhaka zabda kaisA thA ? (1) upAsakadazA nAmaka aMgasUtra jisameM mahAvIra ke dasa mukhya zrAvakoM kA jIvanavRtta hai usameM Ananda Adi sabhI zrAvakoM ke dvArA pauSadhazAlA meM pauSadha liye jAnekA varNana hai isI taraha bhagavatI-zataka 12, uddezya 1 meM zaMkha zrAvaka kA jIvanavRtta hai / zaMkha ko bha0 mahAvIra kA pakkA zrAvaka batalAyA hai aura usameM kahA hai ki zaMkha ne pauSadhazAlA meM azana Adi chor3akara hI pauSadha liyA thA jaba ki zaMkha ke dUsare sAthiyoM ne azana sahita pauSadha liyA thA / isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki purAne samaya meM bhI khAna-pAna sahita aura khAna-pAna rahita pauSadha lene kI prathA thii| uparyukta varNana Thoka bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya kA hai yA bAda kA isakA nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai / to bhI isameM bauddha granthoM se aise saMketa milate haiM jinase yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM nimantha-paraMparA meM pauSadha vrata lene kI prathA thI aura so bhI Aja ke jaisI aura bhagavatI Adi meM varNita zaMkha Adi ke pauSadha jaisI thI kyoMki aMguttara nikAya meM buddha ne svayaM 1 aMguttaranikAva Vol. I. P, 206
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________________ 102 jaina dharma aura darzana vizAkhA nAma kI apanI parama upAsikA ke sammukha tIna prakAra ke uposatha kA varNana kiyA hai-uposatha zanda nirgrantha-paraMparA ke pauSadha zabda kA paryAya mAtra hai--1. gopAlaka-uposatha, 2 nigaMTha uposatha aura 3. Aya uposatha / / inameM se jo dUsarA 'nigaMTha uposatha' hai vahI nimrantha-paramparA kA pauSadha hai| yadyapi buddha ne tIna prakAra ke uposatha meM se Arya uposatha ko hI sarvottama batalAyA hai, jo unako apane saMgha meM abhimata thA, to bhI jaba 'nigaMTha uposatha' kA parihAsa kiyA hai, usakI truTi batalAI hai to itane mAtra se hama yaha vastusthiti jAna sakate haiM ki buddha ke samaya meM nigrantha-paraMparA meM bhI pauSadha-upoSatha kI prathA pracalita thii| 'aMguttara nikAya' ke uposatha vAle zabda buddha ke mu~ha se kahalAye gae haiM ve cAhe buddha ke zabda na bhI ho taba bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'aMgu tara nikAya' ko vartamAna racanA ke samaya nirgrantha upoSatha avazya pracalita thA aura samAja meM usakA khAsA sthAna thaa| piTaka kI vartamAna racanA azoka se arvAcIna nahIM hai taba yaha to svayaM siddha hai ki nirgrantha-paraMparA kA upoSatha utanA purAnA to avazya hai / nirgrantha-paramparA ke upoSatha kI pratiSThA dhArmika jagat meM itanI avazya jamI huI thI ki jisake kAraNa bauddha lekhakoM ko usakA prativAda karake apanI paramparA meM bhI upoSatha kA astitva hai aisA batalAnA par3A / bauddhoM ne apanI paraMparA meM upoSatha kA mAtra astitva hI nahIM batalAyA hai para unhoMne use 'Arya uposatha' kaha kara utkRSTa rUpa se bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai aura sAtha hI nigrantha-paraMparA ke upoSayoM ko truTipUrNa bhI batalAyA hai / bauddha-paraMparA meM upoSaNa vrata kA praveza Akasmika nahIM hai balki usakA AdhAra purAnA hai| mahAvIra-samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA meM upoSatha yA pauSadha vrata kI bar3I mahimA thI jise buddha ne apane DhaMga se apanI paraMparA meM bhI sthAna diyA aura batalAyA ki dUsare sampradAyavAle jo upoSatha karate haiM vaha Arya nahIM hai para maiM jo upoSatha kahatA hU~ vahI Arya hai / isalie 'bhagavatI' aura 'upAsakadazA' kI pauSadha viSayaka hakIkata ko kisI taraha arvAcIna yA pIche kI nahIM mAna skte| 2) yadyapi AjIvaka-paraMparA meM bhI pauSadha kA sthAna hone kI sambhAvanA hotI hai to bhI usa paraMparA kA sAhitya hamAre sAmane vaisA nahIM hai jaisA cauddha aura nirgrantha-paraMparA kA sAhitya hamAre sAmane hai / isalie pauSadha ke astitva ke bAre meM bauddha aura nirgrantha paramparA ke viSaya meM hI nizcayapUrvaka kucha kahA jA sakatA hai| hama jisa 'aMguttara nikAya' kA Upara nirdeza kara Ae haiM usameM upoSatha ke saMbandha meM vistRta varNana hai usakA sakSipta sAra yoM hai- . .
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________________ uposatha-pauSadha "zrAvastI nagarI meM kabhI vizAkhA nAma kI upAsikA upoSatha lekara buddha ke pAsa AI aura eka ora baiTha gaI taba usa vizAkhA ko saMbodhita karake buddha kahate haiM ki "he vizAkhe! pahalA upoSatha gopAlaka kahalAtA hai| jaise sAyaMkAla meM gvAle gAyoM ko carAkara unake mAlikoM ko vApasa sauMpate haiM taba kahate haiM ki Aja amuka jagaha meM gAyeM carI, amuka jagaha meM pAnI piyA aura kala amuka amuka sthAna meM careMgI aura pAnI pie~gI ityAdi / vaise hI jo loga upoSatha le karake khAna-pAna kI carcA karate haiM ki Aja hamane amuka khAyA, amuka piyA aura kala amuka cIja khAyeMge, amuka pAna kareMge ityAdi / aisA kahanevAloM kA arthAt upoSatha lekara usa dina kI tathA agale dina kI khAna-pAna viSayaka carcA karane vAloM kA upoSatha gopAlaka upoSatha kahalAtA hai| "nirgrantha zramaNa apane-apane zrAvakoM ko bulAkara kahate haiM ki hara eka dizA meM itane yojana se Age jo prANI haiM unakA daMDa---hiMsaka vyApAra-chor3o tathA satra kapar3oM ko tyAga kara kaho ki maiM kisI kA nahIM hU~ aura merA koI nahIM hai ityAdi / dekho vizAkhe ! ve nimrantha-zrAvaka amuka yojana ke bAda na jAne kA nizcaya karate haiM aura uttane yojana ke bAda ke prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko tyAgate haiM taba sAtha hI ve maryAdita yojana ke andara AnevAle prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM karate isase ve prANAtipAta se nahIM bacate haiM / ataeva he vizAkhe ! maiM una nigrantha-zrAvakoM ke upoSatha ko prANAtipAtayukta kahatA hU~ / isI taraha, jaba ve zrAvaka kahate haiM ki maiM akelA hU~, merA koI nahIM hai, maiM kisI kA nahIM hU~ taba ve yaha to nizcaya hI jAnate haiM ki amuka mere mAtA-pitA haiM, amuka merI strI hai, amuka putra Adi parivAra hai| ve jaba mana meM apane mAtA-pitA zrAdi ko jAnate haiM aura sAtha hI kahate haiM ki maiM akelA hU~, merA koI nahIM, taba spaSTa hI, he vizAkhe ! ve upoSatha meM mRSA bolate haiN| isa taraha gopAlaka aura nirgrantha donoM upoSatha koI vizeSa lAbhadAyaka nahIM haiN| parantu maiM jisa upoSatha ko karane ke lie upadeza karatA hU~ vaha Arya upoSatha hai aura adhika lAbhadAyaka hotA hai / kyoMki maiM upoSatha meM buddha, dharma aura saMgha, zIla Adi kI bhAvanA karane ko kahatA hU~ jisase citta ke kleza kSINa hote haiN| upoSatha karanevAlA apane sAmane arhat kA Adarza rakha karake kevala eka rAta, eka divasa taka parimita tyAga karatA hai aura mahAn AdarzoM kI smRti rakhatA hai / isa prayatna se usake mana ke doSa apane Apa dUra ho jAte haiN| isalie vaha Arya upoSatha hai aura mahAphaladAyI bhI hai| 'aMguttara nikAya' ke uparyukta sAra se hama itanA matalaba to nikAla hI
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________________ 104 jaina dharma aura darzana sakate haiM ki usameM buddha ke mukha se bauddha paraMparA meM pracalita upoSatha ke svarUpa kI to prazaMsA karAI gaI hai aura bAkI ke upoSathoM kI nindA karAI gaI hai / yahA~ hameM aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhanA mAtra itanA hI hai ki buddha ne jisa gopAlaka upoSatha aura nirgrantha upoSatha kA parihAsa kiyA hai vaha upoSatha kisa-kisa paraMparA ke the ? nirmantha upoSatha rUpa se to niHsaMdeha nirgrantha-paraMparA kA hI upoSatha 1 liyA gayA hai para gopAlaka upoSatha rUpa se kisa paramparA kA upoSatha liyA hai ? yahI prazna hai / isakA uttara jaina paraMparA meM pracalita pauSadha-vidhi aura pauSadha ke prakAroM ko jAnane se mali-bhA~ti mila jAtA hai| jaina zrAvaka paudha ke dina bhojana karate bhI haiM isI ko lakSya meM rakhakara buddha ne usa sAzana paudha ko gopAlaka upoSatha ' kahakara usakA parihAsa kiyA hai| jaina zrAvaka azanatyAga pUrvaka bhI paudha karate haiM aura maryAdita samaya ke lie vastra alaMkAra, kuTumbasaMvandha Adi kA tyAga karate haiM tathA amuka hada se Age na jAne kA saMkalpa bhI karate haiM isa bAta ko lakSya meM rakhakara buddha ne use nirgrantha upoSatha kahakara usakA makhaula kiyA hai / kucha bhI ho para bauddha aura jaina granthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se eka bAta to nizcayapUrvaka kahI jA sakatI hai ki pauSadha va upoSatha kI prathA jaisI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM thI vaisI buddha ke samaya meM bhI bauddha paramparA meM thI aura yaha prathA donoM paramparA meM Aja taka calI AtI hai bhagavatI zataka 8, uddeza 5 meM gautama ne mahAvIra se prazna kiyA hai ki gozAlaka ke ziSya zrajIvakoM ne kucha sthaviroM ( jaina bhikSuoM ) se pUchA ki upAzraya meM sAmayika lekara baiThe hue zrAvaka jaba apane vastrAdikA tyAga karate haiM aura strI kA bhI tyAga karate haiM taba unake vastrAbharaNa Adiko koI uThA le jAe aura unakI strI se koI saMsarga kare phira sAmAyika pUrA hone ke bAda aras are pane kapar3e- alaMkAra Adi ko khojate haiM to kyA apanI hI vastu khojate haiM ki auroM kI ? isI taraha jisane usa sAmAyika vAle zrAvakoM kI tyakta strI kA saMga kiyA usane una sAmAyika vAle zrAvakoM kI hI strI kA saMga kiyA yA anya kI strI kA ? isa praznakA mahAvIra ne uttara yaha diyA hai ki sAmAyika kA samaya pUrA hone ke bAda curAe, vastrAdiko khojanevAle zrAvaka apane hI vastra Adi khojate haiM, dUsare ke nhiiN| isI taraha strI saMga karanevAle ne bhI usa sAmAyikadhArI zrAvaka kI hI strI kA saMga kiyA hai aisA mAnanA cAhie, nahIM ki anya kI strI kaa| kyoMki zrAvaka ne maryAdita samaya ke lie vastra AbhUSaNa Adi kA maryAdita tyAga kiyA thA; mana se bilakula mamatva chor3A na thA / isa gautama - mahAvIra ke
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________________ uposatha- pauSa 105 praznottara se itanA to spaSTa hai ki nirgrantha-zrAvaka ke sAmAyika vrata ke viSaya meM ( jo pauSadha vrata kA hI prAthamika rUpa hai ) jo AjIvakoM ke dvArA parihAsamaya pUrvapakSa bhaga0 za08, u05 meM dekhA jAtA hai vahI dUsare rUpa meM Upara varNana kiye gae aMguttaranikAya gata gopAlaka aura nirgrantha upoSatha meM pratibiMtrita hutrA jAna par3atA hai / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki gozAlaka ke ziSyoM kI tarapha se bhI nirgrantha zrAvakoM ke sAmAyikAdi vrata ke prati AkSepa hotA rahA ho aura usakA uttara bhagavatI meM mahAvIra ke dvArA dilAyA gayA ho / Aja hamAre sAmane gozAlaka kI AjIvaka paramparA kA sAhitya nahIM hai para vaha eka zramaNa paramparA thI aura apane samaya meM prabala bhI thI tathA ina paramparAoM ke AcAra-vicAroM meM aneka bAteM bilakula samAna thIM / yaha saba dekhate hue aisA bhI mAnane kA mana ho jAtA hai ki gozAlaka kI paramparA meM bhI sAmAyikaupoSathAdika vrata pracalita rahe hoMge / isIlie gozAlaka ne yA usake anuyA yiyoM ne buddha ke anuyAyiyoM kI taraha nirgrantha paramparA ke sAmAyika pauSadha Adi vratoM ko niHsAra batAne kI dRSTi se unakA makhaula kiyA hogA / kucha bhI ho para hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ke mukha se jo javAba dilAyA gayA hai vaha bilakula jaina maMtavya kI yathArthatA ko prakaTa karatA hai / itanI carcA se yaha bAta saralatA se samajha meM A jAtI hai ki zramaNa-paraMparA kI prasiddha tInoM zAkhAoM meM paudha yA upAtha kA sthAna avazya thA aura ve paraMparAe~ Apasa meM eka dUsare kI prathA ko kaTAkSa-dRSTi se dekhatI thIM aura apanI prathA kA zreSThatva sthApita karatI thIM / ( 3 ) saMskRta zabda ' upavasatha' hai, usakA pAli rUpa uposatha hai aura prAkRta rUpa posaha tathA posadha hai / uposatha aura posaha donoM zabdoM kA mUla to upavasatha zabda hI hai / eka meM va kA u hone se uposatha rUpa kI niSpatti huI hai, jaba ki dUsare meM u kA lona aura tha kA ha tathA dha hone se posaha aura posadha zabda bane haiN| Age pAli ke upara se ardha saMskRta jaisA upoSatha zabda vyavahAra meM yA jaba ki posaha tathA posadha zabda saMskRta ke DhA~ce meM Dhalakara anukrama se pauSadha aura prauSadha rUpa se vyavahAra meM Aye / saMskRta pradhAna vaidika paramparA meM, yadyapi upavasatha zabda zAstroM meM prasiddha hai tathApi pAli uposatha ke upara se banA huA upoSatha zabda bhI vaidika loka vyavahAra meM vyavahRta hotA hai / jaina paramparA I jaba taka mAtra prAkRta kA vyavahAra karatI thI taba taka posaha vyavahAra meM rahe para saMskRta meM vyAkhyAe~ likhI jAne ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne posaha zabda kA mUla cinA jAne hI use tathA posadha zabda hI samaya se zvetAmbarIya pauSadha rUpa se saMskRta
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________________ 106 jaina dharma aura darzana kiyA / jo digambara vyAkhyAkAra hue unhoMne pauSadha aisA saMskRta rUpa na apanAkara posadha kA prauSadha hI saMskRta rUpa vyavahRta kiyaa| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki eka hI upavasatha zabda jude-jude laukika pravAhoM meM par3akara upoSatha, posaha, posagha, pauSadha, prauSadha aise aneka rUpoM ko dhAraNa karane lgaa| ve sabhI rUpa eka hI kuTumba ke haiN| posaha Adi zabdoM kA mAtra mUla hI eka nahIM hai para usake vibhinna arthoM ke pIche rahA huA bhAva bhI eka hI hai| isI bhAva meM se posaha yA uposatha vrata kI utpatti huI hai| vaidika-paraMparA yajJa-yAgAdiko mAnane vAlI ataeva devoM kA yajana karane vAlI hai| aise khAsa-khAsa yajanoM meM vaha upavAsa vrata ko bhI sthAna detI hai| amAvAsyA aura paurNamAsI ko vaha 'upavasatha' zabda se vyavahRta karatI hai| kyoMki una tithiyoM meM vaha darzapaurNamAsa nAma ke yajJoM kA vidhAna karatI hai , tathA usameM upavAsa jaise vrata kA bhI vidhAna karatI hai / sambhavataH isalie vaidika paraMparA meM amAvasyA aura paurNamAsIupavasatha kahalAtI haiN| zramaNa-paraMparA vaidika paraMparA kI taraha yajJa-yAga yA devayajana ko nahIM maantii| jahA~ vaidika paraMparA yajJa-yAgAdi va devayajana dvArA AdhyAtmika pragati batalAtI hai, vahA~ zramaNa-paraMparA AdhyAtmika pragati ke lie eka mAtra Atmazodhana tathA svarUpa-cintana kA vidhAna karatI hai / isake lie zramaNa-paraMparA ne bhI mAsa kI ve hI tithiyA~ niyata kI jo vaidika-paraMparA meM yajJa ke lie niyata thiiN| isa taraha zramaNa-paraMparA ne amAvAsyA aura paurNamAsI ke dina upavAsa karane kA vidhAna kiyA / jAna par3atA hai ki pandraha roja ke antara ko dhArmika dRSTi se lambA samajhakara usane bIca meM aSTamI ko bhI upavAsa pUrvaka dharmacintana karane kA vidhAna kiyaa| isase zramaNa-paraMparA meM aSTamI tathA pUrNimA aura aSTamI tathA amAvAsyA meM upavAsa-pUrvaka Atmacintana karane kI prathA cala par3I 2 / yahI prathA bauddha paraMparA meM 'uposatha' aura jainadharma para. mparA meM 'posaha rUpa se calI AtI hai / paramparA koI bhI ho sabhI apanI-apanI dRSTi se Atma-zAnti aura pragati ke lie hI upavAsa vrata kA vidhAna karatI hai / isa taraha hama dUra taka socate haiM to jAna par3atA hai ki pauSadha vrata kI utpatti kA mUla asala meM AdhyAtmika pragati mAtra hai| usI mUla se kahIM eka rUpa meM to kahIM dUsare rUpa meM upavasatha ne sthAna prApta kiyA hai| 1. kAtyAyana zrautasUtra 4. 15. 35. / 2. upAsakadazAMga a01. 'posahovavAsassa' zabda kI TIkA.
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________________ bhASA-vicAra 107 aba bhI eka prazna to bAkI raha hI jAtA hai ki kyA vaidika-paraMparA meM se zramaNa-paraMparA meM uposatha yA posaha prata AyA yA zramaNa paraMparA ke Upara se vaidika paraMparA ne upavasatha kA Ayojana kiyA ? isakA uttara denA kisI taraha sahaja nahIM hai / hajAroM varSoM ke pahale kisa pravAha ne kisake Upara asara kiyA ise nizcita rUpa se jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai| phira bhI hama itanA to kaha hI sakate haiM ki vaidika-paraMparA kA upavasatha preya kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, jaba ki zramaNa-paraMparA kA uposatha yA posaha zreya kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to manuSya-jAti meM preya ke bAda zreya kI kalpanA AI hai| yadi yaha saca ho to zramaNa-paraMparA ke upavAsa yA posaha kI prathA kitanI hI prAcIna kyoM na ho, para usake Upara vaidika paraMparA ke. upayasatha yajJa kI chApa hai| bhASA-vicAra mahAvIra samakAlIna aura pUrvakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA se saMbandha rakhanevAlI aneka bAtoM meM bhASA prayoga, tridaMDa aura hiMsA Adi se virati kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / bauddha-piTakoM aura jaina-AgamoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se una muddoM para kAphI prakAza par3atA hai / hama yahA~ una muddoM meM se eka-eka lekara usa para vicAra karate haiM:___ 'majhima nikAya ke 'abhayarAja sutta' meM bhASA prayoga sambandhI carcA hai| usakA saMkSipta sAra yoM hai-kabhI abhayarAja kumAra se jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne kahA ki tuma tathAgata buddha ke pAsa jAno aura prazna karo ki tathAgata apriya vacana bola sakate haiM yA nahIM? yadi buddha hA~ kaheM to vaha hAra jAeMge, kyoMki apriyabhASI buddha kaise ? yadi nA kaheM to pUchanA ki to phira bhadanta ! Apane devadatta ke bAre meM apriya kathana kyoM kiyA hai ki devadatta durgatigAmI aura nahIM. sudharane yogya hai ? ___zAtaputra kI zikSA ke anusAra abhayarAja kumAra ne buddha se prazna kiyA to buddha ne usa kumAra ko uttara diyA ki buddha apriya kathana kareMge yA nahIM yaha bAta ekAnta rUpa se nahIM kahI jA sktii| buddha ne apane javAba meM ekAnta rUpa se apriya kathana karane kA svIkAra yA asvIkAra nahIM karate hue yahI batalAyA ki agara apriya bhI hitakara ho to buddha bola sakate haiM parantu jo ahitakara hogA vaha bhale hI satya ho use buddha nahIM boleNge| buddha ne vacana kA