Some Distinguished Jains

Author(s): Umrao Singh Tank
Publisher: Atmanand Jain Sabha
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/011094/1

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Some Distinguished Tajus. UMRAO SINGH TANK : Pleauer. SECOND EDITION, (Revised and Enlarged) PUBLISHERS, THE ATMANAND JAIN Pustak Pracharak Mandal, Agra ( India ). Printed at the SSDDUARANA PILACJARAK PRESS, DELHI

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had centara sasAra dAvAnala dAha mIra saMmoha dhUlo haraNe samora, mAmArasA dAraNa sAra sIra namAmi pIra girisAra dhiir| ~HARIRIHADRA-SU

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DEDICATED TO THE LOVING MEMORY OF SHRIMATI G: VILAMKAVAR. LOVING MEMORY 20 S

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onlee koken ona PRINTED BY PL ANANT RANI Managing Proprietor IT TOE ANANTRAM AND SATHAYE'S SADDIAD Av PraCHANIX PRESS DELHI 1918 Foror yang me May

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Preface. This little book contains a series of brick sketches of some disemguished Jamas and Jawa families, The first edition was published in 1914 under - the title of Jaina Historia Studies in preparing the second edition, the old matter has been revised and partly rewritten Various crrors have been checked and corrected Four more sketches namely, those of humarapala Chauluksa, Vastu. pala, the llolanots and Ratan Sigh Bhandari have been added In deference to the opinion of a critic, the old title has been discarded in favour of the present one. It is hoped that the present edition will recente as favourable a receplion ds has already been accorded to the previous one DELHI August 1918 UMRAO SINGH TANK.

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List of Abbreviations. BR Bhandarkar's Report - PR Peterson's Repori. J. S. C. H. The Jam ( Sietambara ) Confe rence Herald.

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CONTENTS I II Page Kumarapala Chauluks The rise and fall of the Bachchhavats 14 III The Mohanots. 33 IV The Bhandars of Marwar 35 V Bhama Sah the Saviour of Mewar 45 VI Vastupal the Great 47 VII Ratan Singh Bhandari bo III Dhanry the Governor of Ajmer IX Amarchand Surana 8 7 69 71

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KUMARAPALA CHAULUKYA. THE JAINA EMPEROR OF WESTERN INDIA. The foundation of the Chaulukyan empire was laid by Mularija Having conquered Gujarat in A. D. 941, he settled there and made Annalilavada his capital. Under the aggressive policy of his successors, the kingdom of Annalilavada rose to the position of an empire. It was the richest if not the most warlihc cmpire of India. 4t one time, it comprised cighteen principalities extending from the hilly regions of the Hindukush to the plains of Maharashtra The chiefs of Kalyana, the princes of Saurashtra, the Ravals of Chittore, the Raos of Sapadhlaksha, the kings of Malwa the Chahamans of Marwar all owed allegrance to the Emperor of Anahilavada and did him homage. During the reign of Bhima I, in A D 1024 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Gujarat, captured Somnath and sacked Anahilavada. The wealth abstracted as reported in the history of the conquerors by this scourge of India though deemed incredible would obtain belief if the commercial riches of Anhilvad could be appreciated. It was to India what Venice was to Europe, the entre pot of the

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prodacts of both the Eastern and Western hemis pheres The empire, however recovered the shock given by Mahmud and so find humarapala, the cighth from the founder at the head of the richest monarchy in India. Tnbhuranapala the last ruler of the Chaulakya dynesty was driven apay from power in A D 1.43 by Visaladeva, tbe laghela chiel of Dholla Fhose descendents continued to rule Gujarat until A D 1298 when Ulugh Khan and Nasrat hhan the generals of Alau ud-din the Emperor of Delhi invaded the country and gradually established Mobamedan supremacy there. The defeat of Karga the last of the Vaghela lino and the capture of his beautiful daughter Devaladeri br the Delhi armi arc facts well known to crery reader of Indian History On the death of Jay asimha Siddharaja which occured in A D 1143 humarapala sat on the throne of Annahilarada Under him, the Chauluh ran cmpire reached its widest limits and enjoy cd uninterrupted peace and tranquility Thic humarapalaprabandha gives the folloring limits of his swat The lurushhas or Turhs on the north, the hearenli Ginger 011 the cast tbc Vindhya mountains on the south the Sindhu nirer on the West. Considerin his greziness as a hing and conqueror observes a great scholar 'thic historical record of humarapala is mcagic and incomplete Matenais may still come to light which will show his poser to have been surprisingly widespread

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Kumarapala was born in A. D. 1093 at Dadhisthali (Dethali) in the appanage of his father. According to Merutunga who wrote in A. D. 1304, Kumarapala's grandfather Haripal was the natural son of Bhima I by his concubine Chaula devi His father, Tribbuvanapala, married Kashmiridevi who bore him three sons Kumarapala being the eldest and two daughters Pramaladevi and Devaladevi. Pramala was given in marriage to Kanbadadeva, the military commander of Jayasimha Siddharaja, and Devala to Arnoraja, the King of Sapadalaksha who held his court at SakamBhan Sambhar Jayasimha Siddharaja, the immediate predecessor of Kumarapala had no male issue Naturally, Tribhuvanapala and his sons, as next reversioners of the emperor claimed the crown after him But Jayasimha Siddharaja bated them for their low origin and in order to defeat their claim adopted Chahada son of Udayan as his son and successors. With the object of eliminating the possiblity of any quarrel as to succession after his death, he procured the assassination of Tribhuvanapala Kumarapala had been marked out as the next victim of his hatred. Kumarapala, however, realised the danger which threatened him. In his distress, 1 The territory of Sapadalaksha included Hansi in the Panjab, Amer. Mandore the old Capital of Marver six miles north of Jodhpur and Mandalgarh in Mewar."

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he consulted his brother-in law Kanhadadeva who advised him to quit Annahilvad Accordingly, he committed his wife to the care of his sister Pramala and himself went into exile. He roamed about incog nilo visiting various places. On one occasion, he clandestinely came back to Annahilvada with the object of knowing how the matter stood in the court. His presence was however discovered Jayasimba Siddharaja at once sent his men in search of him But with the aid of a friendly potter named Alinga he evaded his pursuers and made good his escape. Thence he betook himself to Cambay where he was introduced to Hemachandra the well-known encyclopaedist of the Jainas The holy man is said to have foretold his future greatness but he went away disbelieving While stay ing at Ujjain kumarapala received intelligence of the death of Jaysimha Siddharaja. He forthwith made for Annahilvada and got there at night. He saw Kanbada deva who received him with great cordiality and promised him his support. Early next morning kanhadadeva with the aid of his troops placed him on the throne and proclaimed him emperor of the Chaulukyan empire Deva Sri, the family chaplain - 1 II machandra was the son of Chables a Kolb Yanis by his wife Paint Bora at Dhandaka in A. D 1(3) Was conserrated in A, D 1077 by lacha dra uripadam in A. D 1110 DAAD LIT

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bestowed his blessings on the new emperor while Kanhadadeva prostrated himself in submission before him. The first act of Kumarapala after his having secured the crown was to gratefully recognise in a befitting manner the services of those who had befriended bim in his days of adversity Vaghabhatta was appointed as minister Alinga was made the chief member of the Council Devasri and others were given handsome rewards At the time when Kumarapala came to throne, he had passed his fiftieth winter He had seen much of the world and had laid up a vast store of experience in course of his wanderings No wonder that a man of his experience, should insist upon looking himself into the affairs of realm and allow no one to arrogate his authority This attitude of the emperor of course did not find favour with the old courtiers who saw their power gone and prestige damaged They all became his enemies and entered into a conspiracy with the object of killing him and placing their own nominee on the throne They posted secret agents with instructions to watch and follow and assassinate the emperor. But before they could achieve their object, the conspiracy was discovered and all the conspirators were executed. Kumarapala owed his elevation to the throne to Kanhadadeva just as Akbar owed his crown to Bairam

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khan It appears that soon after his installation as emperor, Kumarapala got tired of his brother in law on account of his arrogant and rudo behaviour Proba bly haabada wanted to keep the cmperor under his thumb and undoubtedly it was too much to tolerato for a man of kuparapala s temprament. Kanhadadera defied bis authonts, published his lok origin and questioned his night. Kuman pala gaia him a (riendly warning but he tool no notice of it. At last by the order of the emperor, he ras arrested and his cycs sera put out. When humarapala had succeeded in secunng the CTOwn for himself, Chahada the disappointed claimant departed from Annabilavada and inrohed the assistance of Amoraja tho Liog of Sapadlah sha Arnoraja garo him a rank in his army and took up his cust. Ho began fomenting disaffection in humarapala , amy and with purse and promisc Bon dier some of his gencrals to his side Haring thus made himsel' sure of his success, he set out at the head of a large force and camo on the borders of Gujarat Though treason and corruption were rampant in humarapali s amp set Kumarapala with his superar gencralship and licroic boldness managed to defeat the chemy and ionici a heart loss ca him Both Amoraja and Chahada ucta taken prisoners. Amoraja was allowed to go back to his kingdom whilc Chahada nas pardone and giren a position in tlie Imperial Court

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While Kumarapala was engaged in repelling the attack of Arnoraja, Vikram Simha, the chief of Chandravati contrived a plot to kill him Fortunately Kumarapala had tunely warning of the danger and thus what would have proved a grievous disaster was averted. The emperor afterwards deprived the delinquent of luis Jagir and conferred it instead on his nephew Vasodhaval. Later on, Kuniarapala subdued Malva killing according to one account its ruler Balal, conquered Cnittore and overian the Punjab The terutory of Chittore with its seven hundred villages was conferred in Jagir on Alinga These conquests are alluded to in the Chittorgad inscription dated Vik Sam 1207 (A. D. 1150) One of the titles assumed by Kumarapala was Avantinatha or the Lord of the Malva Soon after, Kumarapala turned his attention to the reduction of Sapadlaksa He prepared a large army consisting of fourteen hundred camels and twice as much foot and marched it against the ill-fated state. Chahada was put in command of it. He attacked and captured Bambhera, a town in Sapadalaksha and established Chaulukyan supremacy in the country. Seven crores of rupees worth gold and seven hundred mares fell into the hands of the victors An interesting story is told by Merutunga which shows the thrift if not the niggardliness of Kumarapala. When war accounts were submitted to the emperor, he was very angry with Chahada for his having incurred an unauthorised

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expenditure of ono lac of rupees in chanty out of the wat purse " The expences in which you indulge' gud tho emperor "oven I am not able to compass " Because your Majesty is not n hing a son while I am was tho ready retort of Chahada. In or about A D 1150 Kumampala mas con fronted with a domestic trouble mbich led him to declare war against Amporaja It has already been mentioned that one of tho sisters of humarapala iras mamed to Anoraja According to Jinamondana-gani, Deraladeri hawng been insulted by her husbind left him and reported the matter to her brother human pala to avenge the affront offered to her sister invaded the territory of this brother in law and occupied it. The result of the expedition was that Amorajo nchnom ledged the supremacy of humarapala aod beamo a faudatory of the Chaulukvan empirc In or about A D 1156 humirmalt set his heart on the conquest of the Northem honhan Ho scnt Am bada there rith a large fora Willc thc Chaulukoran ammy Tas crossing the halarini Hallik Arjupa Suhara the king of northern honkan orettook it by surpns and threw it into confusion This rarerre, however did not disconsolate the emperor rho at once sct liimself to make preparation on a larger scalo for another cx pedition Ho again sent an army under the general ship of the same commander against Vallick Arjun According to the Prithrirala vijaya, Comeslivara 1on

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was present in the campaign. This time victory greeted Chaulukyan arms. After a hand to land fight the Silhara prince was made captive He was slain by Ambada's own hand and his head was brought to Annahilavad The emperor recognised the services of Ambada by conferring on him the title of Rajapitamaha The northern Konkan was reduced to the position of a fief of the Chaulukyan empire. In his early life, Kumarapala was a votary of Shiva. He ate meat, drank wine, offered sacrifices and had no scruples in shedding blood and making aggressive wars. But afterwards he came in contait syith Hcmachandrathe celebrated Jaina scholar Under his guidance he gradually became imbued with the spirit of Jainism and ultimately in A. D 1159 formally embraced it. He adopted the twelve vows of a Sharavaka and did his best to disseminate the principles of the Jaina religion among the masses Jinamandanagani in his Kumarapalaprabandha refers to a mission sent by Kumarapala to Jayachandra of Beneres with the object of pursuading him to put a stop to hinsic practices prevailing in his territory Jainism wrought a great change in the character of the emperor He gave up fesh food, abstained from spirituous drinks, refused to make aggressive wars and showed a great respect to the rights of his weaker neighbours. He abolished capital punishment, remitted taxes on fuel coal and carts and abstained from confiscating the property of those of his subjects

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10 who died leaving widows but no sons He stopped the sale of spirituous liquors and passed laws against gambling and betting After his conversion to Jainism Kumarapala was filled with a desire to become the Master of the Order In consultation with Hemachandra, he organised a party of pilgrims and at his own expence led it to the holy mount Shatrunjaya Accompanied by his friends and relatives, ministers and merchants monks and nuns he advanced from his capital and travelling by easy stages reached Dhandhuka the birth place of Hema chandra. Thence he proceeded to Shatrunjaya From there he went to Girnar and other holy places of the Jainas in Kathiawad Kumarapala was a great builder Almost all the Svetambara temples and monuments of unknown ongin are ascribed either to lum or to Samprati, the grandson and successor of Asoka So great an impr ession did the extent and magnificence of his architectural activity make on the popular imagination that tradition credits him with erection of 1440 new temples and the restoration of 16000 decayed ones At Annahilvad he built a temple dedicated to Neminatlia which he in the In his memory of his father, called Tribhuvanavihara days of excle he had once been without food for threa day's A certain lady took pity on him and refreshed him with some eatables When he became emperor he did not forget the graceful act of his benefactress He $

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cructed Tar: m honom of her and named it Karambh V 1 at Cambes b restored the temple w.ich Hensen andra had been consecrated and which had sine fille a mio runs and ca brned there an image cut out of a pat ons stout. At the suggestion of Gida. Bunspa which was probably only supported by Hemachandt ihr built the decayed temple of Somanath. There's ep.praphie evidene, to show that in Vik Sun. 1221, Kuna pya built i temple known as Kuvara Vihari at Jalo (Mirwar) and consigned it to the care of Devich!ndtacharya of the Vrihad grehchha. He ered hospitals where food and mediems were frech supplied to the poor and also constructed Posadha-salas and upas tras. * ti 1 an When Kumarapal came to throne, he was quite illitrate man At the suggestion of Kapardin, his minister, he learnt reading and writing and in one year read three poems with their commentaries Like Akbar, he was fond of the society of learned men nd used to hear their discourses. The poet the pandit, and the priest all frequented his court and were freely and liberally patromised by him Under him, Hemachandra wrote some of his best works on religion, history and literature-Yogashastra Trisasthisalakapurushacharitra, Day asraya, Sabdanusasana etc. and Ramchandra composed sum of his famous dramas. Sripal was the poet-laureate to the emperor and Solaka the court musician. Kumarapala founded twenty-one

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12 libraries and opened a copying department whose busi ness was to copy out old manuscripts and scrolls 1 Kumarapala had no male issue He had only a daughter by his queen Bhopaldevi, named Lilu whose son was Pratapamalla There were two claimants to choose between, for the future succession Pratapamalla and Ajayapala, kumarapala s nephew The emperor prefered the former to the latter and was supported in his choice by Hemachandra and hi party While the question of succession was agitating the mind of the court Hemachandra fell senously ill All that medi cal skill could do was attempted in vain In the year 12 9 of the Vikrama era the great sage passed away Kumarapala s grief for his guru knew no bounds gave him a ternble shock and he refused to be consoled After some six months he was confined to bed and followed his guru to the next world The friendship between the sage and the monarch was sincere and di sinterested and it reminds Mr Tawney that of Fronto and Marcus Aurelius It Kumarapala belonged to that class of rulers whose best known representatives among the Jainas are Samp rati, Amoghavarsh and Kharvella. He managed to combine in him the benevolence of a monk with the wisdom of a statesman He was just, impartial and labonous Pure and above reproach in his private life, simple and frugal in his habits, regid and stnet in the

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13 observance of his religious row's Kumarapala was a perfect vuodel of Joina purity and picty. No sooner hai breath let Kumarapala's body than Ajayapala seized ihe throne and proclanned himself Emperor of the Chaulukyan cmpire He wreaked lus vengeance on all those who had supported the cause of Pratapamalla. It was a day of terrible persecution for the followers of the late emperor The teinples built by him were pulled down and razed to the ground Kapardia was arrested and thrown into the cauldon Ramchandra the dramatist was seated on a heated plate of copper and tortured to death. Nert came the turn of Ambada. He was asked either to do homage to Ajayapala or to prepare luimself for death. "In this birth" roared tbe old knight, "I do homage to Arhat as my deity, to Hemchandra as my teacher and to Kumarapala as my master " On this blank refusal, a fight ensued in which Ambada was overpowered and killed. Ajayapala ruled but three years. He was stabbed with a knife by a door-keeper and expired on the spot.

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The Rise and Fall of the Bachchhavats While on a short visit to Bikaner, on the occasion of the Jubile celebrated by Maharaja Ganga Sioghji, I was shown among other places of interest, a Jaina Upasara, situate in the Rangni ha-chowk It is an ancient looking building with a large open space in front of it and is said to have once formed part of the palatial residence of the Bachchhavat family My good guide related to me a pathetic story of the rise and fall of the Bachchhavats as we went round the place A feeling of awe and reverence came over me as he des -cribed the losing scene of the drama of the Bichchhavat activity which WAS enacted Come three centunes ago on the very spot where we then found ourselves standing It was a tragedy pure and simple. The Bachchhavats had doubtless a glorious rise and a still more glorious fall and every son of the Jaina mother may justly be proud of it Bachchharaj, after whom the family is called Bachchhavat, was the real founder of the Bachelihavat greatness He sprang from the noble stock of the Bothras of Marwar in whose veins flowed the heroic blood of the warlike Choban prince Samant Singh

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15 the king of Jalore. He entered the service of Rao Ridhmal, chief of Mandore, where his tact and good fortune helped him to the position of " diwan" When Ridhmal was slain by a relative of the infant Rana Kumbha, Bachchharaj invited his eldest son, Jodha to Mandore and proclaimed him king. Later on, Bika, son of Jodha, in his ambition to carve out a new kingdom for himself set out northward from Mandore. Bachchhraj attached himself to the adventurous- prince and accompanied him in his quest for a kingdom His step was one in the right direction. It marked the beginning of a bright and prosperous era in the history of the Bachchhavat family. Fortune favoured Bika and crowned his efforts with success Having secured possession of a tract of land belonging to the Sanklas of Janglu, he carried his arms westward ind conquered Bhagore from the Bhatties Here he Founded his capital, Bikaner, in A D 1488, thirty years efter his departure from the parental roof at Mandore ind settled in his new environments as an independent monarch Bachchhraj also settled down' with his family in the new city. Following the example of his master, he founded a village which he called, after his name, Bachchhasar Bachchhraj was a man of great piety and love, and did much to further the glory of the Jaina religion He made pilgrimage to Mount Shatrunjaya and died full of years and honours. - Through the kind and generous 'offices of my guide

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16 I have been able to give the following geacology of the Bachchbavat family Jesal ji Bachchhraj Nar Single karam Singh Var Singh TT Veghraj Nagraj Amar Bhoj Dungar Har Saogram Karam Chand Bhag Chand Lakshmi Chand As time rolled on tho Bachchharats gained more and more in infuence stability and power They remained chief aduixers and fnends of all the successivo chiefs from Bila downwards until their overthrow dunng the reign of Rai Singh The post of the diman became hereditary in the family They proloceel men of great crperience and wide culture who not only controlled the art affalss of the state with great skill and tact but also took part in militan transactions In fact they haodied the stord as well as the pen Iar Singh aod lagraj **tc thehe great warriors. The

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former lost his life in an engagement with Haji Khan Lodi, while the latter greatly distinguished bimself in putting down an insurrection during the reign of Lun Karan. Nor did the Bachchhavats lag behind in deeds of public good and religious charity. They celebrated the enthronements of Jaina pontiffs, led parties of pilgrims, and built grand places of Worship They patronised learning encouraged art, and relieved the needy. In short, the existence of the Bachchhavat family proved a great blessing to their neighbours Karam Chand, the last of the great Bachchhavats, was the son of Sangram, the minister of Rao Kalyan Singh When Rai Singh came to gaddi in A. D. 1573 he appointed Karam Chand as his diwan Karam Chand was a man of great erudition and wide culture. So far as his personal appearance was concerned nature had not been very indulgent to him, but he possessed a strong common sense, and was a prudent statesman and wise administrator ! Rai Singh had not been long on the throne, when Abhaya Singh, Raja of Jeypore, invaded Bikaner The times were out of joint and the state was not prepared to run the risk of a disastrous and dubious war in his perplexity, the Raja held a conference with the minister who, with his characteristic quickness of decision and,

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clamen or Drain, nilaised tho princo in mako poaco with the invader Ral Singh old me to find locul adiisel to do ly hin niinistor 7lio rulou or haram ( hand Hall the situation and Bihmuar continued to onjoj parc and prosperity kni Singh HAI NN 11pol utot, lirallong and crcdulous man Ills womt fault wns an uttor dlategard for mm rcquencer lo was gondrous to a frutt, to spenk tho bent of him llo diosincret the fortuno of his foro fatliors in n most rcuklang mannorllo wanted his ricmics in building now forts and fortressc lid tlitev AMA hata monoj to thin bhols nul tlio charins It to all thint onro n nhai nhieel Shankar composeil homo irrsca in lite prato 410 recital then to him on the ocmnion of his return from Icthi llo rritoo late hils humoured that in A ilt of generosity lie onlarni hala ininittor to conlos tipon the panneysel a khilalanin TCHANI of one croto al riper Tlir antioun ment Atasserol tfir stimulator llc licstate and constratrit with this prince and lo! this pirinen rated thin amount of sowall to one crorr Anil I wenty five lam Oun conto of rifneck, fact the air WA*nt nuro pall and love the brianco the scicnic of ilio slala kat pinipal Thr story mia) pot tin true to the latter, but ito rulueling in tlic fact thnt it throw a flool of light on the rout Illa of the day It acquainte ut with the docum sinnsug under which hatain Chand iron it at least point out the direction in which we should look for the

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19 causes which brought about friction between the prince and his minister and ultimately the downfall of the latter. Rai Singh every day gres more and more extravagant. The treasury stood in danger of running dry. The finances fell into disorder. The future appeared gloomy. At last Karam Chand, actuated by his love and devotion to the house of Bika, made a last and determined effort to bring the prodigal prince to his senses. But the result proved most disastrous to himself It has been alleged that in A. D. 1595 Rai Singh learnt that Karam Chand had formed a conspiracy with the object of supplanting him either by Dalpat Singh or by Ram Singh. It has been further asserted that Karam Chand thereby wanted to make himself all-powerful in the state We may mention here once for all that we are not prepared to give credence to these allegations which are neither supported by evidence nor seem probable under the circumstances We fail to perceive any motive in Karam Chand for this alleged act of treason against his master. Even those who lay this charge at his door are not agreed among themselves as to the name of the person in whose favour the alleged conspiracy was formed , viz , whether it was Dalpat Singh or Ram Singh. Besides the fact that Akbar, who was on the most friendly terms with Rai Singh and was also connected with him through the marriage of his son, extended a hearty, open and ready welcome to Karam Chand when he led to

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20 Delhi, strongly militates against the theory that he had any hand in the crimo imputed to him e all know how laveterate Rai Singh had been in his enmity towards him and presumably ho must here done his best to undermine the position and damago the status of Karam Chand at the court of the Emperor Ho might have gone so far as to ask the Emperor to hand over Karam Chand to him or at least to turn him ont That Akbar, those reputation for justice and fair dealiog has been uaimpeachablo, norer doubted area for a moment the innocence of the minister is a completo AnsFor to all the charges so malicowly levelled agaiast bim On the other hand, Akbar treated him with great honour and consideration It may be ashed if Karam Chand bad really a clear conscienco, why did he run away from Bilanar Those who hare arcfully stadied the history of Rajasthan and base before their miod s eye the fates of men liko Indraj Singhs and Amar Chand Sarana will at once agree with us that this step of his pas ond in the right direction Vofort unatly, in those days, the state could not boustofa strong and indepeadcat judiciars and consequently there was not a fair chance of justice for those who had the mots fortune of being accused of high 17e2son against their prince To bo brief, wc bellose that haram Chand was quite Innoccat of the charge which had been brought against him Nay, lic sell a martyr in a right aod just cause He was not the author of any cons

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21 piracy but was rather the victim of it His own high sense of duty with which he approached the task of administration proved the cause of his ruin He was determined to bring the prince back to the right path and he worked for the realisation of this object with an unflinching faith and untiring zeal which always guide those who believe themselves engaged in a just and righteous cause In so doing, he incurred the enmity of those whose interest lay in seeing the prince persist in his old course of extravagance and dissipation. To proceed, his enemies got the upper hand in the court and poisoned the ears of the Raja against him by inventing an imag.nary story of an imaginary plot. The credulous prince-- and we know that he was so on the authority of no less a person than Jahangir himselfbelieved implicitly in all the nonsense which the enemies of Karam Chand had been pleased to tell him. He at once determined to arrest Karam Chand and to put him to death. The friends of the minister had already reported to him all that had been talked of or said about him in the court As soon as he learnt the decision of the prince, he fled from Bikanar and invoked the protection of Akbar which was generously given. The Emperor treated the noble refugee with every courtesy and kindness and conferred on him a position of honour in the cougt. Karam Chand rose higher and higher every day in the esteem of Akbar, and soon acquired great influence over him.

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22 When Rai Singh learnt that Karam Chand had escaped to Delhi, he swore indignantly and rowed vengeance on him and we shall see later on how keenly he felt his discomfiture and frustration While Karam Chand was a refugee at Delhi, a cur ious incident occured at Bhatner which gave him an opportunity of avenging himself on Rai Singh It is not, however, certain whether or not he took advan tage of it. In A D 1597, while Rai Singh was staying at Bhatner, a place in his territory, Nasir Khan, father in law of the Emperor happened to come there The Raja appointed Teja Bagor to look after the comfort of his illustrious guest Teja entertained his guest in a manner which was quite unique and novel While the Khan was taking a stroll, Teja pretended to be made and belaboured him with shoes The Khan hastened to Delhi and complained of this outrage to Akbar The emperor called upon the Raja to surrender the offender to him, but the latter blankly refused to do so This enraged the Emperor who dispossessed Rai Singh of his jagir of Bhatner and instead coferred it on his (Rais) son Dalpat Singh We do not know for certain whether haram Chand actually espoused the cause of the aggrieved Khan at the court, but all the same Rai Singh believed that he had done so an impression which tended to intensify still deeper the already exis ting bitterness between the Raja and his late minister

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23 The services rendered by Karam Chand to luis community and religion can never be overated. His memory is still cherished in Rajputana as one of the great benefactors of the Sangha. Every act of his bespeaks of his boundless charity and unostentatious piety. In A.D. 1555 le celebrated the official entry of Jinachandra suri of the Brihat Kharataragachchlia with great eclat at Bikaner. The kavi who announced him the advent of the holy guru was given a handsome reward. During the famine of 1578 (Vik-Sam 1635), he made every endeavour to relieve the starving population by establishing depots for the free distribution of corn. He recovered a large number of Jaina images from the Mahomedans into whose hands they had fallen and deposited them in the Chintamanji temple at Bikaner. He introduced some needed reforms in the Osval community and fixed and regulated the cesses due by the community to the bhojaks Akbar, though not a convert, was more than an admirer of Jainism It was Hiravijaya-suri who first made him familiar with the sublime teaching of the Jina in A D. 1682. As a result of his activity and labour, Jainism secured a corner in the emperor's heart and proved itself a potent factor in influencing his views and policy. Mr. Smith is perfectly right when he observes that many of his acts from 1682 onwards were the direct outcome of his partial acceptance of the Jaina doctrine. Abul Fazl expressly mentions Hiravijayasuri

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24 and his colleagues in his Aln 1 Akbari and is corraborated by Jahangir Fho refers to bis father s acquain ZADCO with the Sretambara Jaidas Albar loved and admired and respected bis Jaina gurus! In A D 1592, at the suggestion of haram Chand, he invited Jina chandra Suri from Cambay and received the holy visitor at Lahore with every marh of honour duo to his exalted position Manasimba ? (Jinasimha Suri) leshbarsa, Parmanand and Samayasundara rere in attendance on the learned Suri At the desire of Albar Jinachandra Sun declared Manasimba as his successor This declara tion Frs followed by a grand and impressire ceremoncy at which Ahbar himself is present and was made an occasion for feasts and festinues towards the cost of which haram Chand materially contributed Before the Suri tooh Icare of Albar, the lutter conferred on the former the title of lugapradnana . and issued iro clicts ono forbidding fishing in the Gulf of Cambay and tho other, interdicting the slaughter of animals during cight days of the month of Ashadha Illinillinam ikor rori bint 724 in it not least dlhlchooda Pedroscopdar ile kar till LW 2 Heatloard by Jebanglo lo bl Xaria 3 tApadAnunamata promaniyandramarinAmAma / jAtA yugapradhAnA dinopati pArAvAditA / / saphara (sa) mama pUrva dvAdaga pure gaI / mpurataramamAri pada pravAdito 6 maripom padAre kina hamanada saciva pATo bhapahAmimA /

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26 * Ray Jads as you are, take caro Jest you should be dece ved by his falso tears and consent to go back to Bikano The Raja is rather grered to sce nie die in glory with these words of advice and waming, the great man passed away The Raja was profuse la his expression of sorrow and sympathy for the bereared family and employed every art in persuading the brothers to accompany him to Bskaner, but all to no purposo. Raj Slagh felt greatly annoyed at the failure of his fiendish design but he sull cherished a hope to have his revenge ono day In A D 1611 he became seriously 111 and bis malady took a fatal turn Ilhen he felt hits end drar nigh, he called his son Sur Singh to his bed side and admonished him thus My son, I dic disor pointed diy last instruction to you is that you would bring back the sons of haram Chand Bachchliart 10 Bikaner and punish them for tho sins of their father With these words, the Raja cxpircd Rai Singh wus succccded by Dalpal Singh sho ruled for about two year In A D 1613 Sur Siagh beamo Raja Ho had hotcres, not forgotten the last wishes of his dsing father, but was only waitlag for a proper opportunity to discharge his treacheroux frustas 100n o bc had celebrated his coronation, he hastened to Delbi. His object in golng to Delhi was ero-fnid, linstly, to do homage to the Emperor, mod frconills to bnog back the Bachchbarat fimlly to Vilantelic

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27 completely succeeded in his intention. He met Bhagchand and Lakshmichand there and under most solemn promises and assurances secured their consent to accompany him to Bikaner. Decoyed with a fallacious guarantee of personal immunity and allured with the false prospects of the restoration of their old rights, the Bachchhavat brothers and their family started on their journey to their native place. They rejoiced over the idea that their days of banishment had come to an end and that they would soon be among their own people and in their own land. Their hearts were surcharged with feelings of gratitude and thankfulness towards their supposed benefactor. The ill-fated youths hardly dreamt that all the promises had been made only to be broken, and that they were being led to their doom. Sur Singh took more than ordinary care in concealing his deep-laid plot He dismissed his diwan and proclaimed to the world that he was going to restore the post to its rightful claimants. In course of time, they reached Bikaner and were apparently treated with great courtesy and consideration by the Raja. In fact, they had been lulled into fatal security. They had been there barely two months when one morning they awoke only to discover that their houses had been besieged by three thousand soldiers of Sur Singh. Now truth dawned on them in all its terrible reality They instinctively realised the situation and preferred a glorious death to an ignominious

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28 surtondor The small band of their Rajput got vants who numbored only 500 rallied round their masters and girt up their loms to defend them. Every ono had the courgo and endurance to suffer or to die Tho Bachchbarats and their followers fought like heroes, but it was not a contost in the strict sense of the word It was a more act of butchery--and that too of the most rovolting type on the part of the besiegers When all hopo of salvation had gono, the brave brothers, true to their Oswal birth, resolved, to signaliso the end of thar family In their despair-they reported to the awful but ancient custom of Johar Tho fatal pyro vas lit up All men and women took leave of ach othor The ladies and children, the aged and the infim all surrendered their lives--some by sword, others in the leaping Games of firc Blood Moned out in torrents as tho (umes of smoho curled their course opward Not one feared to die Every thing valuable was destroyed and thrown into a well wbich is still pointed out to the ritor This done, the brothers paid their respectful homage to the Arhats, put on saffron pags and embraced cach other for the last time They, then, threr open the gates of the haveli and rushed out sword in band They fought bravely but were ororpowered and cut to pieces Thier houses were pulled down and razed to the groundTha Raja made crery endeavour to cxtermftatc tho Bachchhayat clan but prondeoco had decree other WISO A Bachchbarat lady was absent on a wait to

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' 29 21 help her father's place at Kishengarh where she had gone to take her confinement. A male child was born to her, and thus the Bachchhavat clan has been preserved. APPENDIX (1). UDAYANA. (A) Udayana was a native of Marwar He was a Jaina by religion and Srimal by caste During the reign of Jaya-Sinha-Siddha-raja, he came to Karanavati (Ahmedabad) were he prospered and built a magnificent temple According to Merutunga, he died during the reign of Kumarapala apparently in A, D 1150 but the time of his death has been questioned by Dr Bubler who treats it as improbable Udayana had four sons, Vaghnbhatta, Chahada, Ambada and Sola THE HONORIC DESIGNATIONS OF KUMARAPALA. (B) A Foibe & colophon which refors itself to the reign of Kumarapala Chaulukya nnd is nppended to a MS of Tila; asundariras naunchiudrakaha runs thus - savat 1221 jyeSTha sudi ra zukradine adapa ha zrImadaNahilapATake mahArAjAdhirAjajinazAsanaprabhAvakaparamazrAvaka zrIkumarapAladevarAjye zrImahApalyAM ca zrIkumarapAladevaprasAdAspadagrIdhArAvarSanarendrarAjye zrIcaka kharasUrizrIparamAnandasUriprabhUpadezena vaDApallipurIvAstavya aM pUmAprAya pheNa prAzAcandraprAzAdharapoiNichAhiNirAjUpramukhamAnupamAnupasabhesena rada jAtAdharmakaghAgaratnannaDakathApustaka lekhitamiti // giyamastu0 procaka zvarasUritrIparamAnandamUrizrIyaza. prabhasUrINAM / (P. R. III, 69.)

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30 THE ANOESTORS OF BAOHOHHARAJ (0) Tbo Bachchha ruta true that dosent from ben the oblel of Dorre Lantak. Surat belong to tho Derade Olan of the Chobar und stated to To med merainst the Bah Hun and done.hls territory Ho had threo HOC dimod Bobdtthr, Gugu od Jan Hnha roupoctiroly Sear n rootoded by his olet moo Bohitthy Bohittha la botlerod to her bord A pontosaporary of Rene Ratunelagh and tuan part in the date of Otuttoco unat tbe tolo of Ale od dla Bobiteha head light one (1) Brf Kann (2) June [3] Tuhs ( 41 Jurten Mal | 6 ] Bhima [0] Roma [7] Panvap! 10 ] Padma and op draghter danned Padma Ari Kuran was the lot of the 10 bo occupied tbo padl of Dorulantat [ Aba] The amole of Quori bab inidad Ho teritory and took poudon of it. And Kann mua blled in the cotton. A quen nith hor four children [1] Bemudbar [ 27 Udara (3) Hasta nod [ 4 ] Prdu pod to her tetberh hoch at Ker nod took record that thes all adopted the Jatae religion T pel rool mudhar took ble rondence at Adhupar Pitao od wu. Duglatrate E braid to her colobrated the nthronement of bolo mmh, an ront blob the Khenien echchha pattarait plore AR 1377 Tepl. mon ru Bilbabo bad three #00111] hadma [ ] Dbano sod [3] Yande i due lived for sometne la Henar 1 1 stated to be o brochet sovat troopallation Letrero the Red Ar Chittora od the kilog ni Main H afterwards returned t olent and a tho Goteront of Anbird thatod le celebrated the molbrodeurot Jinans) turi and in Vik. Bao 1412 coolacted a minty of Min Hout Rhatranlayl sodna bad * O named Kona tbm I ther nl Xopdu by wettled in Vinmpor The son of Manden mods who had tro at Sarma od Mag Yardons n the 1! ther t Jual b7 th tatt r of Bactebbon) AKBAR AND JINAOHANDRA. (nj 24 Joachan I (5111, YA BI), tko rallor muitoal bred *h co quod may opponenta la Almpalota w called Is it kad Jalaluddle, the ghorloo Pidithah Alabbare, when u de tract lo hlm tu board of the ammroonblo treatam Ibat op! shirt itmell to competeebco of bi stay at Barbhailmhin (Mt Catabay) daster the raio !(VIT ) Eurobbat 1645. le met tbe oto pero plesund blmly

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31 the multitude of hi8 virtues, and obtained one edict (pluramana) forbidding the slaughter of animals during eight days in Asladha, and second protecting the fish in the Gulf of Oambay (Stambhatirtha Samudra), as well as the title "the most virtuous, glorious pontiff of the age " Sattamasriyu gapradhanu) Further at the command of the emperor, he orossed by magic (?) the fire rirers of the Punjab on the twelfth lunar day of the bright half of Magha, ( Vikrama ) Samvat 1652 He was attended by Jinasimba on whom he had conferred the dignitv of "acharya in the presence of the emperor Akbar "-an extract from the inscription of Vadipur-Parsvanatha at Pattana dated Vik Sam 1652. (See Ep Ind , I, 321) JINASINHA-SURI. (E) Klatts article on Jinasinha-suri in his Specimen of a Jaina onomasticon runs thus -" Jinasinha sun, the 62 (Other MSS 65 or 66 ) suri of the Vrihat-Kharatra gnchchha, between Jinachandra suri and Jinaraja suri, son of Saba Champasi of the Ganadhara Chopada gotra and Chaturangadevi (another M8. Champalade ), born at Khetasaragrama s, 615 margoirsba sudi purnimasyam, Mulanaman Mansinha , Diksha at Vikaner 9 1623 Bargacirshu Vadi 5, Vachakapada at Jesalmeru S 1640 magh: sudi 5, Acharyapada at Lahore S 1649 phalguna sudi 2 Vikaneravastarya-inantri Karmachandrikrita-mahotsavana , susi-pada at Venatata 51670 poga radi 13, died at Medita $ 1674 pausa vadi 13 Ind. Ant XI, 250 A Weber II, 1052 " DEATH OF AKBAR (F) The Jaida poet Banarasidasa, who was a contemporary of Akbar, tells us that the emperor died in Kartik Vik Sam. 1662 and graplucally describes the effect of panic that spread among the masses on thedemise of the Grent Mughal in the following Hindi verses - ghara ghara dara dara diye kapATa / haTavAnI nahiM baiThe hATa / ha~havAI gADhI kahuM aura / nakada mAla nirabharamI Thaura / / bhale vastra aru bhUSana bhro| te saba gAr3he dharatI tale //

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32 para ghara samani pisAra pasAmogama pahire moTe vastra / ThADo kamta pamA plesa / mArina pahire moTe bes| saMca nIca koTa ma pahicAna / dhamo daridrI maye samAna : pori bhAra dose kahuM maahi| yoM hI apamaya loga rAhi // 25 // --The Banarasrvilasa Introd, pp: 51-2

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33 THE MOHANOTS The Mohanots form an important sept of the Osval community Their original home is Marwar but they are also met with in Kishengadh and Udayapur, They muster strong in Jodhpur where they occupy some responsible posts and wield no small influence in the official circle Their chief occupation has been state service but of late some of them have taken to commerce and banking. The Mohanots claim to have descended from Rayapala, the Rathod Chief of Marwar. Tradition avers that he had thirteen sons Kanakapala, being the eldest, succeeded his father in Vik. Sam. 1301. Of the iemaining twelve sons, one was Mohanaji from whom the Mohanots take their name. Mohanaji, in spite of his having had a Bhati lady to wife, took a fancy for a Srisrimal girl and married her The result of this union was a son named Sapatasena On his growing to man's estate, Sapatasena became a convert to Jainism and was admitted into the Osval brotherhood. The Mohanots look upon Sapatasena as their common ancestor The Mohanots have played a conspicuous part in the history of the Marwar They have produced soldiers as well as statesmen The names of some of their great 1 The date of conversion is given as Kartik sudi 13 Vik Bam 1351, 3

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34 men are associated with rare deeds of chivalry and horosm. Achaloji who was slun m an oncomtor with tho Maghals at Savarada in Vih. Sam 16,5, Jayamal who sorved as governor of Vadnagar in about Vik Sam 1671, and Nenes who compiled a history of tho dlarwar, all of them belonged to the category of the Great Mohanous

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THE BHANDARIS OF MARWAR The Bhandaris belong to the official (Mutsadi) section of the Osval community. They occupy an eminent position in Marwar society In Jodhpur, they, at present, number about 300 families The Bhandaris trace their descent from the Chohan kings of Ajmer Their ancestor Rao Lakhanasi 1 (Lakshamana) separated himself from the Ajmer House and became the founder of an independent line of rulers at Nandole. Inscriptions recently brought to light record gifts and concessions made by the Chahamana princes and princesses in favour of Jaina temples, and thus testify to the great influence once exercised by Jainism over the aristocratic classes of Marwar Perhaps the best known chief of the Chahamana dynesty was Alhanadeva, who in A. D. 1162 made a generous endowment towards the maintenance of a Jaina temple at Nadole and also promulgated an edict forbidding the slaughter of animals on certain days of the month 1 There are Bhandari settlers in Jaipur and Cawnpur carrying on Jewellery business 2 No record of Lakshamana has yet come to light But on the Surajpol at Nadol there is an inscription of the time of Kelhana dated V E 1223 which incidentally mentions the name of Lakhana and the date V E 1039 for him -Ep Ind XI, 67

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Not to digress, Lakhana-11 was, doubtless, a great man He was a man of great heroic courage and patriotic zeal Ho" collected traant dues from the further gate of Aplul para and levied tribute from the prince 01 Chittore. A visitor is still shown a fortress at Nadola which local tradition attributes to this celebrated price Lalha according to Bhandari tradition, had twenty four sons including one Dadrao (the Duda of tho Nadalah inscription) waom the Bbandang claim as their great ancestor: In Vi. Sum 1049 A D 992 Dadrao adopted Jainism at the hands of Yasobhadraturi? of the Sanderaha Gachchha and joined tho Osral brotherhood Offically, Dadaro was designated as Bhandari (Bhandagirika) or the person in charge of the store house and consequently his descendents became known 13 Bhandarts Our information about the great Bhandans slio lived 100 died under the Chahamans is at present solely 1 Yobbadn+or it mold to bare dled i Ilk Han 1091o CUV Non SP 411 flow ocelet by Ruthin who DOT tr tbo Cbxh mit me To date of the death 1 tbrt ati .h hird Aby u wet rol tb 16th centary coafnt - th that if all poaronia of Dadro bat in the abutor of a coorlacios Adl r o hdeace it would be don! to relect the traditional dat olan malia 2 the Appopdi: 2 Tbert Arnt frut two browb la crime impatte loftbe hundarlo e berler droedded from laktunk.

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37 derived from the inscriptions and is necessarily meagre, but so far as it goes it is sufficient to establish the antiquity of the Bhandari claim and warrant the conclusion that the Bhandaris enjoyed the patronage of their Chahamana masters and perhaps possessed some sort of territorial power in some out-of-way districts The earliest known inscription mentioning the Bhandaris comes from Nadlai It is dated Magha sudi 5 Vik Sam, 1189 and refers to Bhandari Naga Siva as a witness to a certain grant Another inscription dated Vikt Sam 1241 refers to one Bhandari Yasovira as the lord of Palla (a village six miles to the west of Jodhpur ) A Jalore inscription dated V S 1242 records the rebuilding of a Jaina temple by Bhandari Yasovira son of Pasu in accordance with the orders of the Maharaja Samarasinba Deva A Juna inscription dated 1352 of the reign of Maharaja Samanta sinha Deva describes among others Bhandari Migala as one "appointed by the king to draw up documents" The settlements of the Bhandaris in Jodhpur date from the time of Rao Jodba (A D 1427-89 ) whom they rendered splendid services Under their leaders Naro-j1 and Samro-]], they fought for Jodha against the Mewar forces at Jhilwara and defeated them. Ever since their advent into Jodhpur, the Bhandaris have been influential at court and have filled in various positions of trust and responsiblity in the state. They have always been loyal to the House of Jodba and

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38 not a few of them are still counted among the valued and useful servants of the state Like the Singhvis, the Bhandaris have handled the sword as well as the pen They have not only won laurels as statesmen and soldiers but have also earned distinction as builders and writers The monuments like the Kaparda Parsvanatha temple bear testimony to the pure and manly taste displayed by their founders and the writings of men like Nemichandra bespeak of a true literary genius possessed by their authors Among the Bhandaris of historical fame we may mention the names of Bhana, Raghunath Khimsi, Anupsingh Vijay Suratram, Ratnasingh Gangaram, Prithviraj Lakshmicand, Bahadarmal and kishenmal * Bhana He lived under Gajasimha of Marwar and was a resident of Jetaran His father's name was Amara. In Vik Sam 1678 he built a magnificent temple dedicated to Parsvanatha at haparada, (Marwar) and had the installation ceremony performed by Jinasinha suri of the Brihad acharya Kharatari sakha An inscription incised on the chief image describes Bhana as having descended from Rai Lakhana 11F4E TO (staro Afadg <Page #49
39 Rughnath .--He lived during the reign of Maharaja Ajit Singh (A.D. 1680-1725) who." committed the administration of all civil affairs to the faithful Raghonath Bindari with the title of diwan. He was well qualified both from his experience in civil affairs and from his valour as a soldier." " Bhandari Rughnath," says Colonel Walter, "ruled Marwar in his master's name for a number of years, during the time that Maharaja Ajit Singh was at Delhi" This fact is well borne out by the popular couplet - " Aje Dili ro patsho Raja tau Rughnath" While Ajitsingh was the king of Delhi. Rughnath was the Raja of Marwar Bhandari Khums --He was the son of Bhandari Raisingh and grandson of Bhandari Dipchand. He held the post of Diwan under Ajitsingh He was often deputed by his master on political errands to the Imperial court In Vik Sam 1769, 'Ajit sent the Bindari Kaims to the presence who retuined with the sunnud of the vice-royalty of Guzerat' (Tod) The annals of Marwar give him credit of having got the jazia repealed which had been reimposed by Aurangzeb on his 'infidel' subjects. He had two sons, Thansingh and Amarasingh, the latter is said to have been executed

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40 Bhandan Vijaya -In A D 1715, Ajitsingh was appointed forty-seventh viceroy of Gujarat. Ajitsingh sont Vijayaraja to act as his deputy until his arrival -- Tod, Rajasthan 1,914 Bomb Gaz I I, 299 Anopsingh --In A D 1720, Antsingh the viceroy sent Anopsiogh Bhandan to Gujarat as his deputy His administration as deputy viceroy of Gujarat sas dis figured with many an act of oppression, of which the chief was the murder of hapurchand Bhansall, the leading merchant of Ahmedabad --Bom Gaz I, 1, 301 2 Surat Ram - on the death of Jaisingh on the 3rd October 174, AD, Mabaraja Abbal Singh sent from Merta Bhandan Sarat Ram with Thakur Suraj Mal of Aliniaws and Shire Singh of Rupnagar to tahe Ajmer They took Ajmer, slaying the Fojdar Khangrot Binai Singh -H B Sarda, Ajmer, p 169 Ganga Ram -He lourished dunog the reign of Vimy Singh (A D 175 92) and was both a statesman und soldier Ho was present at the Battle of Marta which was fought between the Valirattas and the Rathors in A D 1790 Lakshmichand -He was dorean for a number of years during the reign of Mabaraja dan Singh (AD 1803-43) and held a village worth R$ 2,000 ns jagir Pnchoraj Bhandari - During the reign of Mahanja

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Man Singh, he was Hakim of Jalore. Mentioned by Pandit Gauri Shankar Hira Chand Ojlia in huis Siroli-ka Ililas. Ullamchand -He was a resident of Jodhpur. He was born in Vik Sam. 1833 and died in Vik. Sam. 186.4. He lived under Mansingle who patronised lum as a poet Author of the Alankar--ashaya, the Nathachandrika, Ratnahamiraki-bat and the Niti-ki-bat. In the opening (?) verses of lus Alanlara-ashaja, he, mentions Sagarchand muni as lus spiritual guide and Rania karan as his instructor in poetics >> Jaina-Sansar, I, 7,22 Bahadarmal -He was perhaps the last representative of the Great Mutasadis of the old type He was born of a respectable family at Didwana His father's name was Bherondas. He went to Jodhpur where he was employed on the clerical staff of Rughnath shali, a leading banker. Afterwards, he entered the service of the state where his good qualities soon attracted the attention of Maharaja Takhtsingh (A D 1843-73) So great was his influence over the chief that the people came to regard him as de facto ruler of Marwar-a fact which gave currency to the saying, "Bahare nache I prathama hi sAgaracaMda muni, liyo supaMtha lagAya / rAmakaraNa kavirAya puni, ganha diye dikhAya // 1 // tina ganthana te pAya kachu, prAzaya bodha anUpa / so hI maiM piraghaTa kiyo, alaMkAra ke rUpa // 2 //

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Bahadaryo ni It may be said to his credit that ho never abused the confidenco placed in him by his mastor His sor vices m connection with the salt lease affair will long be gratefully apprecated by the Marwirt Once or twice, he fell under the displeasure of Tabht singh but through the interesuon of his Thah ur friends he was pardoned and received back into farour He was a great supporter of the Terapanthi' form of Jainism and in the phraseology of lus co-religionists, was tho Lala Harchand o the Marwar Ho died in Vik Sam. 194 (AD 1885) bhadra badi 7, at en age of about soventy hithan Mal -Ho kas treasury officer during the carly part of the reign of Maharja Sarder Singh, and also during that of his predecessor He was a great financier and did his best to put thc Jarwar finances on sounder and timer footing The following popular quartet testifies to the esteem in which he was held by the people of Varaar - Bata phaust lyrian Il Libra bor r In ylym habos teks a t The mapocry and customs of the Bhandaris arc the same as those of other Detals Tie temple of their tutclasy goddess Asapura, is at ladole there a fair is 1 The Varner Coop Ceph101 7 Tho Tempesthi det su fodeded bu tulaji ulit ban 1017

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43 held twice a year It is said that Lakha laung had no son to succeed lum appealed to the goddess in lus anxiety to have one. The goddess, pleased with his devotions, blessed him with twenty-four sons. The Bhandans would n10! buy a black cow, a black goat, or a black buffalo though they would not, perhaps hesitate to take it as a present The Bhandaris generally prefer state service to trade. They have their own sub-divisions, such as Dipavat, Nionavat Lunavat, Nivavat wluch do not intermarry among themselves The Bhandari ladies observe strict parda-system and unlike other Oswals do not use the head ornament called the Dor APPENDIX 2 THE NADLAI JAINA INSCRIPTION OF VIK. SAM 1557 (A) | Co // zrIyazobhadrasUri gurupAdukAbhyA nama savat 1557 varSe vaizAkhamAse / zuklapakSe paThacA tithau zukravAsare punarvasu RkSaprApta candrayoge / zrIsaDeragacche / kalikAlagautamAvatAra / samastavikajanamano'vunavivodhanakadinakara / sakalalabdhinidhAnayuga pradhAna / jitAnekavAdIzvaravRnda praNatAnekanaranAyaka mukuTako TispRSTa pAdAravida / zrIsUryaiva mahAprasAda / catu paSTi surendrasagIyamAna sAdhu bAda / zrIparakIyagaNa rakSakAvataMsa / subhadrAkukSimarovara rAja [haM] saya zovorasAdhu kulAmbara nabhomaNi sakalacAritricakati cakacUr3A maNi bha0 prabhuzrI yazobhadrasUraya / tatpaTTe zrI cAhumAnavaMzazRGgAra /

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44 namdhasamasna miravadpavid pAmatAdhipAra zrIbadarodevI gurupadaprasAda svavi matakumaprabodha ne prApta paramayagovAda ma0 pAzAmisari tapopumati sUri / 10 mINAnsiri / 10 pokharamUriH / eva yayAkumama neka guNamapigaNa rohaNagiropAM mahAsUrINAdaNe puna yogAtisUri / ta0 pImumati sUritApavAsakArahAra ma0 prIzAntiprivarANA mapari karApA vijayarAye / padapeha griimedpaattdege| grIsUryavaMzIyamahArAmA bhirAma prozimAdityaveNe proguhidaptarAta prIyappApha gropummANAdi mahArAjAmvaye / rANA hamIra gropetamoha grIsapamasIza putra promokAsa mRgAka golapotakAra pratApa mAsaMhAvatAra / prAsamudramahimaramAna pratuttamahAbata rANA prokamakarNa putra rANa porApamA vimapamAna prAgya rAmye / tatputra mahAkumAra grIstrIrAmAnugAmamAt / pAUgayage rAya marArogobhe rAunamo nApaNa proma0 davaNe meM mAra mukta meo mAra maha / sAputrAyA meM sIhA-samadAmyA sAMdhava meM phammIdhArA mApAdimukuTara pumAmpa grInadaphUmAvasyA pupA saM0 26 pIpagomamUri merikasamAnItAyAM maM0 sAyara phArisa devakumiphA pahArita mApara mAma momimayamasyAM prIpAdokharasya spApamA pAritA phasAyogAmita sUri paTTe devasudara isyapAzipyanAmami 0 pIrakharamUribhi rami madhuprastiriya ni0 sAvAya grovarasUriyA usyIya magadhAra momA kena / gurma / THE KAPARDA INSORITION OF VIK. SAH 1878 (B)saMvat 10 varSe zAsita 15 siyI somavAra zAtI mArAmA dhirAmamahArAjaprogamasihavitraparAmpe kamegako rApatApamatAne bhArA gAriphagoI amarApubhAnAkena mArpAmagAde aparamanArAyanAmita moTApautraptArAcaMdavaMgAra-maimidAsAdiparivAramahitama pIkapaTaka Ed mupAramAya caitye pIpAryamAya' mimUripaTAnakAra mominacaMdramarimiH suprasano bhava /

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nd * BHAMA SAH, THE SAVIOUR OF MEWAR. 1S "The name of Bhama Sah," says Colonel Tod, preserved as the Saviour of Mewar" An Oswal1 by birth and a Jaina by religion, he was the perfect model of fidelity and devotion He was the diwan of the illustrious Rana Pratap-an office which his family had held for several generations (( The invasion of Chittore by Akbar and the gallant defence of it by Pratap are facts well-known to every student of Indian History It is sufficient for our present purpose to mention that once Rana Pratap, on account of the want of funds, had been reduced to such a straitened condition that he resolved to abandon Mewar and emigrate to Sindh with all his family and followers who preferred exile to degradation. He descended the Arvali and had already reached the desert when the patriotic magnanimity of his minister made him change his resolution. Bhama placed at the disposal of his master all the riches and resources of his forefathers-which are stated to have been equivalent to the maintenance of twenty-five thousand men for twelve years-and requested him to return to his native soil and to renew the war against Akbar. The result was that Rana Pratap in a short campaigne regained 2 He was a Kavadia Osval A

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the wholo of Mowar cxcept Chittore, Ajmer and Modalgarh The name of Bhama Shab is a household word in Mowar, and his memory is still gratofoily cherished 1s an upholder of the izzat (honour) of the Merrar arms

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VASTUPALA THE GREAT. In the long range of the Jaina ministers and generals," Vastupala is perhaps the most interesting figure. His wonderful personality stands forth unrivalled in all its glory and greatness evoking admiration of every one who cares to go through the record of his life. He appears to have been a wise statesman, a valiant soldier, an ardent lover of art and an enthusiastic adorer of the divine muse His charity knew no limit and his generosity recognised no distinction. Thougla himself a Jaina, he favoured all sects and creeds and even built mosques for the Mahomedans the much-despised Mlechchhas of the thirteenth century. Vastupala came of a Pragvata family. According to Meruvijaya, he and his twin brother Tejahpala were born in A. D. 1205 (Vik Sam..1262)? They were the sons of Kumaradevi by her second husband Asaraja, a military commander of the Vaghelas. Kumaradevi was an accomplished lady of Pattana (Annahillavad) renowned for her great beauty and charm. While still very young, she lost her first husband and became a widow. Once, it so happened, that she went to attend 1 Dalal and Shastry, Naranarayanananda, introd p 1 2 A MS of indifferent acouracy gires Vik Sam'1260 as the date of their birth see JSC, H XI. 7-9 369

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1 lecture of Harlbbedre-son where she attracted the attention of Agaraja who becamo cumoured of her In duo courso, the commander made his overtures to her and begged hor to :ccept him for her husband humarder would not listen to his proposal Her indifference only served to intconly the passion of the lover Agar was not a man to submit tamely to his late At this juncture, the idea of carrying off bus ladylove presented itself to his mind and he desperately cluog to it. Ono night, he forcibly entered her house, seized her person and hanng thrown her on the back of his camel started to 20 unknown destination At day breah he got at Asapalli (Ahmedabad) where ho hired a room and put the lady thorc. In process of time, humandovi FAS Fon over by her 110k husband and proved herself a dovoted and faithful File. She constructed a resciroir at the foot of the mount Girnar while her husband erected a temple there By her, Asraja had at least four sons, Luniga : Valla deva, Vastopala and Tejahpal and seven daughters humaradevi lived to see her ton sons as married men and, according to one account, died cloven day's before the death of her husband In AD 1917 (Vik Sam 1374), Vastupala celebrated his nuptials mitu Lalitador and shortly after his brother Tejahpala led Aoupama to the aller Anupama, though a plain-fooking I Lo la Wulbachata leth dra lo latency 1 T Bot mban berbilaterosol p 167

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damsel, was possesscil of great vitics of t? clied and the leart and crercisei Consilcrable mliucicu over ner husband. The Vaghela kingdom was bult on the ruins of the Chaulukya empire. Bhim. II, 1.1 D. 1178-1211) prored an imbecile ruler Under him the Claulukya gore'inment which had lost its old vigour and power of colicsion was rapidly going down It was a period of disruption The authority of the king was disputed by his overpowersul vassals and fus word carrieri no weighi. He no doubt enjoyed the semblance of royalty but tlie actual poser had long departed from lus sceptre. While Bhima struggled to restorc huis supremacy in the north, Lavasidprasad established himself as an independent ruler at Dholha extending his sway over the country between the Sabaramati ard the Narbada in the south as well as over the districts of Dholka and Dhandhuka. The usurper, so far as we hnow, always professed to be a vicegerent of lus liege lord and sovereign, the emperor of Annahilavad, and was never in open rebellion against him. As a prudent man, he cared more for the substance than for the shadow. His attitude towards Bhima may be compared to that of the British Dewan--the East India Company--towards the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam Vastupala as well as his brother Tejahpala were

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50 the distinguished ministers of Viradbavala. In the beginning of therr career, they jolaed the secretarjat at Annahilavad where their good work attracted the attention of the emperor As chance would have it, Viradhavala who was in search of a minister mentioned the fact to Bhimr and ished him to get him gomo really capablo man Bhima who had already formed a very high opinion of the brothers recommended them to him and on the lattor s request placed their services at his disposal! At Dholka, they soon won the goldea opinions of their actr mastor who recognised their mont and committed to them tho enure administration of the state They fully justified his confidenco by proving themselves sound administrators and shfllcd generals. In the conduct of the oficial affairs, they acted independently of all personal considerations and nevor hesitated oven to overrule tho chior, whencic they doubted tho wisdom of any of his proposed mennures Once upon a time, the spiritual teacher of the Sultan of Delhi passed through the aty of Dholla on his way to Nicoci. Viradbarala wrated to arrest and imprion the pilgrim. The brothers rould not allow their master to touch bim Nay, they invited the stranger to their residence and entertained him right royally Tic 1 According to Herdlange it vu Cazada Nelpa rowort dbands bo lntroduced the brother to hit metr X mrlje "A) 1741 the brothers were stato genoty ben they took w ho madr17 DunleIt semolade ope of Mit,

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55 grateful man on his return to Delhi, spoke very highly of the brothers to the Sultan and through his influence had a treaty of mutual friendship concluded between his master and the Dholka chief 'Under Vastupala' says an eye-witness 'low people ceased to earn money by base means, the wicked turned pale , the righteous prospered All honestly and securely plied their calling. Vastupala put down piracy and by building platforms stopped the mingling of castes in milk shops. He repaired old buildings, planted trees, sank wells, laid out parks and rebuilt the city All castes and creeds he treated alike 'l The activities of the brothers did not stop here They shared the perils of battle-fields with their master and won victories for him. Their deeds of valour have been sung by the poets and extolled by the bards. Their suppression of the overpowerful Said of Cambay, their victory over Muhammad Ghori Sultan Muizz-ud-din Bahram Shah of Delhi and their smart capture of the Godba chief, Ghughula, are achievements, gallant and glorious, enough to win them a high place among the great warriors of India. In A. D 1220, Vastupala earned the much-coveted distinction of the Sanghapati or 'the Master of the * Order' by conducting his memorable pilgrimage to . Shatrunjay and Girnar. In response to a general i Bom Gaz I, I, 199, n 2

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52 inntation 19sued by bim to bis co-religionists', hundreds of intending pilgrims--men and women-floched to him and marched on under hos protection As a leader of the pilgrimage ho provided them with conroyances, food and, in case of sickness, with medianes and physicans According to Merutunga, thc religious caravan consisted of twenty-one thousand Sretambaras and three hundred Digambaras and was guarded by a thousand horesmen and seven hundred nders ou red she camels and tour military olicors of high ranh. When the foot of Shatrunjay tras reached Vastupala made a great encampment? The ascent of the mountain took place in the morning niilt hus amival The first sanctuary that the pilgrims visited is that of the Juhsha hapardin lastupala worshipped the yaksha and sang a hymn in he praise Then lie hastened to the temple of Adinatha (kisbabha) whither the majonty of the pilgnms folle wcd him in dense Crowds Tastupala still corered with the dust of the journcy, lell down before the lord of the jinas and adored him with a hymn of praise : Then, and got till then, did he indulge in ablutions, thereupon the pilgrims followed lis cxamplc and lic and they It 1 Jinadatta ors, il limon other than by 10-11 rut Tut* tabialba-batataal, Ward XVI. It w specially roopud iy wirela Art U by bero f Lored AA U rodu to the variou s Tuaruar me bu

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53. approached the Chartya with dancing and song Then he washed the image, in accordance with due prescription, with saffron-water and anointed it with musk and hung garlands round it The pilgrims, at the same time, burned so much incense, that the temple was completely darkened by the fumes and finally the Aiatrika was performed by the waiving of lights in front of the image." After a brief stay on the hill, during which he kept visiting each and every shrine there and indulging in various acts of religious piety, he followed by other pilgrims returned to his encampment Thence the party proceeded to Girnar When they arrived at the base of the holy mountain, a general halt was ordered Next morning, the pilgrims ascended the hill and offered their adorations to the holy footprints of Neminatha Having stayed there full three days, the pilgrims returned to their lodgings. From Girnar, the party moved on to Prabhasapattana and thence returned to Dholka The great pilgrimage was over. The responsiblity of the leader came to an end. The congregation then got dispersed-every one went home, praising the liberality of Vastupala In A D. 1228, Jagachchandra, a reformer, founded the Tapa-gachchha. Vastupala identified himself with the new movement and materially contributed towards its progress As pious Jainas, he and his brother Tejahpala built temples, Paushadashalas, Upasaras and other 'public buildings. They lavishly expended money on

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54 their building operation engaging the sorvices of well known master masons Parbaps the greatest architect in their employ was Sobbanadora who bullt for them their famous temple on Mount Abu It stands close to that of Vimala-bhah and was completed ja A D 12301 The temple which is p.pularly ascribed to both the brothers was in fact crected by Tejahpala in memory of his brother, Luniga, and was dedicated to Nermnatha. It is a fine example of what is known as the Jaipa style of architecture and in the words of Fergusson for minuto delicacy of carnag and be uty of detail stands almost unrivalled even in the laod of 1 Hatory I ind mod Fest Architecto od Barspe, 38 cAme vapuvasvAyA 1088 mitam mariSyamAe / satmAmAda savimatavamatyAda gadhApayat // 10 // - cAme pavasvapha 1288 mitAmde maimimaMdiram / nimame bhUNigavasatyAhavarSa mulivaMdanA , n. kapopasamaya bi pItega pAtamavirAT / tara myAsyAstamatIya nippanna dRpapurNa bhanam / / / masI svapaparapAnI hasiyA rAma / myavopidviAMpatya pIsomasya nideyata / / pado gomamadevaspa sAdhAragiromaNe / cAyanAgirapAnAma seme papAmatAm // sopaDape'pi bhagnAsmina devAmI prapA / pasyohAratI yamAgde para nidAka samite 11-2 //

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55 patient and lavish labour in the year following, Vastupala built a triple temple dedicated to Neminatha on Mount Girnar and another temple dedicated to the same Tirthankara on Mount Shatrunjaya. Vastupala was a poet of no mean order His poetic name was Vasantapala Someshvara testifies to his great literary attainments by calling him 'the godson of the goddess of learning' Merutunga pays his tribute to his poetic genius by describing him as a 'great poet.' His famous poem, the Naranarayananda, which describes the friendship of Arjuna and Krishna, their rambles on Mount Girnar and the consequent abduction of Subhadra by Arjuna is a composition of great literary merit The genius of the poet shines forth with all its brilliancy and lustre as he depicts with consummate skill the great works of nature and art and the various passions of the human mind. The new poem was hailed by the poetic world with great delight and won for him the praise and admira tatrAdapatIrtha syohA lallo mahaNasiMhabhU / pIthaDastvitarasyAbhUdvapavahRccaMDasiMhaja // 4 // kumArapAlabhUpAlacaulukyakulacandramA / zrIvIracaityamasyoce zikhare niramImapat // 50 // ya waaraa HATH II (fatto ) P. R IV. 93 2 Repairs which are being carried out by the Jains community at the Abu temples have been pronounced as clumsy by a critic

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56 tion of his learned contemporanes Vastupala being a man of opulence and position, men of lettere found in him a generous patron and descending friend Somesh vara * Arisinha and many others enjoyed bis patronago and shared in huis bounty Being bimself a poet, he could appreciate and enjoy good poetry It was solely due to this circumstance that in spite of the jealously of Someshvara Haribara was received with great honour at the court of Dholkn He not only himself cultivated the dinoo muse but also pursuaded others to follow his example At his request Nurachandra suri composed the hatharatnasugara while his pupil Nareodmprabha wrote the Alankaraiaholadh Another author named Udayaprabha composed the Dharmalhyndaja in his honour He founded at least three big libraries at in enormous cost and spared no pains in enriching them with good manuscripts * Viradbavala dicd in A D 1238 --six years alte lus father o retirement from the business of tbc goremment Each and every body regretted his death and rent into moummg So great was the devotion of his followers 11 ompel w Kirt1919 d11 W MUT Nutapilabilito laruteliud bi patna b olnivanatorio S ale 11 I 1944 1195-6m 14 24 2 Dulala lalung Y parang n bismo u Howwerli prale 3 Uhandarkar i Imeliority Le Dam Chronol of Imin (tim Ou l II 13. 11 dretb 1 but 1 10, barur Til inty 11 min

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. 57 that one hundred and twenty of them preferred to share the funeral pj re with him Even in the hour of their deepest sorrow and grief, the brothers did not allow the sentiment to overpower their reason. Tejahpala placed a guard round the cremation-place and forcibly prevented what would have proved a terrible waste of precious lives On the death of Viradhavala, there arose a dispute for succession between his two sons, Virama and Visala. With the support of Vastupala, Visala succeeded in securing the gadi for himself, thereupon Virama fled to Jabalipura ( Jalor ) and sought refuge with his fatherin-law, Udayasingh, by whom he was treacherously murdered ? The reign of Visaladeva witnessed the fall of the brothers' ministry. According to one account, it was due to one of the brothers having picked a quarrel with Sinha, the maternal uncle of the chief It is said 1 Vastupala gires espression to his fooling of griof in the following olleet sad sloha - AyAnti yAnti ca pare Rtava kumeNa sajAtamatra atuyugmamagatvara tu / vIrega vIradhavalena vinA nitAnta varSA vilocanayuge hRdaye nidAgha / / Other scasona come and go in succession But this tuo casons 113 vo becolie perpetual You that men nro deprived of the bero Virdharalt The midy senson in their two eses, iod in the arhirart the hot snaron olangush -- Caunes) ?B R 1883-4 p 156, Luft Chronology of India, Biom Gry 1, 1 203.

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58 that, on ono occasion, Suba committed a cowardly Assault on the porxon ofan inoffensive Jaina monks When Vastopala came to know of the outrage, he ras besido bmae'f with rege and, in the heat of passion, had a finger of the offender nontilated Siha made a com plaint to Vinladeva who sentenced the minister to death At this critical moment, Someshvara came to the rescue of his patron and had the sentenco revoked Vastupala keenly felt tho disgrace to which lie tas unjustly subjected by his ungrateful master Shortly after, bus health gave way and he was laid up with lever Under the arcumstances, a change of environ meats as considered adssible Accordingly, Vastu pala started on a pilgrimage to Shatrunjaya but, on the way, bo mddenly got work and had to be removed to tho liamlet of Akevaliye shero he was accomodated m a country hovel His bon Jaitrapala, Tojahpala and others were to attendanco upon him His life was, thon, despaired of The spintual teacher was at once sent for a whoso presence ho made a confession of the faith and sepeated the name of Rishabba with the folloriag couplet: 1 haro dono no good action worthy of being commemorated by the virtuous, ilik Pro 1315 (AD 129). Ibu yon fumm, Ybaladno belo Mag Jagodasbab rellend the starting popolation. B. n 1834 r. 15 3*, Palmoundin, lrede bulammariol12.

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My only substantial merit has been aspiration , in this way my life has passed. Then, a silence followed. Reverence to the Arhats' uttered the dying minister and with these sacred syllables on his lips, he expired 1 It was A D 1241. Each and every one mourned his untimely death. The surviving son and brother performed his last rites and later on, to mark the site where his body was cremated sons of Tejanpala raised a temple dedicated to Rishabha. Tejahpala outlived his brother by ten years and apparently died as a private gentleman in his country villa at the village of Chandrana 1 Tawnoy. Prabandhachintamani p 168

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RATAN SINGR BHANDARI Ratan Singh Bhandan was born of a respectable Osval family He rose to eminence under Abhayn Singh, the chief of Marvar' A D 17 550 ) whom he served wth great real and derotion Ho was a prudent statesman and valiant geacral with a lugh sense of honour and duty la A D 1720 the Mughal government appointed Abhayasingh as viceroy of Ajmer and Gujarat After three years rule he returned to Delht learing Ratan Singh Bbandini in sole charge of the province The rulo of the Bhandari who was officially known as deputy viceroy lasted from A D 173, to A D 1797 Ant the time that Ratan Singh came to administer the provmce of Gujarat, the Mughal power pras on declino Disintegration had alrcali sct in in Gujarat the atthonty of the emperor was defied by thc Varatlins on the one hand and by his refractory faremors on the other As might be crpected Ratan Singh as dopus viceroy had to spend his whole timc citlier in maging war against the Marathas or putting down tlic over porerful gosetnos! Owing to the inherent kcalness of the Cenual gorernment lic had to lnbour under ? great deadvantage and in passing judgnicnt upon any of his acts we must take all these adscisc circumstances jpto consideration

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61 Ratan Singh had not been long in his new office when the Marathas under their leader, Jadoji Dabhade, visited Gujarat. In order to save the province from their , Tavages, he had to purchase their retreat at an enormous expence. Bhav Singh, the heriditary governor of Viramgam was a fertile source of trouble to the deputy-viceroy. In A. D 1734, the matters came to such a pass that Ratan Singh had to issue orders to Jawanmard Khan for the arrest of the delinquent. Jawanmard Khan, of course, went to Viramgam and took him into custody but was forced by his supporters to release him, Another important event of the year (A D 1734) was the recovery of Baroda by the Marathas Sher Khan Babi, governor of Baroda was away on a short visit to Balasinor, and Muhammad Sarbaz was in charge of the place. Mahadaji Gaikwar who had always kept an eye upon Baroda welcomed the opportunity created by the absence of the governor and with a strong force marched on Baroda and laid seige to it. The garrison offered a heroic resistence to the enemy and held him in check In the meantime, the news reached Sher Khan Babi who at once hastened back to Baroda and at the same time sent a message to Ratan Singh Bhandari calling for aid Ratan Singh Bhandan forth with directed Momin Khan, governor of Cambay to join Sher Khan Babi and drive away the Marathas. But Maha

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62 daji took time by the fore loch Ho left a force at Baroda just sufficient to cover the investment and with the rest of his army marched on to meet Sher Khan A bloody ongagement engoed in which Sher Khan was defeated. Momm hban who artired after Sher Khans defeat did not diem it prudent to engage the Dlarathas and setired to Cambay In the meantime, the gamson of Baroda, hopeless of auccour, surrendered the town and since then, Baroda has continued to be the head quarters of the Gail war family Among other events of minor importance which occured during the year, 1734, te mny mention tho death of Dhanrup Bhandani, the governor of Petlad and the cxpulsion from Ahmedabad of its chief merchant Khusal Chandi ho had fncurred the displeasure of the deputy viceroy In A D 1735 Dholha pas assigned to Ratan Singh Bhandari and through the influence of Burhan ul Mulk Sohrab hhan was appointed goremor of Viramgam Rotan Singh Bhandan resented the appointment of Sohmb and had it cancelled in favour of Abhaya Singh When Sohrab back of the ancellation, he wrote to I husleband the son of thaathu wolna D 163 lollt tempoh ledieutrd Parraostka at a report Abmrdalel) Iturrond Timue Lo.P 1811 by Aurinpieb ( boulbnrnO Land) biru moted by the Jeben Sborale lendlelin D 1 41, the Tutit, Dre (A) 114, Bot. Gal 4! top 514 w ine en laurd 8-10

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63 Burhan-ul-Mulk who got the previous order restored. "Upon this " says Colonel Watson "Sohrab Khan leaving Sadak Al as his deputy in Junagarh marched for Viramgam ; while Ratan Singh Bhandari hearing, of Sohrab Khan's approach summoned Momin Khan and others to his assistance and with his own army proceeded to Dholka and plundred Koth From Koth he advanced and pitched at Haralah about ten miles from Sohrab Khan's camp and here he was joined by Momin Khan and others whom he had summoned to support him. After the union of these forces he marched to Dholi, six miles from Dhanduka, at which place Sohrab Khan was then encamped Ratan Singh Bhandari now proposed that peace should be concluded and that Sohrab Khan should enjoy Viramgam until final orders were passed by the emperor Safdar Khan Babi and others went to Sohrab Khan and endeavoured to bring him to consent to these terms, but he would not listen and on both sides preparations were made for battle During the following night Ratan Singh Bhandari planned an attack on Sohrab Khan's camp The surprise was complete Sohrab Khan's troops fled and himself mortally wounded shorly afterwards died." Soon after, an attempt was made on the life of Ratan Singh Bhandari. He was attacked by a horseman who was then and there captured and slain. The identity of the would-be assassin was never established.

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64 It took Ratan Singh Bhandan two months to recover from his mjuries In the struggle between Sohrab and Ratan Singh Bhandari, Momin Khan, though he professed to be a friend of the latter, was in fact favouring the cause of the former Ratan Singh Bhandari now determined to punish Momin Khan for his treacherous conduct. Before he could carry out his intention Momin khan, somehow became aware of it and withdrew to Cambay We have already referred to Bhavsingh of Viramgam There was no love lost between him and Ratan Singh In fact, Bhav hated the Marwaris Hatred and thirst for revenge got the better of his intellect and banished all sense of honour from hum He entered into an alliance with the Marathas and treacherously admitted them into the city Damay, the Maratha lender, assumed the control of Viramgam drove out the Marwan administrator Kalyan and leaving his agent Rangoji there, himself marched towards Sorath In the year following (A D 1736) Rangoji advanced so far as Bavia near Dholka pillaging and derasting, the country Ratan Singh Bhandari marched against him and drove him back to Viramgam He pursued the Marathas to Viramgam, attacked and defeated them capturing their baggage but failed to prevent them from taking shelter in the town He, however, laid seige to it and awaited the results In the meantime, the Marathas made a bold strategical move Prataprav

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65 the brother of Damaji with 10,000 horse advanced towards Ahmedabad. When intelligence reached RatanSingh Bhandari, he at first treated it as a mere ruse of the enemy to divert his attention from Viramgam to whose walls his mines had reached On further inquiry it turned out that the news was true He at once raised the seige of the town and returned to Ahmedabad. Towards the year A. D. 1737, Muhammad Shah who was then displeased with Abbaya Singh appointed Momin Khan as Viceroy of Gujarat in place of Abhaya Singh. When Ratan Singh Bhandari became aware of the change, he at once wrote to his master for orders. They reply of Abhaya Singh was that Ratan Singh Bhandari should resist Momin Khan if he could. The Bhandari prepared to defend Ahmedabad while Momin Khan commenced his advance towards it. After the cessation of the rains, the new viceroy took up the operations in right earnest and invested the city. " " "Ratan Singh Bhandari" continues Col. Walter "determined not to leave the city and prepared to defend himself to the last. Damaji Gaikwad now joined } Momin Khan from Songad Momin Khan met Damaji at Isanpura, three miles from Ahmedabad and made great show of friendship, calling him his brother When Ratan Singh Bhandari heard of the arrangements made t 5 1

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66 between Danaji and Momn Khan, he sent a message to Dumaji saying "Momm Khan has promised Radgo-ji half of tbe rovenues di Gujrat excepung the aty of Abnedabad the lands immediately round it and Cambay If you will join mo, I will give you balf of crery thing not excepting the city nor Cambay and will send to your camp some of my chief landbolders as security if you agree Damaji showed this to Momin Khan and asked him what he proposed to do Domio hhan not perforce agreed to do the same but instead of Cambay offered to make user to the Marathas tho wholc district of Viramgam Damaji, accepting these terms, caused to negotiate with Ratan Singh He then went on pilgti mage to Dudesar and retuming in the same year, AD 1738 bo and Radgo-ji began actira openiions against Ahmedabad Their bombardment did so much damago to the aty that Momin Khan repented haring called them to his aid and foresar that if the Maratbas once guided any portion of the aty, it could be no case matter to dare them out Momin hhan nor sent the writer of the Slirat i Ahmed: to Ratan Singh Bhandari fa hopes that he might withdra # peaceably but Ralad Slagh refused to listen to any terms Aller some timo Musalmans under hazimali Khan and others and the Marathas under Baburar endearoured to take tho city by storm bat after a bloody contest were forced to retire. Next day Ratan Singh, secing that he could not loog hold the city catered into a negoliauon with

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67 Momin Khan and on receiving a sum of money for his expenses and on being allowed to retire with the honours of war left the city."' In A. D 1745, Zorawar Singh, the chief of Bikaner died. There were two claimants for the gaddi One was Gaj Singh and the other Amar Singh. With the aid of Thakur Khusal Singh and Mehta Bakhtawar Singh, Gaj Singh succeeded in securing the gaddi; upon which Amar Singh went over to Abhaya Singh and sought his assistance. Abhaya Singh took up the cause of the disappointed claimant and marched a large force in command of Ratan Singh Bhandari against Gaj Singh Various engagements took place without any appreciable results. At last the decisive moment arrived. The following year A D 1747 found the armies of both the belligerents arrayed against each other ready for action at Chah Sajan. A bloody battle ensued. After very severe fighting, the Bikaner army at last succeeded in disloging the invaders from some of their positions. This brought Ratan Singh Bhandari on the scene who like an enraged lion rushed to the spot with his detachment and made a desperate attempt to recover the lost ground A furious action took place An arrow from the bow of Gaj Singh penetrated right through his eye and disabled him. In spite of his having received a severe wound, he continued directing 1 Bom Gaz, I, I, pp 314 20

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68 tho operations It, then, transpired that the enemy was greatly roinforced and thero wag no immediato chance for success. Ratan Singh at once ordered a retreat while his ordert wore being carried out, bo was followed and attacked by & Bikaner spearman The tbrust of the assailant prored fatal and the bravo hoart ceased to beat for over 1 I Solunalul, Traila Baj Bibiotr

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DHANRAJ, THE GOVERNOR OF AJMER. Having defeated the Sindhia at Tonga (near Jaipur), the Marwar general, Bhimaraj Singhvi,? marched on Ajmer and captured it from the Maratha Subedar, Anwar Beg in A. D. 1787. Dhanraj Singhyi was appointed governor of the newly-acquired territory. The Mahrattas, however, soon recouped their losses and four years later again invaded the Marwar. Two sanguinary battles of Mairta and Patan were fought in which the Marwaris, were defeated. In the meantime, the Maratha general De Boigne had attacked and invested Ajmer Dhanraj, the governor of the place, with his small garrison stood the siege heroically and successfully kept the besiegers at bay After the disastrous result of the battle of Patan, Vijay Singh issued orders to Dhanraj to surrender the place to the besiegers and return to Jodhpur . It was too exacting a demand on his brave and chivalrous nature He would neither consent to a disgraceful surrender nor would he be guilty of dis 1 The Singhris who were originally Nandarana Bohra Brahamans tere brought to Jainism by Muni-sundara-suri in Vik Sam 1465 at Sirohi. Their settlements in Jodhpur date from Vik. Sam 1633-A. D 1476

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70 obedience to his master He was thus placed in a dilemma and as there fas no Olber way out of it, he decided to end bis life He had a diamond ring on his finger He had the gom pulversed and iwal lowed the powder 'Go and tell tho prmce aled the departing hero, "thus only I could testisymy obedienco, and over my dead body alone could a Maratha enter Amer! 1 Tod, Bajuthan D 138; Band After 173

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AMAR CHAND SURANA OF BIKANER. Amar Chand came of a respectable Osval family of Bikaner and rose to distinction during the reign of Maharaja Surat Singh which extended from A. D. 1787 to A D 1828 In A D. 1805 (S. 1861) be was sent in command of an expedition against Zabta Khan, the Khan of Bhattis, whom he attacked and invested in his capital, Bhatner. After having held out for some five months, Zabta Khan surrendered the fort and was allowed to retire with his followers to Rhena In recognition of his services, Amar Chand was made diwan of the state In A D. 1808 (S 1865) Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur invaded Bikaner. An army composed of his feudal legies under the command of Indraj Singhvi with a brigade of Amir Khan, the scourge of Rajputana, was marched against the ill-fated state Surat Singh also collected a large force and, having put Amar Chand at its head, despatched it to check the progress of the invaders. The opposing armies met at Bapri. After a short but sharp skirmish, which cost him the lives of two hundred soldiers, Amar Chaud retreated back

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72 towards the capital followed by the victorious Indraj! At last a treaty was concluded between the tro states at Gajner which brought the hostilities to an end During the reign of Surat Singh Tho Thakurs of Bikaner had come to wear their feudal bonds lightly and thour liege and sovereign lord, tho Raja of Bikaner, tras determined to put an end to this unsatisfactory state of affairs Ho appointed Amar Chand to chasuise tho refractory rassals and teach them a lesson Accor dingly, dunng the next four year Amar Chand remained engaged in this task Hu was to our mind, gullty of much unnecessary cruelty and bloodslied in tho discharge of his duty It is a strange frony of futo that it oever occurred to him that the same fato which ho mcted out to his criog victims was in store for him He exacted a heavy fine from the Thakur of Saranbi Ho then, pounced upon Ratan Singh Baldiant and hanged him on the spot. He next sprang upon the Bhaltis, numbering three hundred in their liomc al Dherdan and butchered them all-only one min escaped with his lifc. Soon after, ha attacked tho leading Thakur chiefs, Nahar Singh and Puran Singh and banng taken (!) laders mit brio at Bofut la A D 1767 Ile Ilegri u 10 Blngari dan Itba Oywall 1 wuthor tekrarmth 1 tkr Oval bartero prodor * not only tolally 4,7 mit w ent titrert bat als hurtold the gold of Jusur 11. lindulnariat Joubor lo LD DI...

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73 them prisoners sent then under custody to Bikaner where they were all executed. Surat Singh greatly appreciated the services of Amar Chand and conferred on him the special honour of dining with him at his residence In A D. 1815, Amar Chand was sent in command of an army against Sheo Singh, the Thakur of Churu He laid siege to the town and cut off the supplies of the enemy No longer able to stand the siege, the high-minded Thakur preferred a glorious death to an ignominious surrender He committed suicide and the place fell into the hands of the besiegers. These services of Amar Chand greatly plcased his master who conferred on him the title of Rao, a robe of honour, and an elephant to ride. Amar Chand had a meteoric career The star of his fortune that had attained its full lustre and brilliancy began to decline His success excited the jealousy of his enemies A conspiracy was formed to bring about his downfall. The conspirators not only succeeded in dragging him down from the high pedestal which he had come to occupy in the state politics, but also made him pay a heavy fine for his supposed complicity in a criminal affair In A D 1817, he was falsely accusedof intriguing with Amir Khan, the leader of the Pin

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74 daras In spite of the efforts of bis friends, bis enemies won the day and the innocent man was executed in a most brutal mandor Appendix 3 Mr Gandhi on Ahimsa (A) Had Lalt Lajpat Rat first ascertained what I bad actually said on Ahimsa, his remarks in the diodera Review for last July would not have seen the light of day Lalaji rightly questions whether I actually made the statements imputed to mc He says, that if I did not, I should have contradicted them in the first place, I have not yet soco the papers which have reported the rcmarks in question, or those in which my remarks were writidsed Secondl; I must confess that I rould not undertake to correct all the crrors that creep into reports that appear in thc public press about my speeches Lalajis article has been much quoted in the Gujrati newspapers and magazines and it is per haps as well for me to explain my position llith doo deference to Lalaji, I must join issue with lim when he says that the elevation of the doctrine of Ahimsa to tho highest position contributed to the downfall of India There seems to bo do histonal warrant for the belief i Robala fra BA-7

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75 that an exaggerated practice of Ahimsa synchronised with our becoming bereft of manly virtues. During the past 1,500 years we have as a nation given ample 'proof of physical courage, but we have been torn by internal disseasions and have been dominated by love of self instead of love of country. We have, that is to say, been swayed by the spirit of irreligion rather than of religion I do know how far the charge of unmanliness can be made good against the Jains. I hold no brief for them. By birth I am a Vaishnavite, and was taught Ahimsa in my childhood I have derived much religious benefit from Jain religious works as I have from scriptures of the other great faiths of the world I owe much to the living company of the deceased philosopher Raichand Kavi who was a Jain by birth. Thus though my views on Ahimsa are a result of my study of most of the faiths of the world, they are now no longer dependent upon the authority of these works. They are a part of my life and if I suddenly discovered that the religious books read by me bore a different interpretation from the one I had learnt to give them, I should still hold the view of Abimsa as I am about to set forth here Our Shastaras seem to teach that a man who really practises Ahimsa in its fulness has the world at his feet; he so effects his surroundings that even the snakes and

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70 Tonomous reptiles do bim no harm This is said to have been the experience of St Francis of Assisi In its negative form it means not injuring any lirmg being whether by body of miod I may not thereforo hort the person of any wrong-doer, or bear any 171 will to him and so causc bim mental suffering This statement does not coversuffering caused to the trrong-doer by natural acts of mine which do not proceed from will it, therefore, docs not prevent me from with drawing from his presence a child whom he, we shall imagine, is about to strike Indeed the proper practice of Abiosa requires me to withdraw the intended netim from the wrong-doer if I am in any way whatsoever the guardian of such a child It was therofore most proper for the passive resisters of South Aina to hore resisted the evil that the Union Government sought to do to them They bore no ill will to it They showed this by helping the Goremment whenever it needed their help Their resistano consisted of disobedience of the orders of the Goiemment cren to the extent of sufler ing death at their hands Ahimsa requires deliberate injuring of the supposed wrong-doer in its positive form, Ahimsa means the largest lore, the greatest charity If I am a follower of Ahimsa I niust lore my enemy I must apply the rules to the wrong-doer iho is my caemy or a stranger to me as I would to my wrong-doing father and son This active Abimu) necessarily indudes truth and fearlessness Aman

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77 cannot deceive the loved one, he does not fear or frighten him or her. WUGT (Gist of life) is the greatest of all gifts. A man who gives it in reality, disarms all hostility. He has paved the way for an honourable understanding. And none who is himself subject to fear can bestows that gift He must therefore be himself fearless. A man cannot then practise Ahinsa and be a coward at the same time. The practice of Ahimsa calls forth the greatest courage It is the most soldierly of of soldier's virtues General Gordon has been represented in a famous statue as bearing only a stick. This takes us far on the road to Alimsa. But a soldier, who needs the protection of even a stick, is to that extent so much the less a soldier. He is the true soldier who knows how to die and hold his ground in the midst of a hail of bullets Such a one was Ambarish who stood his groud without lifting a finger, though Durvasa did his worst The Moors who were being powdered by the French gunners, rushed into the gun's mouths with 'Alah on their lips,' showed much the same type of courage. Only theirs was the courage of desperation Ambarish's was due to love Yet the Moorisb valour, readiness to die, conquered the gunners. They frantically waived their hats, ceased firing and greeted their erstwhile enemies as comrades And so the South African passive resisters in their thousands were ready to die rather than sell their honour for a little personal ease This was Ahimsa in its active form. It never barters away honour. A helpless girl in the hands of a follower

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28 Ahimsa finds better and surer protection than in the Qands of one who is prepared to defend her only to the point to which his roapons Tould carry hima The tyrant, in the first instance, will have to walk to his ricum over the dead body of her defender, in the second be bas but to overpower the defender for it is assumed that the canoon of propriety in the second instance will be satisfied when the defender has fought to the extent of his physical valour In the first instance as the defender has matched his very soul against the mere body of the tyrant, the odds arc that the sou) in the latter will be a frekened and the girl would stand an infinitely greater chance of her honour being protected than in 103 other conceitndie drcum stance bamug of course, that of her owT personal courage If yo ara unmanly to-day, Fre arc 80 not because to do not hook hor to strthc, but because we fear to die He is no follower of Vaharira, the apostle of Jaidism, or of Buddha or of the I edas, xbo bring afraid to dis, tales Night before any danger rcal or imaginary, all the whilc wishing that somebody else would remoro the danger dy destroying the person causmg it lots ao folloner of Abimasa (I agree with Lalaji) who doce not arc a simw if ho kill, a man by loches by deceiring him in trade, or who would protect by force of arms a few cows and make away with the butcher, or who to order to do a good to his country dorg not mlod

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79 killing off a few officials. All these are actuated by hatred, cowardice and fear. Here love of the cow or the country is a vague thing intended to satisfy one's vanity, or sooth a stinging conscience. Ahimsa, truly understood, is, in my humble opinion, a panacea for all evils mundane and extra-mundane. We can aever over-do it. Just at present we are not doing it at all. Ahimsa does not displace the practice of virtues, but renders their practice imperatively necessary before it can be practised even in its rudiments. Lalaji need not fear Ahimsa of his father's faith Mahavira and Buddha were soldiers, and so was Tolstoy. Only they saw deeper and truer into their profession, and found the secret of a true, happy, honourable and godly life Let us be joint sharers with these teachers, and this land of ours will once more be the abode of Gods. M. K GANDHI.

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THE RAJGRIH (Now Behar) PARSVANATA TEMPLE INSCRIPTION (B) (1) pa0 mama zrIpAravamAyAma / / meya proviputtAghamAmara girisyeya sthitisvIkRti patramaNiramAbhirAmabhumagAdhIspaTAsasyi ti / pAdAsInadiyaspati gumazanIkokti puppodgama mIsaMpAya davAnuvAzitaparI pIpAra haspadrumaH 1 (2) patra pomunipunasasya muSimosammamasa phevana payAmA napa rAmatAmaNarAsaMpAdinamImumA / bare paNtiApyatamatiharamI yAnimAM samaya prApu prazikamadhayAdi bhavimo vIrAma mI ramA / 2 (1) mahAmayaphumAramINAnidhampAdimA dhnaa'| maryAyasitisa bhogamumo mAtA dvipApi hi (5) yA pIviputAmidho'yamidharo mAra mAmApica pInendra vidArabhUpaNaparI pUrvApa rAgAstio / yo lokapi miriyAmitI mamya mupAte nRNAM soya rAmagRhAbhidhAnamida kI: kena mastUmate " (5) tApa maMsArApArapArAvAraparapApApaNamaNa mahAmaNI / pIrAmagradamadAsoya / gajendrAkAramadApotamamArapIpipusagiriviputa mApIThe masta mahopAtayaphutraptAmApiNyamaropimaMgarovinasipara saroge / murapApamovAdiperone madImanugAmagi / dIpa- miyogAmma gadhepu manipharayonA mrhteshvrsmpe| tadIyamevapha mada ma dAdIna sAdAmpena / pAdAya mirgaya pamiguNi raMga maamaaN| emoktikAnirata kurute murAmpa para bhutI papi gira gata putArA moya vimAzi mudhi maMtridAtoSa ga (C) deNe mutra pavitadho madamapAtApA pumuNma sA nampa mamAnasadagu mayAgArimAMga purAsammanumA namastugginupAti pratIto bhava samArampa kute pudhAgubhavale padAmidhAmo dhamora

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81 (7) tasyAtmajojani ca Thakkura maMDanAkhya saddharmakarmavidhiziSTajaneSu mukhya / ni sImazIlakamalAdiguNAlidhAma jajJe gRhesya gRhiNI 'thiradevi nAma // 7 (8) putrAstayo samabhavat bhuvane vicitrA paMcAtra saMtatibhUta suguNe pvitraa.| tatrAdimAstraya ime sahadevakAmadevAbhidhAmamaharAja iti pratItA // 8 (6) turya punarjayati saMprati ghaccharAja zrImAn subuddhi laghuvAMdhavadevarAja / yAbhyA naDAdhikatayA dhanapakapUrvadezepi dharmarathadhuryapadaM prapede / / (10) prathamamanavamAyA vaccarAjasya jAyA samajani ratanIti sphIti sannItirIti / prabhavati maharAja sadaguNazrIsamAja suta ita iha mukhyastatparacoDharAkhya - // 10 (11) dvitIyA ca priyA bhAti dhIdhIriti vidhipriyA / dhanasiMhAdayazcAsyA sutAbahuramAzritA // 11 (12) ajani ca dayitAdadhA devarAjasyarAjI guNamaNimaya tArA pArazRGgArasArA / sma bhavati tanujAto dhamasihotra dhuyastadanu ca guNa rAja.satkalAkeliyarya // 12 [13] aparamatha kalatra padhinI tasya gehe tata uruguNajAta SImarAjoMgajAta / prathama udita-padya payasiMho dvitIyastadapara,ghaDasiha putrikA cAccharIti / 13 (14) itaca zrIvarddhamAnajinazAsanamUlakandaH puNyAtmanAM samupadarzita muktimaMda siddhAMtasUtraracakogaNabhRtsudharmanAmAjani prathamako'trayuga pradhAna 14 (15) tasyAnvaye samabhavaddazapUriyajamvAmI manobhavamahI gharabhedavA / yasmAtparaM pravacane prasasAra dajamApA supAnasumana mapharA prabhAkhA 15

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(1) taspAmadaniza matIva vikAsavAyA pAnase vimAnasa phatAvitAsa / padapotamo gururamAdviyudho yadIye paTTomaniSTha suma 'nigaNivaddhamAma 1 . (10) sadA muvanApAtamyAtAyadAtaguNottara puparaNAmAmUri sUriyamava mimesvara / varatara ti myAti yasmAdavAe gaNoparya pari manakApe pIpa-dugaNo vanI 10 (18) tata pIminacaMdrAlyo gamava muniegA / saMvaigaraMgaNAta yasakAra cabamAra ca 18 (18) manusvA prapadApare panita gropArada pimsAmapi nAphA riNa myAnenaMta muravodaya vivaraNaM carcA mavAgyAka sImatomapadevam riguravamsenA pura jahire para (20)-minavamama-zAganIpAsamo- priya poya guru gaurava paripuTena sodhopama nipIpa giramo dhunApi kumate ma phasAra 20 (21) sApaTTe minadArizamayadayogIzarAmapirmita nirudadarzana--rikapAmpadegi mugu romeM moma madhya puraSA satAM mugAjAnapripA magama 21 (22) rA para cozinadramariyaMbhava nisaMga guNastara nitA maNirmAmasane padoyugasa dAmAdiya mAgyApAra (23) pa tapapagate sumAdhamamapi pratyApi gAna mAMga giripumapi propadRSTAMta pATevAdigAmArapathi pamA myAsa te gAgIrapuMgavA minAgapuNyA yamaguratA 2 // (29) ma jinevaripatIya TimamA gomAmA bhuvi vidhimAphamatAmA madizA niryAta pigimunA (2) mina podhA samAyodhA jana viramanirApApA ra po puraSapApa gadra parcA pamapUrNa /

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83 (26) ni dhAno gobhi pragati jAdhInA digasti mamayajyogI ramadagaphanAlidila dotatapaTe pratistatama pugratama tinayInono caMdro gati minacadro ratipati , 26 (27) prAkaTapa paMcamAre dadhati vidhipa nIdirAmaprakAre dharmAvAre musAre vipulagiridhara mAnataMge vikAra katyA myApanAM zrIma jinapate yena maviryagobhitri cakatyA jiphugatagunastatpade nAyagobhi 27 (28) vApi yatra gaNanAyaphalamiphAtAM ye noTilokya marasA huTi gAradApi / sobhAgyata' saramasaM vinarAma moya jagatastato munipatirjina para sUri // 28 // (28) dRSTApaTa muviziSTanijAnya zAstravyAgyAnamamyagayadhAnanidhAna mida tato'sta kanikAla janAsamAnamAnakiyATijinalabdhiyugapradhAna // 29 (30) tasyAsane vijayate samasarighaI mAyA gagira pAra japacAracarya grIjainazAsanavikAsanabharidhAmA kAmApanodanamanA jincndrnaamaa| 20 (31) tatkopadeza vazataH prabhupArzvanAthaprAsAdamuttamamaco karata - / zrIvihArapura sthiti baccharAjaH zrIsiddhaye sumati sodaradevarAja. // 31 (32) mahena guruNA cAtra yaccharAja. savAdhava. / pratiSThA kArayAmAsa maDanAnyaya maMDana / 32 (33) zrIjinacandrasUrIndrA yepo sayamadAyakA , zAstra pyadhyApakAstu grITinalabdhiyatIzvarAH, 33 (34) karttAroca pratiSThAyAste upAdhyAya pugayA / zrImaMtobhuvana hitA 3 bhidhAnA guru zAsanAt , 34 (35) na yanacandrapayonidhibhUmite vrajati vikamabhUbhRdanehasi / gahulapaSTi dine zuci mAsage mahamacIkaradenamayaM sudhI, 35

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84 (36) ghoSAzvanAvajina nAyasAya madhpaH prAsAda epa kaladhva jama piDato' / nirmApakosya gukhotra kRtapratiSThA maMdaMtu upasahitA supratiSThA / 56 (21) grIma sibhuvanahitAmiderupaye mazaspirezana kRtyA T vRtA likhitA prokIsi riva sUrmA / 37 Takkura mAdAgamena purayAyeM / vaijJAnika (38) uINA bhAvakavareNa vodhaHmidhAmana pa8 iti vima mat 1412 bhASAda yadi 6 dine / pokharataragadvAra gurupratidhari paTTAkAra prominendrasUriyA roma ghomaMji vaMzamana 80 maiDamanaMdanAmyo | zrImunA pApApAnAM paM0 haripramati / modati gaNi / pa giri / pradhAnapati sahitAnAM pUrva dayavidArayomahAtoya yAtrA maMtra NAdimahAprabhAvanayA sakalaprovidhi yasamAnaMdanAmpo, 80 rAja 30 devarAma mudhAvakAmyo bAri puzasti, zubhaM bhavatu zrIsaMpampa // 6 // * 1.4 10 . 74

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ERRATA. 231 2. for overalcd r can overrated. 29 15 for scibe >can scribe. p 481 froin bottom, add note 3 The 1.me of Lalitadevi surures in the Lalita. Sarovara, a reservoir constructed by her husbandat Satrunjayainler honour. P 54 1 1 for operation icad operations, P 58, 1. from botlom, for relied read relieved P 62, 1 5 from bottoin Insert to be tween dedicated and Parsvanatha P. 63,1 7 for plundred read plundered, p 65, 1 14 for. They read The. P 67, l. 7. for Thaknr rcad Thakur. P 70, 1. 6 for testify my acad testify my. P 72, i 4 delete fuilstop ailer Surat Singh and insert comma P. 76, 1 7. for coversuffering read cover suffering. P. 77, l. 9. delete of. P. 78,9 1 23 for dy read by. P 79, 7. for aever read never.