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________________ tapa prA0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDayA tapas zabda tapa dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai| yaha dhAtu dAha [ ga. 10]; saMtApa [ga.1 aura aizvarya [ ga.4 ] paraka arthoM meM hai| Rgveda meM yaha dhAtu tInoM arthoM meM prayukta huI hai, ina meM se dAha' aura santApa* artha sAyaNa ne spaSTa rUpa se batAe haiM kintu aizvarya artha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM batAyA hai, [phira bhI tapojA~ n) RSIn... / yA ca gAH aGgirasaH tapasA cakruH aura RtaM satyaM cAbhIddhAt tapaso'dhyajAyata" Adi meM aizvarya paraka artha dekhA jA sakatA hai| isake alAvA yaha dhAtu Rgveda meM pIr3A, vinAza', tApaprada', saMskAraka (vizuddhi), prakAzakadeg aura garama karanA Adi vibhinna arthoM meM bhI hai| ye sabhI artha tapazcaryA ke sAtha jur3e hue haiN| isa dhAtu se niSpanna hue tapas. tapasvAn12, tapuH13, tapuSi'4, tapuS15, tapiSTha", pI. vI. risarca insTITyUTa ke upakrama meM pharsTa oNla inDiyA konpharensa oNpha prAkRta eNDa jaina sTaDIja, di0 2-5 janavarI 1988 meM par3hA gayA pepara / 1. tapa-daha...6-5-4, 6-22-8 2. tapaH santApa: 7-82-7 3. Rgveda 10-154-5 4. tapasA --pazuprAptisAdhanena citrayAgAdi lakSaNena-sAyaNa 10-169-2 5. brahmaNA purA sRSTayarthaM kRtAt tapasaH --sAyaNa-mAnasa aura vAcika satya tapa se utpanna hue, usase rAtadina utpanna hue.'R 10-190-1 6. tapo-bAdhasva, 3-18-2 7. tapaH-kSapaya 3-18-2 8. tapaH--tapasA-tApanena, 10-109-1; tapasva-taptaM kuru 10-16-4 9. tapatu-saMskarotu 10-16-4 10. tapatu-pradIpyatAm (sUryaH) 8-18-9 11. tapasva-taptaM kuru 10-16-4 12. R0 6-5-4 13. tapuH tapyamAnaH-7-104-2 14. tApayati anena anyam 1-42-4, 15. tApaka 8-23-14 16. tApayitA 3-30-16, 7-59-8; 10-89-12; tapyamAna 10-87-20
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________________ 140 prI0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDayA~ tapanI', tapana, Adi zabda bhI Rgveda meM tejasvI, tApaka aura tapyamAna artha meM prayukta Rgveda meM tapas zabda teja, uSNaprada, yajJAdi sAdhana, tapazcaryA (cAndrAyaNAdivrata), vrata Adi vibhinna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| isake AdhAra para aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika yuga meM tapa ke do svarUpa the-1. yajJarUpa tapa aura 2. cAndrAyaNAdivrata rUpa tapa / - tapa ke prati zraddhA-rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, bhAgavata, buddhacarita Adi granthoM meM tapa ke prati Adara kI abhivyakti kI gaI hai jaise-rAmAyaNa meM tapa ko uttama aura anya sukhoM ko vyartha kahA hai| itanA hI nahIM tapa rUpa dharma ko hI cAra yugoM kA vyAvartaka lakSaNa mAnA hai, jaise ki satyayuga meM kevala brAhmaNa, tretA meM brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya, dvApara meM una donoM ke uparAnta vaizya tapa karate the, aura kaliyuga meM una tInoM ke uparAnta zUdra bhI tapa kreNge| mahAbhArata Adi meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmAdi deva, devarSi, brahmarSi evaM rAjarSiyoM ne kaThora tapasyA karake iSTasiddhi prApta kI thii| tapa pavitrakartA hai aura vaha bha utpanna huA hai|'' vaha bhagavAn kA hRdaya evaM AtmA hai, tapobala se ve sRSTi kI utpatti, pAlana aura saMhAra karate haiN|' tapa se bhagavad prIti12, bala14 aura siddhiyA~ 15 milatI haiN| svarga16 aura vairAga' Adi uttama loka meM gati hotI hai itanA hI nahIM Izvara prApti bhI hotI 1. tApakAriNI 2-23-14 2. santApaka: 2-23-4; 10-34-7 3. 6-5-4 4. 10-109-1 5. tapasA-yAgAdirUpeNa sAdhanena 10-154-2; 10-183-1 6. tapasA--kRcchracAndrAyaNAdinA yuktAH santa: 10-154-2, tapazcaraNAya 10-109-4 7. tapasaH-dIkSArUpAt vratAt 10-183-1 8. uttarakAMDa 84-9 9. uttarakANDa 74-10 se 27 10. mahAbhArata vanaparva 213-28 11. bhagavadgItA 10-5 12. bhAgavata 2-9-22; 23 tathA 6-4-46 13. vahI 3-9-41 14. vahI 3-10-6 15. vahI 9-6-39 se 48 16. R0 10-154-2; 10-167-1; buddhacarita 7-20 17. uttararAmacarita 2-12 pR. 48
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________________ tarpa 141 hai / ' tapasvI ke sira se sadhUma agni nikalatI hai, jisase pRthvI kSubdha ho jAtI hai / isake AdhAra para kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla se hI samAja meM tapa ke prati atyanta Adara thA / tapa kI do dhArAe~ - muMDakopaniSad meM jJAna ko tapa kahA hai / zaMkarAcArya spaSTa kahate haiM ki sarvajJa rUpa jJAna hI tapa hai, tapa AyA sarUpasa nahIM hai / isake AdhAra para aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika yuga meM tapa kI do dhArAe~ astitva meM A cukI thIM - ( 1 ) zarIra kaSTaprada tapa aura (2) jJAna rUpa tapa / prathama dhArA mukhyataH zarIrakendrI hai aura dUsarI dhArA manaHkendrI evaM AtmakendrI hai / prathama dhArA meM paramparayA mana kA AtmA se sambandha jur3atA hai, jabaki dUsarI dhArA mana evaM AtmA ko sIdhA sparza karatI hai / ina do dhArAoM meM se prathama dhArA ko adhika prAcIna mAnanA par3egA, kyoMki ( 1 ) tapas zabda kA mUla / tap dhAtu hai; (2) upaniSad, gItA, jaina aura bauddha paramparA prathama dhArA meM sudhAra lAne kA prayAsa karatI hai, (3) phira bhI prathama dhArA Aja taka akSuNNa calatI A rahI hai / 1. zarIra kaSTaprada tapa- rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa evaM kAvya meM isa dhArA kA nirUpaNa dUsarI dhArA se adhika mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai, jaise- rAmAyaNa ke anusAra vizvAmitra ne brahmarSipada kI prApti ke liye hajAroM varSa taka phala mUla kA hI bhojana karake ugra tapasyA kI thI / mAMDakaNa muni ne jala meM baiThakara vAyu kA hI bhojana (prANAyAma) kiyA thA / saptajana RSi apanA sara nIcA rakhate hue hara sAtavIM rAtri ko vAyu kA bhojana ( kuMbhaka prANAyAma) karate the / zUdraka ne adhomukha laTaka kara sarovara meM tapa kiyA thA / " kuMbhakarNa manonigraha karake grISma meM paMcAgnitapa, varSA meM zilAnivAsa aura zIta meM jalavAsa karatA thA / vibhISaNa sUrya kI dizA meM, hAtha U~cA rakhate hue eka paira para khar3A rahakara svAdhyAya karatA thA aura rAvaNa daza hajAra varSa taka nirAhAra rahA thA / " 9 mahAbhArata meM ziloMchAvRtti, jalAhAra, vAyubhojana, paMcAgnitapa, ekapAda sthiti, zIrNaparNa bhojana, UrdhvabAhu, pAdAMguSThAgrasthiti Adi 0 tapoM kA nirUpaNa hai / trirAtri ko AhAra, pandraha dinAnte AhAra Adi" tapoM kA asara jaina aTThama upavAsa Adi para dekhA jA 1. bhAgavata 3-12-18; 19 2. bhAgavata 7-3-2; 4 3. yaH sarvajJaH sarvavid yasya jJAnamayaM tapaH / mu0 1 1 9; jJAnavikArameva sArvajJa lakSaNaM tapo nAyAsa lakSaNaM******mu M0-zAMkarabhASya 1-1 9 pR0 22 4. rA0 bAlakAMDa 57-3 5. vAyubhakSo jalAzayaH - rA0 araNyakAMDa 11-12. 6. rA0 kiSkiMdhAkAMDa 13-18; 19. 7. rA0 uttarakAMDa 75-14 8. vahI 10 - 3 se 10 9. ma0 Adiparva 86 - 14 se 17 10. ma0 vanaparva 106-11 11. vahI
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________________ 142 prA0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDayA sakatA hai / bhAgavata ke samaya se tapa pracalita rahe haiN|' padmapurANa meM ina tapa bhedoM ke atirikta lagane para kuzAgra nIra bidu pAna, eka dina kuMbhaka prANAyAma, eka mAsa kuMbhaka, caturmAsavrata, Rtu ke aMta meM jalAhAra, upavAsa, chaH mAsa upavAsa, varSA nimeSatya, varSAjala kA AhAra, vRkSavat sthiti Adi tapa bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai| aise tapasvI ke zarIra para valmIka ho jAtA hai, kevala snAyu evaM haDDiyA~ hI bacatI haiM, jaTA pakSiyoM kA nivAsa bana jAtI hai aura zarIra para ghAsa bhI ugatI hai vaidika evaM jaina mata chaH mAsika upavAsa ko svIkRti dete haiN| buddha carita meM ziloMchavRtti, tRNa-parNa-jala-phala-kanda-vAyu-AhAra, jala nivAsa, patthara se pIsa kara khAnA, dA~toM se chila kara khAnA, atithi ke bhojana ke bAda yadi avaziSTa rahe to khAnA Adi tapabhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai / raghuvaMza meM sItAtyAga prasaMga meM (sItA saMdeza meM) sItA sUrya niviSTa dRSTi tapa kA nirNaya karatI hai jisakA ullekha rAmAyaNa meM nahIM hai| isake AdhAra para aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kAlidAsa ke kAla meM sUrya trATaka kI mahimA thii| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra gozAlaka sUryatrATaka se tejolezyAsiddhi prApta karatA hai| kumArasaMbhava meM pArvatI agnihoma, paMcAgnitapa, zIta meM jalavAsa, varSA meM zilAvAsa, zIrNaparNAhAra, ayocita jala kA pAna, parNAhAratyAga, vRkSavat sthiti Adi kaThina tapa karatI hai| kirAtArjunIyam meM arjuna upavAsa, ekapAda sthiti Adi tapa karatA hai / mahAbhArata meM arjuna kI kaThora tapasyA kA vizada varNana hai, kintu bhAravi ne, AvazyakatA hone para bhI, ati saMkSipta varNana kiyA hai, saMbhava hai bhAravi kaThora tapa kI ora kama ruci rakhatA ho| dUsarI ora uttararAmacarita meM zambUka ko dhUma bhojI batAyA hai jisakA ullekha rAmAyaNa meM nahIM hai|' isase aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki samAja meM donoM dhArAe~ calatI rahI thiiN| ina sabhI tapa bhedoM kA aMtarbhAva cAra vibhAga meM kiyA jA sakatA hai-1. homa, 2. prANAyAma, 3. upavAsa aura 4. paMcAgni--jalanivAsAdi anya duSkara tapa / inameM se homa aura prANAyAma kA jainamata meM asvIkAra isalie kiyA gayA ki ve donoM jainamata ke ana the kyoMki homa se agnikAya ke aura prANAyAma se vAyukAya ke jIvoM kI virAdhanA hotI thii| 1. bhAgavata 2-9-8; 4-23-4 se 11, 7-3-2. 2. padmapurANa; uddhRta zabdakalpadruma koza 3. buddhacarita 7-14 se 17 4. raghuvaMza 14-66 sAraM tapaH sUryaniviSTadRSTi; ....... 5. rAmAyaNa uttarakAMDa 48-3 se 19. 6. kumArasaMbhava 5-8 se 29 7. kirAtArjunIyam 3-28; 6-19, 26; 12-2 8. ma0 vanaparva 38-23 se 24 9. uttararAmacarita aMka 2 pR0 46 10. rAmAyaNa uttarakAMDa 75-14
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________________ 143 yadyapi vaidika paraMparA meM gItA meM prANasaMyama (prANAyAma) ko tapa kI saMjJA nahIM dI gaI, kintu eka viziSTa yajJa ke rUpa meM use avazya svIkAra kiyA gayA / " pataMjali ne aSTAMgayoga ke caturtha aMga meM use sthAna diyA aura haThayoga meM to vaha kendra sthAna meM hI jA baiThA / yadyapi jaina mata meM madhyakAla meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM prANAyAma ko cittasthairya kA . eka upAya mAnA / kintu usase prAcIna Avazyaka niryukti ke samaya meM usake prati aruci batAI gaI thI / paravartI kAla meM bhI yazovijayajI ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA ki prANAyAma indriyajaya kA nizcita upAya nahIM hai kintu jJAnarUpa rAjayoga hI nizcita upAya hai / " tapa jaina paramparA meM upavAsa ke prati bar3I zraddhA dekhI jAtI hai / isa paramparA ne paMcAgnitapa, jalazayana, kandamUla AhAra Adi bahuta se tapabhedoM ko chor3a diyA, jo svamata ke anukUla nahIM the aura cAndrAyaNavrata, vRkSavat sthiti svAdhyAya, amuka hI anna kA svIkAra Adi kucha tapa bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA, jo svamata ke anukUla the / 2. jJAnarUpa tapa - isa vicAradhArA kA mata hai ki dhyeyasiddhi zarIra ko binA kaSTa diye bhI saMbhava hai / isa dhArA kA prArambha upaniSad kAla meM hI huA thA / Age batAyA gayA hai ki muMDakopaniSad meM jJAna ko tapa mAnA hai / bhagavadgItA meM tapa ko tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika / deva brAhmaNa, guru evaM vidvAn kA satkAra, zauca, saralatA, brahmacarya aura ahiMsA zArIrika tapa hai / satya, priya, hitakArI evaM anudvegakara ( udvegarahita ) vAkya vAcika tapa hai aura mana kI prasannatA, mauna, AtmasaMyama evaM bhAvazuddhi mAnasika tapa hai / isase spaSTa hai ki gItA paMcAgnitapa Adi ghora tapa kA aMtarbhAva ina tapabhedoM meM nahIM karatI hai, itanA hI nahIM usane ghora tapa kI niMdA bhI kI hai / jaise "ghora tapa se zarIragata Izvara ko pIr3A pahu~catI hai / aise tapasvI asura haiM Adi" / " ina tIna bhedoM ke pratyeka ke tIna-tIna bheda haiM- sAtvika, rAjasika aura tAmasika / isa taraha gItA meM kula bheda batAye haiN| yoga bhASya meM citta kI prasannatA meM bAdhA nahIM pahu~cAne vAle tapa ko svIkAra kiyA hai / " isa taraha vaidika paramparA meM donoM dhArAe~ svIkRta huI haiM aura Aja bhI calatI rahI haiM / 1. bhagavadgItA 4-29, 30 2. pA0 yogasUtra 2 -29 3. yogazAstra 5-1 se 31 4. na ca prANAyAmAdi haThayogAbhyAsazcittanirodhe paramendriyajaye ca nizcitaupAyo'pi, UsAsaM Na NiraMbhaI [ A0 ni0 1510 ] ityAdyAgamena yogasamAdhivighnatvena bahulaM tasya niSiddhatvAt pA0 yo0 sU0 yazovijayakRta vRtti 2-55 pR0 38 5. karSayantaH zarIrasthaM bhUtagrAmamacetasaH / mAM caivAntaH zarIrasthaM tAn viddhyAsuranizcayAn // bhagavadgItA 17-6 6. bhagavadgItA 17-14 se 19. 61 7. tacca cittaprasAdanamabAdhamAnam pA0 yo0 vyAsabhASya 2 - 1
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________________ prA0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDayA bauddha paramparA kaSTaprada tapa kI niMdA karatI hai' ataH vaha dUsarI dhArA kI hI samarthaka hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA ne upavAsa kA evaM amuka anya tapa bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai phira bhI usakA jhukAva jJAnarUpa tapa kI ora hai, ataH vaha mukhyarUpeNa dUsarI dhArA kI samarthaka rahI hai, kyoMki anazana, kAyakleza Adi ko usane bAhyatapa kahA hai / 144 tapa kI vyavasthA - prAcIna kAla meM tapa svataMtrarUpa meM thA / jaise ki kenopaniSad meM dama, karma, veda aura zikSAdi vedAMgoM kI taraha tapa ko bhI svataMtra batAyA hai / mahAbhArata meM dharma, vidyA indriya saMyama, vividha prANAyAma, niyata AhAra, dravyayajJa, yoga, svAdhyAya, jJAna, dAna, dama, ahiMsA, satya, abhyAsa aura dhyAna se tapa ko svataMtra batAyA hai| gItA ke kAla meM yajJa, dAna, aura tapa kI mahimA adhika thI, kyoMki ye tInoM pavitra karane vAle hone se inako anivArya mAnA gayA thA / ataH ina tInoM kA vizada nirUpaNa karane ke lie gItA meM eka svataMtra adhyAya ( 17 ) rakhA gayA hai / 6 isa svatantra upAyarUpa tapa ko anya se saMlagna karane kA prayAsa vaidika aura jaina donoM paramparAoM meM huA hai : jaise-- yadyapi pataMjali ne tapa aura samAdhi ko siddhi prApti ke upAyarUpa meM svatantra batAyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne mukhyarUpeNa tapa ko aSTAMgayoga ke dvitIya aMga ( niyama meM aura prANAyAma ko caturtha aMga meM samAviSTa kiyA aura tapa, svAdhyAya evaM kriyAyoga ko samAdhi ke lie Avazyaka mAnA / " jaina paramparA meM sthAnAMga ke samaya meM tapa ke mukhya do bheda svIkRta hue - bAhya aura AbhyaMtara / bAhya tapa ke chaH bheda haiM- anazana, avamaudarya, vRttiparisaMkhyAna, rasaparityAga, vivikta zayyAsana aura kAyavaleza / AbhyaMtara tapa ke bhI chaH bheda haiM- prAyazcitta, vinaya vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga aura dhyAna / umAsvAti ne dharma ke dasa aMgoM meM tapa kA aMtarbhAva karake tapa kA saMbaMdha dharma se jor3a diyA aura yathAzakti tapa ko svIkRti dekara 11 evaM agni pravezAdi ko bAlatapa ( jo tapa devAyustha kA Asrava hai ) kahakara sudhAraNA kI pravRtti kaM 10 2 1. gotamo sabbaM tapaM marhati dIgha nikAya 1- 161; saMyutta 4- 330, uddhRta pAli iMgliza DikzanarI laMDana 1959 ... 2. kena0 4-8 3. mahAbhArata vanaparva 213 / 29 4. bhagavadgItA 4-2 : 4-26 se 30 6-46; 12-12; 16-1 se 3 5. vahI 18-3, 5 6. janmauSadhimaMtratapaH samAdhijA siddhayaH / pAtaJjala yogadarzana 4-1 7. pAtaJjala yogadarzana 2-29; 30 8. vahI 2- 1 9. ThANAMga 511 10. tattvArthasUtra 9-6 11. vahI 6 - 23 12 . vahI 6 - 20
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________________ 145 Age bddh'aayaa| unhoMne bArahavidha tapa kA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa kiyA aura AbhyaMtara tapa ke chaH bhedoM evaM unake prabhedoM kA nirUpaNa karake tapa ke artha ko aura vistRta kiyaa| akalaMka ne gItA sammata mauna kA aMtarbhAva kAyakleza meM kiyA kintu use bAhya tapa kyoM mAnA vaha cintya hai| yadyapi mauna kA sambandha mana se hai, phira bhI isakI saMgati isa DhaMga se biThAI jA sakatI hai ki mauna meM jihvAniyaMtraNa zArIrika hai| aupapAtikasUtra meM dvAdazavidhi tapa bhedoM ke bahuta se prabheda pAye jAte haiN| isa taraha prabhedoM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI gaI aura tapa kA artha dhIredhIre atyanta vistRta banatA gyaa| isa taraha hama dekha sakate haiM ki vaidika paraMparA meM tapa samAdhi kA eka aMga hai, jaba ki jaina paraMparA meM dhyAna (samAdhi) tapa kA eka aMga hai| arthAt jaina paraMparA meM tapa kA artha vaidika paraMparA kI apekSA atyadhika vistRta hai| jaina sammata tapabheda-jainAcAryoM ne anya bahuta se tapa-prabhedoM kA aMtarbhAva sthAnAMgagata bAraha bhedoM meM hI kiyA hai| inameM se bahuta se bheda-prabheda vaidika vicAraNA se khUba milate-julate haiN| yahA~ mukhyataH bAraha bhedoM kI hI tulanA abhipreta hai bAhya tapa 1. anazana-vaidika aura jaina donoM paraMparAoM meM caturtha bhakta se lekara chaH mAsa ke upavAsa kA vidhAna hai| jaina sammata caturtha bhakta aura aSTama bhakta manusmRti sammata caturthakAlika aura aSTama kAlika hai|3 umAsvAti ne upavAsa ke dhyeya ko spaSTa kiyaa| akalaMka ne eka bhukta ko bhI anazana kI koTi meM rkhaa| akalaMka kI isa sudhAraNA para gItA aura bauddha maMtavya kA asara dekhA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ye donoM dhArAe~ ekAnta anazana ko asvIkAra karatI haiN| eka bhukta kA ullekha umAsvAti, pUjyapAda aura aupapAtika sUtra meM nahIM hai| akalaMka kA yaha prayAsa Age nahIM bar3ha sakA, kyoMki zrI mahAvIra ne dIrghakAla taka upavAsa kiyA thaa| ataH jaina samAja meM Aja bhI upavAsa ke prati gaharI zraddhA dekhI jAtI hai, utanA hI nahIM, vaha sAdhanarUpa hone para bhI use Aja sAdhya mAnA jAtA hai jo duHkhada hai| 2. avamaudarya-yaha gItAsammata yuktAhAra hai| manu aura Ayurveda bhI mitAhAra ke samarthaka haiN| umAsvAti avamaudarya kI tIna kakSAe~ batAte haiM aura 32 grAsa ko pUrNa AhAra kahate 1. paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA jI kA sujhAva hai| 2. aupapAtikasUtra 30 pR046 / 3. caturthakAliko vA syAt syAdvApyaSTamakAlikaH / manusmRti 6-19; .... aSTamakAliko vA bhavet trirAtramupoSya caturthasya ahno rAtro bhujiit| ...."sAyaMprAtarmanuSyANAmazanaM devanirmitamiti kullakabhaTTaviracitavRtti 6-19 / 4. tatrAvadhUtakAlaM sakRdbhojanaM, caturthabhaktAdi..... tattvArthavArtika 9-19-2 5. bhagavadgItA 6-16 | 6. bhagavadgItA 6-16, 17, mitabhuka-Ayurveda / manusmRti 2-57
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________________ 146 prA0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDayA haiN|' aupapAtika sUtra meM pA~ca kakSAe~ haiM-8, 12, 16, 24 aura 31 grAsa pramANa / vahA~ grAsa ko kukkuTa-aMDa-pramANa batAyA hai, jisa para vizvAmitra kalpa kA asara hai| muni ApastaMba gahastha ke lie 32 grAsa aura muni ke lie 8 grAsa bhojana kA vidhAna karate haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki jaina paraMparA kucha adhika udAra hai| aupapAtika sUtra (30) meM eka pAtra, eka vastra aura eka upakaraNarUpa dravya avamaudarya ko (jo anna se saMbaMdhita nahIM hai ) bhI aMtarbhUta karake avamaudarya ke artha ko aura vistRta kiyA thaa| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, zabda aura kalaha kI alpatA ko bhAva avamaudarya kaha kara isa tapa kA saMbaMdha mana se jor3a diyA, evaM avamaudarya ke sthUla artha ko citta zuddhi kI dizA meM Age bar3hAkara sUkSma kiyaa| bhAva avamaudarya para gItA kA asara hai aisA anumAna kara sakate haiM kyoMki gItA bhI bAhyAcAra kI apekSA AMtara zuddhi para adhika bala detI hai| 3. vRttiparisaMkhyAna-isakA dhyeya AzAnivRtti hai| aupapAtikasUtra meM abhigrahA saMbaMdhI 30 prabheda batAye haiN| manusmRti bhI yati ko bhikSA ke bAre meM harSa-zoka rahita rahane ko kahatI hai|" 4. rasa parityAga-umAsvAti spaSTa karate haiM ki madya, mAMsa, madhu, makkhana Adi rakha vikRtiyoM kA ( vRSya anna kA ) tyAga Avazyaka hai, jabaki manusmRti meM gA~va meM labhya cAvalA yava Adi AhAra kA tyAga karake kevala zAka, mUla evaM phala ke AhAra kA vidhAna hai| yahAM donoM paraMparAoM kA dhyeya eka hai, phira bhI jaina mata kucha udAra sA dIkhatA hai| 5. vivikta zayyA-Asana-jahA~ yatidharma meM bAdhA na pahu~ce aisA ekAntasthAna vA vivikta zayyAsana hai, jisakI tulanA gItA sammata ekAnta deza kA sevana evaM janasaMparka meM aruNi ( jJAna kA lakSaNa ) ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| aupapAtika sUtra meM yuti saMlInatA ke cA. prabhedagata eka prabheda vivikta zayyAsana hai| vahA~ indriya pra0, kaSAya pra0 aura yoga pra0 kAkI aMtarbhAva karake bAhyatapa ke artha ko adhika vistRta kiyA hai| indriya pra0 gItA saMmata indriya ke viSaya meM vairAgya (jJAna kA lakSaNa ) aura indriyoM kA anAsakti pUrvaka upayoga hai| krodhA kaSAya pra0 kI tulanA gItA saMmata kAma, krodha evaM lobha ke tyAga ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| yoga pra0 kA eka prabheda manoyoga pra0 gItA saMmata mAnasika tapa hai; vacoyoga pra0 gItA saMma 1. tattvArthasUtra 9-19 svopajJabhASya 2. aupapAtikasUtra 30 / kukkuTANDapramANaM tu grAsamAnaM vidhAyate / vizvAmitrakalpa uddhRta Ahira sUtrAvali pR0 211 3. aSTau grAsA munerbhakSyAH SoDazA'raNyavAsinaH / dvAtriMzattu gRhasthasya hyamitaM brahmacAriNaH // ApastaMba uddhRta AnhikasUtrAvaliH 215 4. manusmRti 6-57 5. tattvArthasUtra 9-19; manusmRti 6-3, 5 6. tattvArthasUtra 9-19, sarvArthasiddhi 9-19; bhagavadgItA 13-10
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________________ vAvika tapa hai aura kAyayoga pra0 gItA sammata sthitaprajJa kA eka lakSaNa hai| donoM meM kachue kA udAharaNa diyA hai| ataH hameM svIkAra karanA hogA ki aupapAtika sUtragata isa nirUpaNa kA uddezya AbhyaMtara tapa kI ora gati karate hue vyApaka evaM sUkSma artha karanA hai| 6. kAyakleza-jainAcAryoM ne kAyakleza ke vibhinna udAharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se kucha udAharaNa vaidika paraMparA se milate-julate haiM jaisejaina paraMparA vaidika paraMparA 1. vIrAsana, utkaDukAsana, .- pAtaMjala yoga evaM haThayoga saMmata ekapArzvazayana daMDAyatazayana yogAsana 2. AtApana - sUryatApa 3 aprAvRta - kaupInavAn 4. nirAvaraNa zayana - aniketa 5. vRkSamUle nivAsa - vRkSamUle nivAsa (kha) AbhyaMtara tapa umAsvAti ne AbhyaMtara tapa ke chaH bhedoM ke pratyeka ke anukrama se 9, 4, 10, 5, 2 aura 4 prabheda batAkara artha ko adhika vistRta kiyA hai, jabaki aupapAtika sUtra meM prAyazcitta aura vinaya ke sivAya anya prabheda samAna haiN| vahA~ prAyazcitta ke 10 aura vinaya ke 7prabheda batAye haiM itanA hI nahIM, AbhyaMtara tapa ke ina sabhI prabhedoM ke bhI bahuta se prabheda batAye haiM, jinakI vicAraNA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai, yahA~ kevala mukhya chaH bhedoM kI hI tulanA abhipreta hai| 1. prAyazcitta -akalaMka ne prAyazcitta zabda ke do artha diye haiM--(ka) prAyaH sAdhulokaH tasya yasmin karmaNi cittam iti / (kha) prAyaH aparAdhaH, tasya cittaM zuddhiH iti / inameM se dasarA artha vaidika paraMparA meM bhI hai, jaise-prAyaH pApaM samuddiSTaM cittaM tasya vizodhanam / ' hemAdri eka anya artha bhI batAtA hai ki prAyo nAma tapo proktaM cittaM nizcaya iSyate / akalaMka ne prathama artha jaina vicAradhArA ke anukUla ( prAyaH = sAdhulokaH ) diyA hai aisA mAnanA pdd'egaa| prAyazcitta ke nau prabhedagata Alocana, pratikramaNa aura tadubhaya vaidika paraMparA sammata pApa prakaTIkaraNa evaM anutApana hai|' 1. bhagavadgItA 13 / 8; 3 / 7, 16 / 21, 22, 17 / 15; 16 2. aupapAtika satra 30 / yadA saMharate cAyaM kUrmo'GgAnIva sarvazaH / indriyANIndriyArthebhyastasya prajJA prtisstthitaa| bhagavadgItA 2 / 58 3. tattvArthasUtra 9 / 19; ta. sarvArthasiddhi 9 / 19; tattvArthavArtika 9 / 19 4. manusmRti 6 / 26; 43; 44 bhagavadgItA 12-19 5. vahI 6. vahI 7. tatvArthasUtra 9 / 21 se 46; aupapAtika sUtra 30 8. tattvArthavArtika 9 / 22 / 1 9. zabdakalpadruma 10. saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI-ApTe 11. khyApanenAnutApena. manusmRti 11 / 227
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________________ 148 prA0 DaoN0 eca0 yu0 paNDeyA 2, 3. vinaya evaM vaiyAvRttya vaidika paraMparAsaMmata AcAryopAsanarUpa jJAna kA eka __ lakSaNa hai|' 4. svAdhyAya gItA sammata vAcika tapa hai| 5. vyutsarga meM bAhya vastuoM evaM krodhAdi doSoM kA tyAga hai, jo vaidika paraMparA sammata hai| 6. caturvidha dhyAnagata pRthaktva vitarka aura ekatva vitarka pAtaMjalayoga kI saMprajJAta samAdhi hai| isa vicAraNA ke AdhAra para hama isa natIje para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jainAcAryoM ne vaidika paraMparA ke isa mArga kA, binA kisI pUrvAgraha ke, talasparza abhyAsa karake, jo bAteM apane mata ke anukala thIM, unako svIkAra karake, paraMparA prApta etadviSayaka vicAroM kA kramazaH spaSTIkaraNa, zuddhIkaraNa evaM vistRtIkaraNa karate hue, tapa kA saMbaMdha mana evaM AtmA ke sAtha jor3ane kA sajaga tathA sayuktika parizrama kiyA hai| astu ( aupapAtika satra kA tapanirUpaNa vibhAga tatvArthasUtra ke bAda ke samaya kA hai)| TET sandarbha graMtha sUcI Ahnika sUtrAvalI - nirNaya sAgara presa-caturtha saMskaraNa uttararAmacaritam - nATakam aupapAtika sUtra - saMpAdaka zrI madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara Rgveda saM - sAyaNa bhASya-vaidika saMzodhana maMDala, puNe, dvitIya saMskaraNa kirAtArjunIyam - bhAravi-mallinAtha kRtavyAkhyA-nirNaya sAgara presa I0 saM0 1942 kumArasaMbhavam - kAlidAsa kenopaniSad - zAMkarabhASya-gItA presa, gorakhapura, prathama saMskaraNa gItA - bhagavadgItA ThANAMga tattvArthasUtra - tattvArthAdhigama sUtram-svopajJabhASya-baMgAla eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, saMvat 1959 tattvArthasarvArthasiddhi - jainendra mudraNAlaya, kolhApura, dvitIya saMskaraNa tattvArthavArtika - rAjavArtika-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, I0 saM0 1944 pAtaMjalayogasUtra - yogadarzana tathA yogaviMzikA-saMpAdaka paM0 sukhalAlajI, jaina Atmananda sabhA, bhAvanagara, I0 saM0 1952 pAtaMjalayogasUtra - yoga darzana-vyAsabhASya-vyAkhyAkAra brahmalIna muni, caukhambA prakAzana I0 saM0 1970 1. bhagavadgItA 1317 2. pAtaMjala yogadarzana, yazovijayakRta vRtti 1117-18
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________________ tapaM pAliiMgliza DikzanarI-laMDana buddhacaritam - azvaghoSa-prakAza vyAkhyA, caukhambA prakAzana I0 sa0 1972 bhAgavatam - mUlamAtra-gItA presa, gorakhapura, prathama saMskaraNa manusmRti - kullUka bhaTTavRtti-nirNaya sAgara presa, I0 sa0 1925 mahAbhAratam - mUlamAtra-gItA presa, gorakhapura saM0 2013-14 muMDakopaniSad - gItA presa, gorakhapura, zAMkarabhASya, prathama saMskaraNa yogazAstra - hindI anuvAda, nemicaMdrajI, nigraMtha sAhitya prakAzana, dillI, prathama AvRtti raghuvaMza - kAlidAsa rAmAyaNa - vAlmIki rAmAyaNa-hindI bhASAntara-gItA presa, gorakhapura, dvitIya saMskaraNa zabdakalpadruma - caukhambA prakAzana-saM02024 saMskRta igliza DikzanarI - ApTe-motIlAla banArasIdAsa I0 sa0 1965 siddhAnta kaumudI - uttarArArdha-paM0 sItArAma zAstrI, banArasa saM0 1990