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________________ zramaNa jJAna-mImAMsA - prophesara bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' zramaNa saMskRti meM samyak jJAna kA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA samyak cAritra kA / ye samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra samyagdarzana para pratiSThita rahate haiM isalie nirvANa ko sAdhanA ina tInoM mahAstambhoM para avalambita hai / mahAvIra aura buddha donoM mahApuruSoM ne ratnatraya aura ASTAGgika mArga ko isI uddezya se prastuta kiyA thA tAki jIvana meM sAdhya aura sAdhana adhikAdhika vizuddha raha sakeM / isalie unhoMne parIkSAvAdI hone ke lie Agraha kiyA hai / AtmA athavA citta kA guNa 'vijAnana' mAnA gayA hai, jahA~ vijAnana hotA hai vahA~ darzana bhI hotA hai / ata: jJAna aura darzana AtmA kA guNa hai / para padArthoM kA jJAna hone para sAkAra hone ke kAraNa use jJAna kahate haiM aura jaba vaha mAtra caitanya rUpa rahatA hai taba use darzana kahate hai / yaha darzana nirAkAra aura caitanyAkAra rahatA hai / eka padArtha se dUsare padArtha ke upayoga meM pravRtta hone ke bIca kI nirAkAra avasthA darzana hai| bauddhadarzana meM ise nirvikalpaka kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana ise pramANa koTi se bAhara mAnatA hai / darzanopayoga nirAkAra aura nirvikalpa hotA hai jabaki jJAnopayoga sAkAra aura savikalpaka hotA hai| darzana meM sattA ko mAtra pratIti hotI hai aura usakA nirNaya jJAna karatA hai / " jJAna athavA pramANa jJAna pramA kA sAkSAt sAdhakatama hotA hai / jaina-bauddha darzana meM indriya sannikarSa Adi ko pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA kyoMki ve svayaM acetana haiN| pramANa lakSaNa kI tArkika paraMparA kA prAraMbha kaNAda se hokara akSapAda, vAtsyAyana, vAcaspatimizra aura udayanAcArya taka pahu~cA / nyAya-vaizeSika paraMparA meM kAraNa-zuddhi para vicAra karate hue viSaya bodhaka artha pada kA sanniveza kiyA gayA para svaprakAzakatva aura apUrvatA kA sanniveza nahIM ho sakA / mImAMsaka paraMparA ne aduSTakAraNArabdha, nirbAdhatva tathA apUrvArthatva vizeSaNoM se eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika paraMparA meM kathita kAraNa doSa ko dUra kara diyA vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha paraMparA ko bhI aMgIkAra kara liyaa| abhI taka nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka paraMparA meM svaprakAzakatva ko koI sthAna nahIM thA / bauddha naiyAyikoM ne isa kamI kI pUrti kI / diGnAga ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM " svasaMvitti" zabda dekara isakA sUtrapAta kiyA / vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kA yaha phala thA / dharmakIrti ne 'avisaMvAditva' vizeSaNa se vAtsyAyana aura kumArila kI bAta kaha dI tathA zAMtarakSita ne diGnAga aura dharmakIrti ko ekatrita karake paribhASA banA dI / jaina paraMparA meM samantabhadra aura siddhasena ne svaparAvabhAsaka pada se pramANa ke lakSaNa kI kamI kI pUrti kara dI, yadyapi boddha naiyAyikoM ne isakA pahale hI AbhAsa karA diyA thA / akalaMka ne dharma 1. sanmatiprakaraNa 2- 1; nyAyavinizcaya, 1 - 3; sarvArthasiddhi, 2-9.
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA 87 87 kIti kA anukaraNa kara pramANa ke lakSaNa meM 'avisaMvAdijJAnam' pada niyojita kiyaa| unakI daSTi yaha thI ki avisaMvAdatva pramANa kI zarta honA caahie| jaise itrAdi meM rUpa, rasa, gaMdha Adi ke hone para bhI gandha ke Adhikya ke kAraNa use gandhavAn kahA jAtA hai| indriya dvArA jJAta viSaya itanA prAmANika nahIM ho sktaa| isalie unako parokSa ke antargata rakhA hai| avisaMvAdI jJAna vahI kahalAtA hai jisameM bAhya padArtha kI yathAvat pratIti athavA prApti ho| akalaMka ke pUrva bauddha paramparA kI sautrAntika aura vijJAnavAdI zAkhAoM ne jJAna kA dharma "svasaMveditva" svIkAra kara liyA thA / isalie diGnAga ne 'svasaMviditti" ko hI pramANa kA phala batAyA hai| uttarakAlIna AcAryoM meM vidyAnanda, hemacandra, mANikyanaMdi Adi prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne akalaMka kI paraMparA ko surakSita rkhaa| prabhAcaMda ne dhArAvAhika jJAna ko aprAmANika batAne ke lie 'apUrva' zabda kA saMyojana kiyaa| ___ pramANa ke lakSaNa meM jainAcArya bauddhAcAryoM se upakRta hue haiN| agRhItagrAhi-'apUrvArthaka vizeSaNa bhI bauddhoM kI hI dena hai| vidyAnanda ne 'avisaMvAda' ke khaNDana karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA para unhoMne jahA~ kahIM use svIkAra bhI kiyA / vastutaH svArthavyavasAya aura avisaMvAdi zabdoM meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM thaa| pramANa ko svaparAvabhAsaka honA Avazyaka hai| jaina-bauddha, donoM jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM para bauddha nirvikalpaka jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnate haiM aura yahI donoM ke bIca vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai / savikalpaka ko yadi apramANa mAnA jAya to anadhigata artha kA grAhaka na hone se to akalaMka kI dRSTi meM anumAna bhI pramANa koTi se bAhara ho jAyagA / bauddhoM ne isake uttara meM kahA ki isa sthiti meM to pUrva nizcita artha kI smRti bhI pramANa ke kSetra meM A jAyagI / akalaMka ne isakA uttara dete hue yaha spaSTa kiyA ki yadi smRti bhI viziSTa jJAna karAtI hai to vaha bhI pramANa hai / itane vivAda ke vAvajUda donoM dArzanika svapratyakSavAdI haiM aura AtmA-jJAna meM abhedavAdI haiN| jaina darzana kAraka vyavahAra ko kalpita mAnate haiN| vaha pramANa koTi se bAhara hai| eka hI vastu ko hama vivakSA ke bheda se kartA-karma-karaNa Adi nizcita karate haiM / isa vivakSA meM jaina dArzanika anekAntAtmakatA ko AdhAra mAnakara tat tat vyavahAra ko kAraNa mAnate haiM jabaki bauddha dArzanika vivakSA ke mUla meM vAsanA ko svIkAra karate haiN|' jJAna aura sukha meM kyA bheda hai yaha bhI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| dharmakIrti ke anusAra jJAna aura sukha meM koI bheda nahIM kyoMki vijJAna aura sukha kI utpatti ke kAraNa samAna haiN| jaina dArzanika isa tathya ko dravyArthika dRSTi se to svIkAra kara lete haiM para paryAyadRSTi se ve yaha kahate haiM ki jJAna aura sukha eka hI AtmA kI bhinna-bhinna paryAya haiM / ataH unheM ekAntika rUpa se bhinna yA abhinna nahIM kaha sakate / ve kathaJcit bhinna haiM aura kathaJcit abhinna haiM / jaina-bauddha, donoM darzana sukhAdi ko caitanyarUpa aura svasaMvidita mAnate haiM isameM koI vivAda nhiiN| jaina-bauddha donoM ne sannikarSa ko pramANa nahIM mAnA / 3 sannikarSa ke prakAroM meM samavAya vizeSa 1. pramANavArtika, 2,319; nyAyAvatAravAtikavRtti, pR0 17 / 2. nyAyAvatAra vArtikavRtti, pR0 20; pramANavArtika 2.268 / 3. nyAmakumudacandra, pR0 29; pramANavArtika, 2.316, vizeSa dekhiye lekhaka ko pustaka "jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa, pR0 190 /
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________________ 88 pro0 bhAgacandra jaina vivAda kA kAraNa rahA hai| dharmakIrti Adi bauddhAcAryoM ne samavAya ko nimna kAraNoM se asvIkAra kiyA hai 1. vaha atIndriya hai, pratyakSagrAhya nhiiN| avayava viSayaka pratIti vAsanA vaza hotI hai, vastukRta nhiiN| 2. pratIti ke mUla meM AdhArAdheyabhAva yA tanmUlaka samavAya na hokara kAryakAraNa bhAva hai| 3. dravya aura guNa kA bhI bheda nahIM hai| isalie 'ghaTe rUpam' isa pratIti ke bala para bhI samavAya siddha nahIM hotaa| samavAya ke abhAva meM bhI yaha pratIti banI rahatI hai| 4. samavAya yadi svatantra padArtha hai to usakA sambandha dUsare dravya se kaise ho pAyegA? eka aura samavAya mAnane para anavasthA doSa hogaa| 5. mImAMsakoM kA rUparUpitva bhI lagabhaga aisA hI hai / 6. sAMkhyoM ne bhI samavAya kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina dArzanika bhedAbhedavAdI haiM / ve naiyAyikoM ke samavAya ke khaNDana meM bauddhAcAryoM kA hI anu. karaNa karate haiN| unake mata se samavAya dravya kA eka paryAya mAtra hai|' jaina-bauddhoM ne sannikarSa ko samAna AdhAra para pramANa nahIM mAnA / bauddhoM ne to zrotra ko bho aprApyakArI mAnA hai| kumArila ne indriyoM ke vyApAra ko sannikarSa kahakara sannikarSa kA artha hI badala diyaa| yahAM saMprayoga kA artha hai-Rju deza sthiti aura indriya kI yogyatA / jainoM ne isI ko svIkAra kiyA hai para yogyatA kA artha dUsarA kara diyaa| unake anusAra yogyatA kA artha haijJAnAvaraNa ke dUra hone se utpanna zakti vizeSa / yahI jJAna kA kAraNa hai| pramANa ke saMdarbha meM bauddhadarzana dvArA mAnya nirvikalpaka jJAna kI bhI carcA karanA Avazyaka hai / vastu kA svalakSaNa aura sAmAnya lakSaNa ke anusAra pramANa ke do bheda haiM-pratyakSa aura anumAna / kalpanA se rahita nirdhAnta jJAna ko pratyakSa kahate haiM aura abhilASa arthAt zabda viziSTa pratIti ko kalpanA kahate haiN| pratyakSa kA viSaya svalakSaNa hai aura vaha kSaNika hai isalie pratyakSa meM zabdasaMsRSTa artha kA grahaNa saMbhava nahIM hai / nAma dete-dete vaha vilIna ho jAtA hai| taba hama use savikalpaka kaise kaha sakate haiM ? aura phira artha meM zabdoM kA rahanA saMbhava nahIM hai aura na artha aura zabda kA tAdAtmya saMbandha hI hai / aisI dazA meM artha se utpanna hone vAle jJAna meM jJAna ko utpanna na karane vAle zabda ke AkAra kA saMsarga kaise raha sakatA hai ? kyoMki jo jisakA janaka nahIM hotA, vaha usake AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM krtaa| jaise rasa se utpanna hone vAlA rasajJAna apane ajanaka rUpa Adi ke AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM karatA aura indriya jJAna kevala nIla Adi artha se hI utpanna hotA hai, zabda se utpanna nahIM hotaa| taba vaha zabda ke AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM kara sakatA aura jaba zabda ke AkAra ko vaha dhAraNa nahIM kara sakatA, taba vaha zabdagrAhI kaise ho sakatA hai kyoMki bauddhamata ke anusAra jo jJAna jisake AkAra nahIM hotA vaha usakA grAhaka nahIM hotA (ataH jo jJAna artha se saMsRSTa zabda ko 1. tattvArthazlokavAtika pR0 20 / 2 nyAyakumudavandra, pR0 31 /
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA pAcaka rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, vahI savikalpaka hai, anya nhiiN| yaha bAta pratyakSa jJAna meM saMbhava nahIM hai / ataH nirvikalpaka pratyakSa hI pramANa hai|' jaina dArzanika ise svIkAra nahIM karate / unake mata meM nizcayAtmaka savikalpaka jJAna hI pramANa hai / jJAnadvaitavAdI, saMvedanAdvaitavAdI bauddhoM kA khaNDana karate hue unhoMne kahA ki nirvikalpaka jJAna nirAkAra hone se loka-vyavahAra calAne meM asamartha hote haiM aura usase padArtha kA nizcaya bhI nahIM hotaa| jo svayaM nizcayAtmaka nahIM hai vaha nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko utpanna kaise kara sakatA hai / ataH nirvikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa nahIM / mithyAjJAna ko pramANa koTi ke antargata nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya meM se viparyaya jJAna ke viSaya meM matabheda adhika hai| zuktikA hote hue bhI usameM rajatajJAna kaise ho jAtA hai ? yaha prazna dArzanikoM ke samakSa rahA hai / bAhyArthavAdI aura advaitavAdI dArzanikoM ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna apane-apane DhaMga se kiyA hai| sautrAntika aura mAdhyamika dArzanikoM ne viparyayajJAna ko 'asatkhyAtivAda' mAnA hai| unake anusAra sopa meM "yaha cA~dI hai" yaha pratibhAsa na jJAna kA dharma hai aura na artha kA / suSupti avasthA meM hone vAle pratibhAsa ke samAna yaha pratibhAsa asat kA hI pratibhAsa hai| vastu kA svabhAva hI niHsvabhAva hai| parantu jainAcArya ise nahIM maante| unakA kahanA hai ki AkAzakusuma kI taraha asat kA pratibhAsa honA hI saMbhava nahIM hai| jJAna aura artha meM vaicitrya mAne binA bhrAnti kA janma ho nahIM sakatA ataH asatkhyAtivAda ThIka nhiiN| ___ yogAcAravAdiyoM ne isa viparyayajJAna ko AtmakhyAtivAda kahA hai| unake anusAra bhrama do prakAra ke haiM-mukhya bhrama aura prAtibhAsika bhrama / sabhI jJAna bhrAnta hote haiM para hama unheM abhrAnta mAnakara calate haiN| sIpa meM 'yaha cA~dI hai' yaha jJAna kA hI AkAra hai jo anAdikAlIna avidyA vAsanA ke bala se bAhara meM pratibhAsita hotA hai / isalie ise AtmakhyAti kahA jAtA hai| savikalpaka jJAna vastutaH indriyajanya nahIM balki manojanya hai| jainAcArya ise svIkAra nahIM karate / yadi anAdi avidyA vAsanA ke kAraNa svAtmaniSTha jJAnAkAra kA pratibhAsa bahiHsthita rUpa se huA mAnate haiM taba to yaha viparIta khyAti hI huI, kyoMki jJAna se abhinna cA~dI vagairaha ke AkAra kA viparIta rUpa se arthAt bahiHsthita rUpa se adhyavasAya hotA hai / jaina darzana naiyAyikoM ke samAna vipadIkhyAtivAdI hai / usake anusAra indriyAdi doSa ke kAraNa zuktikA meM rajata kA pratyaya hotA hai / bAhyArtha rajata nahIM, zuktikA hai / ataeva yaha pratyaya viparyaya hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika jJAna ko svasaMvedI mAnate haiM / unake anusAra padArthajJAna ke lie 1. nyAyakumudacandra, pR0 46; nyAyavinizcaya, pR0 11; tattvasaMgraha, pR0 390; jaina nyAya, pR0 64-65 / 2. rAjavArtika, 1.12 / 3. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 49; nyAyakumudacaMdra, pR0 60 / 4. rAjavArtika, 1.12 / 12
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________________ pro0 bhAgacandra jaina anya jJAna ke sahAyatA kI avazyakatA nhiiN| jJAna 'sva' ko jAnatA hai isalie 'artha' ko jAnatA hai / 'sva' ko na jAnane vAlA 'artha' ko nahIM jAna sakatA / svasaMvedana ko hI pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| aba hama paJcajJAnoM kI tulanA para pahuMcate haiN| jJAna ke bheda matijJAna aura cittavIthi padArthajJAna-prakriyA ke kSetra meM jaina darzana kA matijJAna aura bauddhadarzana kI cittavIthi donoM kA samAna mahattva hai| donoM darzanoM meM sAmAnya vyakti ke jJAna meM padArtha kA nizcayIkaraNa kisa prakAra hotA hai aura use kitanI avasthAyeM pAra karanI par3atI haiM, isakA samucita jJAna matijJAna aura cittavIthi ke mAdhyama se hI ho pAtA hai / ina donoM kI tulanA yahA~ draSTavya hai| matijJAna jainadarzana ke anusAra matijJAna aura zrutajJAna pratyeka jIva meM hote haiN| matijJAna 'para' kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai aura isa para meM jar3a rUpa dravya, indriyA~, mana, Aloka, upadeza Adi bAhya nimitta pramukha haiN|' isa jJAna ko parokSa kahA gayA hai| akalaMka ne isI ko ekadeza ekadezataH spaSTa hone ke kAraNa sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahA hai / 2 sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / sattA kA pratibhAsa hone para manuSyatva Adi rUpa se arthagrahaNa 'avagraha hai| cakSu Adi indriyoM aura ghaTAdi padArthoM kA jaba prathama samparka hotA hai taba use 'darzana' kahate haiN| isa prakAra kA darzana vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai| bAda meM vastu ke AkAra Adi kA nirNaya hone para usI jJAna ko avagraha kahA gayA hai / avagraha ke do bheda haiM-vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / vastu kA aspaSTa grahaNa vyaMjanAvagraha hai aura spaSTa grahaNa arthAvagraha hai| vyaMjanAvagraha sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa aura zrotra iMdriyoM se hotA hai / ve indriyA~ viSaya se sambaddha hokara hI use jAnatI haiN| arthAvagraha vaise pAMcoM indriyoM aura mana se hotA hai para vizeSataH cakSu aura mana aprApta artha ko grahaNa karate haiM / vIrasena ne do anya nAma sujhAye haiM-vizadAvagraha aura avizadAvagraha / vizadAvagraha nirNayAtmaka hotA hai aura vaha IhAdi jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa banatA hai| avizadAvagraha meM bhASAdi vizeSoM kA grahaNa nahIM ho pAtA, puruSa mAtra kA grahaNa hotA hai| yahA~ akalaMka Adi AcAryoM ne avagraha ko nirNayAtmaka hI mAnA hai| darzana aura avagraha ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI isI prakAra AcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM meM matabheda hai jinheM hama yahA~ carcA kA viSaya nahIM banA rahe haiN| 'yaha manuSya hai' aisA jAnane ke bAda usakI bhASAdi vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa yaha saMdeha hotA hai 'yaha puruSa dakSiNI hai yA pazcimI', isa prakAra ke saMzaya ko dUra karate hue 'IhA' jJAna kI utpatti hotI hai / usameM nirNaya kI ora jhukAva hotA hai| yaha jJAna jitane vizeSa ko jAnatA hai, utanA vaha nizcayAtmaka hai| ataH ise saMzayAtmaka nahIM kaha sakate / 'yaha manuSya dakSiNI honA cAhie' isa 1. sarvArthasiddhi, 1.11 / 2. laghIyastraya kArikA, 3 / 3. dhavalA, 9, pR0 144-145 /
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA 91 prakAra sadbhUta padArtha kI ora jhukatA huA jJAna 'IhA' hai| 'IhA' jJAna ke bAda AtmA meM grahaNazakti kA itanA vikAsa ho jAtA hai ki vaha bhASA Adi vizeSatAoM dvArA yaha yathArthaM jJAna kara letA hai ki 'yaha manuSya dakSiNI hI hai'| isI jJAna ko 'avAya' yA 'apAya' kahA jAtA hai / isake bAda avAya dvArA gRhIta padArtha ko saMskAra ke rUpa meM dhAraNa kara lenA tAki kAlAntara meM usakI smRti ho sake, dhAraNA hai / padArtha jJAna kA yahI krama hai| jJAta vastu ke jJAna meM yaha krama bar3I druta gati se calatA hai / cittavothi citta paramparA ko cittavIthi kahate haiM / ' citta ko vibhinna sthitiyoM se paricita hone kA yaha sundara sAdhana hai / bauddha darzana meM padArthoM ko chaH bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, sparza (kAya) aura mana / isa prakAra yahA~ padArtha- jJAna kI prakriyA chaH prakAra se mAnI jAtI hai - cakSudvAravIthi, zrotradvAravIthi, ghrANadvAravIthi, jihvAdvAravIthi, kAyadvAravIthi evaM manodvAravIthi / prathama pA~ca vothiyA~ bAhyAlambana ko lekara pravRtta hotI haiM / ye bAhyAlambana cAra prakAra ke haiM-atimahada, mahada, parItta (alpasUkSma) aura atiparItta / Alambana ke abhinipAta se lekara usake nirodha taka hone vAle cittakSaNoM kI gaNanA ke AdhAra para ye nAma diye gaye haiM / ina vIthiyoM ko abhidharma meM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - paMcadvAravIthi aura manodvAravIthi / donoM kA padArthajJAna prakriyA meM upayoga hotA hai| paMcadvAravIthi meM pA~ca indriyoM se yaha kriyA hotI hai / yaha koI paricita manuSya hai aura amuka nAma kA hai; aisA jJAna hone ke pUrva nimnalikhita mAnasika aura indriyagata kriyAyeM hotI haiM 1. bhavaMga - cakSu indriya ke kSetra meM rUpAlambana ke Ane ke eka kSaNa pUrva kI mAnasika dazA / isameM mana pravAha rahita hotA hai / ise atIta abhaMga bhI kahate haiM / 2. bhavaMga calana - indriya patha meM viSaya ke Ate hI mana prakampita ho uThatA hai / 3. bhavaMga viccheda - mana kA pUrva pravAha samApta ho jAtA hai, upasthiti Alambana ke kAraNa / 4. paMca dvArAvajjana- isake bAda citta pravAha Alambana kI ora abhimukha hotA hai aura pA~coM indriyAM use grahaNa karane ke lie sajaga ho uThatI haiM / 5. cakkhuvijJANa - cakSu ke kSetra meM rUpAlambana ke Ane para cakSu indriya apanA kArya karane lagatI hai / isa kArya meM cakSu dvArA rUpa kA sparzAtmaka darzana mAtra cakSu vijJAna kahalAtA hai / 6. samparicchanna - cakSu vijJAna ke bAda mana usa viSaya ko grahaNa karane ke lie pravRtta hotA hai / isa sthiti meM 'yaha kucha hai' itanA mAtra vaha jAna pAtA hai / 7. santIraNa - 8. vopana - pUrva dRSTa viSaya ke varNa, AkAra, prakAra Adi ke viSaya meM samyak vicAra karanA / isa avasthA meM mana usa padArtha kA nirdhAraNa kara letA hai| mana kI yaha vinizvayAtmaka pravRtti hai / 1, a. saM. pa. dI, pR0 121 / 2. a. saM. vibhA. pR. 105 //
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________________ 92 pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 9. javana- zIghratA ke sAtha gamana ko javana kahate haiN| isa avasthA meM mana kA jJAta Alambana ke sAtha grahaNa-tyAga ke rUpa meM sIdhA paribhogAtmaka saMbaMdha ho jAtA hai| 10. tadAramaNa- isa avasthA meM mana Alambana ke viSaya meM apanI anubhUtiyA~ aMkita karatA hai| isake bAda bhavaMgapAta ho jAtA hai arthAt tadviSayagata vIthi kA avarodha ho jAtA hai| ina daza avasthAoM ke vyatIta hone ke bAda hI indriya aura mana Alambana ko jAna pAte haiN| manodvAravIthi meM do prakAra ke Alambana hote haiM-vibhUta (spaSTa) aura avibhUta (aspaSTa) citta kI zakti kI apekSA se Alambana ke ina do bhedoM kA abhidhAna huA hai / citta yadi nirmala hotA hai, samAdhi kI prabalatA se to Alambana usameM vibhUta rUpa se pratibimbita ho uThatA hai aura yadi citta samAdhi ko durbalatA se nirmala nahIM huA to Alambana usameM aspaSTa banA rahatA hai| ___ Alambana aura viSaya pravRtti samAnArthaka haiN| indriyA~ aura rUpa ke sAtha hI Aloka aura manasidvAra, ina cAra prakAra ke pratyayoM ke hone para hI cakSurvijJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| isI saMdarbha meM pratyeka citta kI utpAda, sthiti aura bhaMga ye tIna avasthAyeM banAyI gaI haiN| ina tInoM avasthAoM ke sammilita rUpa ko kSudra-kSaNa yA ekacitta kSaNa kahate haiN| isa ekacitta kSaNa meM utpAda-sthiti bhaMga itanI zIghratA se pravRtta hote haiM ki eka accharA ( cuTakI bajAne yA palaka jhapane jitanA kAla ) meM ye lAkhoM-karor3oM bAra utpanna hokara niruddha ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra ke 17 cittakSaNoM kA kAla rUpadharma kI Ayu hai / arthAt nAmadharma aura rUpadharma samAna rUpa se anitya aura saMskRta hone para bhI nAmadharmoM kI Ayu alpa aura rUpadharmoM kI Ayu dIrgha hotI hai| isa antara kA kAraNa yaha hai ki nAmarUpa dharmoM meM mahAbhUta pradhAna hote haiM jo svabhAvataH guru haiN| sambaddha dvAra meM hone vAle ghaTTana ko hI 'abhinipAta' kahA jAtA hai| rUpAlambana kA cakSuprasAda se saMghaTana hone para 'manodvAra' nAmaka bhavaMgacita ( hRdaya ) meM usa Alambana kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| citta kA prAdurbhAva bhI vastu, Alambana evaM manasikAra Adi saMbaddha kAraNoM ke saMnipAta hone para svataH ho jAtA hai / bauddhadharma meM citta ke sAtha hI 'manovijJAna dhAtu' kA bhI AkhyAna huA hai jise anya cittoM kI apekSA vizeSa rUpa se jAnane vAlI dhAtu mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra cakSugata viSaya vijAnana prakriyA meM cakSurvastu, hRdayavastu, cakSurdAra, rUpAlambana, cakSurvijJAna tathA cakSurdhAra ke sAtha atimahad Adi caturvidha viSaya-pravRtti kAma karatI hai| zrotradvAravIthi Adi meM bhI isI prakAra kA krama hotA hai| tulanA uparyukta daza avasthAoM meM bhavaMga se bhavaMgaviccheda taka kI kriyAyeM vIthi ke pUrvakRtya haiM / ataH unheM citta nahIM kahA gyaa| citta kI kriyA paMcadvArAvajjana se prArambha hotI hai aura saMpaTicchanna avasthA taka mAtra yahI jAnA jAtA hai ki 'upasthita viSaya kucha hai'| jainadarzana meM isI ko avagraha kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra cakSurvijJAna vyaMjanAvagraha kA nAmAntara hai jisameM darzana nirvikalpAtmaka rahatA hai aura saMpaTicchanna ko arthAvagraha kahA jA sakatA hai jisameM vastu vizeSa kA svarUpa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isI rUpa meM santIraNa ko IhA kA, voTapana ko avAya kA aura javana tathA tadArambhaNa ko dhAraNA kA nAmAntara mAnA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA 1-3. bhavaMga se bhavaMga viccheda taka-vIthi ke pUrva kRtya haiM ataH ve citta nahIM / 4. paMcadvArAvajjana = darzana 5. cakSurvijJAna = vyaMjanAvagraha avagraha 6. sampaTicchanna = arthAvagraha 7. santIraNa IhA 8. vaTThapana avAya 9. javana 10. tadAraMbhaNa dhAraNA jainadarzana prArambha se hI cakSu aura mana ko aprApyakArI mAnatA A rahA hai aura zeSa indriyoM ko prApyakArI / parantu bauddha darzana isa viSaya meM eka mata nhiiN| sthaviravAdI abhidharma darzana sabhI iMdriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnatA-sA dikhAI detA hai para uttaravAdI darzanoM meM isake saMbaMdha meM matabheda ho gyaa| sautrAntika aura vaibhASika jainadarzana ke samAna cakSu ko aprApyakArI mAnate haiM, vijJAnavAdI use cakSurvijJAna kA kArya svIkAra karate haiM aura zUnyavAdI cakSu, zrotra aura mana, sabhI ko aprApyakArI batAkara unakA pratiSedha kara dete haiN| vijJAnavAdI ke anusAra dekhane kA kArya cakSu nahIM, cakSurvijJAna karatA hai para vaibhASika use aprApyakArI hI mAnate haiN| sautrAMtika nirvyApAra' kI bAta karate haiN|' zUnyavAdI Aryadeva cAra mahAbhUtoM aura cAra upAdAna bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlA ghaTa-cakSu dvArA saMpUrNataH dikhAI nahIM detaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne to cakSurAdika indriyoM kI sattA ko hI asvIkAra kara diyA, vijJAna kI asaMbhavanIyatA batAte hue aura Age cakSu ko aprApyakArI siddha karane meM lagabhaga vahI saba tarka prastuta kiye jo jaina darzana karatA hai| samacA bauddha darzana zrotra ko bhI aprApyakArI kahatA hai aura usake pIche usakA tarka yaha hai ki vaha dUravartI zabda ko suna letA hai, parantu jaina-darzana eka mata se zrotra ko prApyakArI kahatA hai| usake anusAra zrotra dUra se zabda nahIM sunatA, balki vaha to nAka kI taraha apane deza meM Aye hue zabda pudgaloM ko sunatA hai| zabda vagaMNAyeM kAna ke bhItara hI pahu~cakara sunAI detI haiN| yadi kAna dUravartI zabda ko sunatA to use kAna meM praviSTa macchara kA bhinabhinAnA nahIM sunAI denA cAhie kyoMki koI bhI indriya atinikaTavartI yA dUravartI donoM prakAra ke padArtha ko nahIM jAna sktii|3 jainadarzana mana ko bhI aprApyakArI mAnatA hai| para bauddhadarzana use svIkAra nahIM krtaa| jainadarzana meM mana ko anindriya aura antaHkaraNa bhI kahA gayA hai| vaha sUkSma aura indriyoM ke samAna niyata deza meM avasthita nahIM / vaha to Atmapradeza ke rUpa meM sarvatra zarIra meM avasthita rahatA hai| hRdayasthAna meM ATha pAMkhur3I ke kamala ke AkAra vAlA hai| yaha dravya mana hai| saMkalpavikalpAtmaka rUpa jJAna bhAva mana hai| 1. abhidharmakoSa, gAthA 42-43 2. catuHzatakam, 313-314 3. tattvArtharAjavArtika, 1.19
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________________ pro0 bhAgacandra jaina bauddhadharma meM mana ke lie citta aura vijJAna jaise zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| use bahuta kucha AtmA kA sthAna diyA gayA hai / cintana guNa se viziSTa jo bhAga hai vahI citta hai' / citta kI vividha pravRttiyoM ko caitasika kahA jAtA hai| vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna bhI caitasika kahalAte haiM / ina cAroM ko 'nAma' ko saMjJA dI gaI hai / isake atirikta eka 'rUpa' nAmaka jar3a padArtha bhI hai| ina nAma aura rUpa ke saMyoga se sattva kI saMracanA hotI hai| jainadarzana meM jise dravyamana kahA hai-bauddhadarzana meM usI ko hRdayavastu kahA hai| vastu kA artha Azraya hai| paJcadvArAvajjana aura sampaTicchanna nAmaka manodhAtuyeM hRdaya kA Azraya lekara hI pravRtta hotI haiM / manovijJAnadhAtu kA bhI Azraya hRdaya vastu hI hai| bheda yaha hai ki jainadarzana mana ko paudgalika mAnatA hai para bauddhadarzana use podgalika svIkAra nahIM krtaa| sparzana indriya sarva zarIra vyApI hai| prasAda rUpa guNadharma aura sabhI saMsArI jIvoM ke hotI hai / sparza usakA viSaya hai| bauddhadarzana meM indriyoM ko caitasika ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| cAra mahAbhUtoM ke Azraya se unakI utpatti mAno gaI hai| jainadharma meM nAmakarma unakI utpatti meM kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| jihvA ko bauddhadarzana meM sanidarzana evaM sapratigha prasAda rUpa kahA gayA hai| buddhaghoSa ne ise kamaladala AkAra ke pradeza meM sthita batAyA hai aura mUlAcAra meM ardhacandrAkAra athavA khurapA ke samAna mAnA hai| ghrANa cAturmahAbhUtaja, prasAda rUpa, guNamAtra, anidarzana tathA sapratigha hai / buddhaghoSa ne ise ghrANa vivara ke bhItara bakarI ke khura kI banAvaTa kA mAnA hai tathA zivArya ne atimuktaka puSpa jaisA kahA hai| isI prakAra buddhaghoSa ne kramazaH cakSu aura zrotra ko UkA ke zira barAbara tathA aMguliveSTana kI AkRtivAlA aura zivArya ne masUra aura jo kI nalI jaisA batAyA hai| isa prakAra matijJAna aura cittavIthi ke bIca yaha saMbhAvya tulanA kA eka citra hamane prastuta kiyA hai| cittavIthi ke javananiyamoM kI tulanA jainadharma ke kSipragrAhitva ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| viSaya-vijAjana prakriyA meM bauddhadharma choTI-choTI avasthAoM kA citraNa karatA hai para jainadharma unako cAra avasthAoM meM hI samAhita kara detA hai| donoM darzanoM meM isa prakAra kI tulanA ke lie aneka viSaya haiM jina para vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| jainadharma ke karmagrantha bauddhadharma ke abhidharmapiTaka se pUrvatara haiM / ataH bahuta kucha saMbhAvanA yahI hai ki jainadharma kA prabhAva bauddhadharma ke abhidharmapiTaka para rahA hogaa| avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna __ jainadharma ke avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna ko abhijJAoM meM khojA jA sakatA hai| samAdhiprAbalya ke kAraNa zakti tIvra ho jAne se vizeSa rUpa se jAnane vAlA rUpAvacarapaJcama dhyAnagata jJAna 1. cetanA haM bhikkhave kammaM vadAmi, aM. ni. 3, pR. 415 2. visuddhimagga, pR. 311 3. visuddhimagga, pR0 311. 4. vahI, pR0 311 : mUlAcAra, 1091.
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA hI 'abhijJA' hai / isa avasthA meM pAramitAoM kI prApti kara lI jAtI hai| isase nimna prakAra ke jJAna utpanna hote haiM 1. idvividha-aneka prakAra kI RddhiyoM se sampanna jJAna / bauddha sAhitya meM vizeSataH 10 prakAra kI RddhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 1. adhiSThAna Rddhi (eka hokara bhI aneka honA) 2. vikurvANa Rddhi-(nAnA rUpoM ko dhAraNa karanA) 3. manomaya Rddhi-(kAya ke bhItara usI taraha kA dUsarA rUpa dhAraNa karanA) Adi 4: divya dhotra-(deva bhUmi meM hone vAle zrotra ko sunanA) 5. paracitta vijJAna-dUsare ke cittoM ko jAnanA) 6. pubbenivAsAnusmRti (pUrva bhavoM kA jJAna honA ) 7. divya cakSu-(cyuti-utpAda-jJAna) 8. AzravakSayajJAna -- arhat mArgajJAna, inameM vikurvANa Rddhi aura manomaya Rddhi kramazaH vaikriyaka aura AhAraka zarIra jaise haiN| paracittavijJAna manaHparyAya jJAna se pubbenivAsAnusmRti se jAtismaraNa aura divyacakSu se avadhijJAna kI samAnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| kevalajJAna aura sarvajJatA AzravakSayajJAna kevalajJAna se milatA-julatA jJAna hai / karmAzravoM ke kSaya ho jAne para pUrNajJAna kI prApti hotI hai / yaha abhijJA lokottara mAnI gaI hai| prathama pA~ca abhijJAyeM laukika mAnI jAtI haiM / sAdhaka parama vizuddhi ko prApta karane ke bAda hI isa avasthA taka pahu~catA hai| divyacakSu prApta ho jAne para yaha avasthA milatI hai| ___ sarvajJatA aura kevalajJAna meM koI antara nhiiN| para yahA~ buddha kI sarvajJatA aura anya kI sarvajJatA ke bIca antara dikhAI detA hai| buddhetara sAdhakoM ke jJAna kA Alambana ekadeza rahatA hai jabaki buddha kA jJAna sarvavidha Alambana liye rahatA hai / isa jJAna ko "sabba tANa" kahA gayA hai (yaha jJAna buddha ke sivA aura kisI meM nahIM rhtaa)|' bauddhadharma meM buddha ne prArambha meM svayaM ko sarvajJa kahanA-kahalAnA ucita nahIM samajhA. para ve apane Apako 'vidya' kahA karate the (isI kA vikAsa uttara kAla meM dharmajJa aura tadanantara sarvajJa ko mAnyatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA) bauddha dharma sarvajJatA ke isa vikAsAtmaka itihAsa ko maiM anyatra prastuta kara cukA huuN| bauddhadarzana kA mantavya hai ki bhagavAn buddha kA jJAna sarvArthaviSayaka nahIM apitu heyopAdeya tattva viSayaka hai| saMsArI ke sarvArthaviSayaka jJAna na to saMbhava hai aura na hI usakI AvazyakatA hai| anyathA usake sarvajJa hone kA prasaMga upasthita ho jaayegaa| nirbhayasArthI ko sarvajJa hone kA prayojana 1. abhidhammatthasaMgaha, 3.58 2. Jainism is Buddhist Literature, P. 278-288.
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________________ pro0 bhAgacandra jaina kyA ? unheM to heyopAdeya jJAna honA cAhie / koTasaMkhyA parijJAna Adi kI upayogitA mAnI jAya to abhyAsa se tathAgata ke anuSTheya vastu kA sAkSAtkaraNa para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / tasmAdanuSTheyagataM jJAnamasya vicAryatAm / kITasaMkhyA parijJAnaM tasya naH kvopayujyate // ' / parantu jaina kahate haiM tathAgata ke anuSTheya vastu ke sAkSAtkaraNa meM pratyakSa-anumAna Adi pramANa vyartha siddha hote haiM / yadi isameM pratyakSa pramANa mAnA jAya to anuSThAna vyartha siddha ho jAtA hai kyoMki pramANa viSaya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hI anuSThAna kA prayojana hai aura jaba pratyakSa hai ho to sAkSAtkaraNatva meM anuSThAna kA kyA prayojana ? anumAna isalie nahIM ki pratibandhagrahaNa ke binA anuSThAna darzana saMbhava nhiiN| caturAryasatya kA jJAtA hone se buddha bhI 'azeSavAdo' kahe jA sakate haiM heyopAdeyatattvasya sAbhyupAyasya vedakaH / yaH pramANamasAviSTo na tu sarvasya vedakaH // 3 jainAcArya punaH uttara dete hue kahate haiM ki kITasaMkhyAparijJAna catusatya ke vyAkaraNa meM upayogI hai| yadi use na mAnA jAya to catUsatya kA upadeza hI asaMbhava ho jAyagA / kUpa ko dekhe binA kUpa meM jala nahIM hai, yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi kITasaMkhyAparijJAna ko upayogI nahIM mAnate to bhikSusaMkhyAparijJAna kI bho kyA AvazyakatA ? koTAdi cetanavarga kA jJAna puruSArthakara hai / anyathA buddha ko jagat hitaiSI kaise kahA jAyagA / " puruSArthakara yadi na mAnA jAya to upadeza vyartha ho jAyagA niravazeSa jJAna na hone se | __ anumAna ke abhyAsa se tatvadarzana nahIM ho sakatA anyathA rasAdi ke abhyAsa se andhA bhI rUpadarzana kara sakegA aura phira anumAna ko hI mAnate haiM to kaSAdi meM sarvajJatA kyoM nahIM mAnI jA sktii| isalie "pramANaM nAparaH" kathana ThIka nahIM / isa prakAra dharmajJa hI nahIM balki sarvajJa kI siddhi aparihArya hai| zakti kalpanA vastu ke sAmarthya ko zakti kahA jAtA hai| yaha sAmarthya kyA-kaisI hai, yaha matabheda kA viSaya hai| kAryakAraNa kI vyavasthA meM zakti ko kalpanA nihita hai| advaitavAdI kAryakAraNa ko sAMvRtika satya mAnate haiM aura bAhyArthavAdo use pAramArthika satya kahate haiN| mAdhyamika saMpradAya padArthoM ko niHsvabhAva mAnatA hai isalie vahA~ kAryakAraNabhAva kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| kAryakAraNabhAva kI 1. pramANavArtika, 2.3 / 2. nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, bhAga 1, pR0 10 / 3. pramANavArtika, 1.34 / 4. nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, bhAga 1, pR0 18, kArikA 48-52 / 5. pramANasamuccaya, 1.1 / 6. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, bhAga 1, kArikA 88-91 /
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA pUrti anAdikAlIna avidyA vAsanA se calA liyA jAtA hai| yahI vAsanA saMsAra ke vaicitrya kA kAraNa hai| jaina darzana meM mImAMsakoM ke samAna dravya meM eka atIndriya zakti kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| isa zakti kI tulanA hama artha paryAya se kara sakate haiN| arthaparyAya padArtha kI vaha sUkSma paryAya hai jo hamArI indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM ho paataa| vyaJjana paryAya padArtha kI sthUla paryAya hai jise indriyAM apanA viSaya banA letI haiN| arthaparyAya padArtha kI ananta zakti kA pratIka hai| isI ke bala para vaha aneka kArya karane meM samartha hotA hai|' vyaMjanaparyAya hI arthaparyAya nahIM ho sakate kyoMki unakA svarUpa to pratyakSa hai| parantu arthaparyAya kA bodha to kisI kArya ko dekhakara hI anumAna se hotA hai| paramANuvAda paramANuvAda para sRSTi-prakriyA AdhArita hai| jainadharma kA paramANuvAda aura aniruddhAcArya kA rUpakalApa samAnArthaka pratIta hotA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra paramANu atyanta tIkSNa zastra se nahI chedA-bhedA jA sakatA hai aura na jala-agni Adi dvArA jalAyA jA sakatA hai / vaha eka pradezI hai, zUnya nhiiN| paramANu do prakAra kA hai-kAraNarUpa aura kAryarUpa / zarIra, indriya, mahAbhUta Adi skandha rUpa kAryoM se paramANu kA astitva siddha hotA hai| usake abhAva meM skandha rUpa kArya ho hI nahIM sktaa| vastutaH paramANu skandha hI pudgala hai| skandhoM kI utpatti, bheda, saMghAta tathA bheda-saMghAta se hotI hai| bauddha darzana meM paramANuvAda kI kalpanA abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM adhika spaSTa ho skii| vahA~ avayava dharmoM ke samUha ko rUpakalApa kahA gayA hai | rUpoM kI utpatti anyonya sApekSa hotI hai| yahI skandha hai| eka kalApa meM kama se kama ATha yA isase bhI adhika rUpa hote haiM tathApi eka rUpa kalApa meM utpAda, sthiti aura bhaMga eka hI hotA hai| sarvAstivAdiyoM kA saMghAta, aniruddha kA kalApa tathA jainAcAryoM kA skandha-saMghAta samAnArthaka hai| sarvAstivAdiyoM ne paramANu ke 14 prakAra batAye haiM-pA~ca vijJAnendriya, pA~ca viSaya tathA cAra mahAbhata / vasubaMdhu kI paramANu ko vyAkhyA jainadharma ke paramANu se adhika samIpa hai| umakA utpAda cAra mahAbhUta aura rUpa rasa gaMdha aura spRSTavya ina ATha dravyoM ke sAtha hotA hai / vaha avibhAgI tathA asparzI hai| Aryadeva ne bhI paramANu kA lakSaNa hetutva, parimANDalya aura apradezatva mAnA hai| use anitya bhI kahA hai| yaha isa siddhAnta ke vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| Aryadeva ke pUrva nAgArjuna ne usakI sattA ko asvIkRta kiyA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, usake upAdAnopAdeyabhAva kA bhI nirAkaraNa 1. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 510 / 2. syAdvAdaratnAkara, pR0 305-6, aSTasahasrI, 183 / 3. tiloyapaNNattI, 1.96 / 4. rAjavArtika, 5.25.14.15 / 5. catuHzatakam, 213-219 / 13
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________________ 98 pro0 bhAgacandra jaina kiyaa|' diGnAga, Aryadeva, dharmakIrti Adi sabhI bauddhAcAryoM ne paramANuvAda ke virodha meM samAna tarka prastuta kiye haiN| dRzya sthUla avayavI kA niSedha karake usakI sattA-pratIti meM avidyA-vAsanA ko mUla kAraNa maanaa| paramANuvAdI sautrAntika vaibhASikoM ne sthUla padArtha ko paramANupuJja mAtra maanaa| isa saMdarbha meM bauddhoM meM tIna mata upalabdha haiN| 1. prAcIna bauddhoM ke anusAra paramANuoM kA paraspara saMyoga hotA hai aura zeSa donoM isa prakAra ke saMyoga ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ' jainadharma paramANu ke viSaya meM bhedAbhedavAdI hai| antara yaha hai ki bauddhadharma paramANupuJja se atirikta skandha kI svataMtra sattA ko nahIM mAnate jabaki jainoM ke mata meM pudgala dravya aNu-skandha rUpa hai / avayava-avayavI meM kathaMcit tAdAtmya hai| sautrAMtika bauddhadharma meM vastu ko kSaNika mAnakara kSaNabhaMguravAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| jainadharma bhI kSaNabhaMguravAda ko svIkAra karatA hai para vastu kA vaha niranvaya vinAza nahIM maantaa| anyathA arthakriyA kA abhAva ho jAyagA aura arthakriyA kA abhAva ho jAne para vastu-sat kI siddhi hI nahIM hogI / kSaNabhaMguratA kI yaha carama sthiti sthaviravAda meM nahIM miltii| AcArya aniruddha ne rUpa kI Ayu 51 kSaNa kI batAI hai| sarvAstivAda meM to nAma aura rUpa, donoM ko pAramArthika mAnA hai aura yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki sabhI vastuoM kA traikAlika astitva hai| jainadharma kI dRSTi se yaha mata sahI hai kyoMki yaha mUla tattva ko nitya mAnatA hai| sarvAstivAda kA paramANu samudAyavAda jainadarzana ke dravya-paryAyavAda se samAnatA rakhatA hai| bauddhadharma meM jise pAramArthika bhUtatathatAvAda kahA hai, jainadharma meM vaha 'sat' mAnA jA sakatA hai| jainoM kA nizcayaka naya kI dRSTi se AtmA hai vaha / bhUtatathatA ke sAMvRtikasvarUpa para dRSTipAta karate hue vastu ke vyAvahArika svarUpa para samAnatA kI dRSTi se dhyAna kendrita ho jAtA hai| antara yaha hai ki bhUtatathatA jaisA eka mAtra parama tattva nizcaya vyavahAra naya rUpa AtmA jainadharma meM nhiiN| jIva (AtmA) ke atirikta ajIva tattva bhI jainadharma meM varNita hai| pramANa ke bheda bauddhadharma pramANa ke do hI bheda mAnatA hai-pratyakSa aura anumAna / jainadharma meM mUla saMkhyA to vahI rahI, nAma meM antara par3A / yahA~ pramANa ke do bheda mAne gaye-pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa ke lakSaNa meM samaya-samaya para vikAsa hotA rahA / parokSa ke antargata smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ko rakhA gyaa| ina saba ke viSaya meM maiMne "jainadarzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa" tathA "bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa" nAmaka pustakoM meM likhA hai / ataH unako yahA~ duharAnA Avazyaka nhiiN| 1. mAdhyamika kArikA, 4, 1, 5. 6; 10. 15 / 2. tattvasaMgraha paJjikA, pR. 556 / / 3. kSaNabhaMgavAda kA khaNDana hara jaina dArzanika ne kiyA hai|
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA nayavAda aura anekAntavAda nayavAda aura anekAntavAda ke itihAsa Adi ko bhI hama uparyukta pustakoM meM spaSTa kara cuke haiM / ataH yahA~ use bhI nahIM prastuta karate / mAtra itanA kahanA cAhate haiM ki jaina-bauddhadharma ne ina donoM siddhAntoM ko prArambha se hI apanAyA hai| donoM dharmoM ke AgamoM aura uttarakAlIna graMthoM meM inakA upayoga dArzanikoM ne bhalIbhA~ti kiyA hai| itanA avazya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne ise apanI mUla bhitti mAna lI jabaki bauddha dArzanika isameM pIche rahe / bauddhadharma meM tattva kA vicAra do dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai-paramArtha aura prajJaptyartha / paramArtha tattva ko aviparIta tathA mUla svabhAva mAnA gayA hai aura prajJaptyartha vastu kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai jise sAdhAraNa vyakti apane jJAna kA viSaya banAte haiN| inako kramazaH pAramArthika aura sAMvRtika bhI kahA gayA hai|' jainadarzana kA dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika athavA nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya athavA pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika naya lagabhaga samAna haiN| nayoM kI bheda dRSTi jainoM kI apanI hai| yaha bauddhadharma meM nahIM dikhto| anekAntavAda bhI bauddhadharma meM milatA hai / vibhajyavAda aura catuSkoTika satya isI ke nAmAntara haiM / antara yaha hai ki uttarakAla meM bauddhAcAryoM ne vibhajyavAda kI mUla bhAvanA chor3a dI aura ve ekAntavAda kI ora adhika jhukate gaye / jabaki jaina dArzanikoM ne ise apane siddhAnta kA AdhAra banAyA / isalie jaina sAhitya meM isa para cintana bhI bahuta huaa| bauddhadharma kA madhyamamArga mUlataH AcAra viSayaka thA / usI kA Age vikAsa huaa| jainadharma ne anekAntavAda kA prayoga AcAra aura vicAra, donoM kSetroM meM kiyA / vibhajjavAda aura anekAntavAda ___ sRSTi kA hara sarjaka tattva bhinna hai aura vaha apane vividha rUpoM ko samAhita kiye hue haiN| prekSaka aura cintaka una rUpoM meM se kucha rUpoM ko dekha-samajha letA hai aura kucha anabujhI pahelI se adRzya aura acintita bane rahate haiM / hara yuga meM dArzanikoM ne isa vizvasatya ko samajhA hai aura use apane dRSTikoNa se upasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isI dRSTikoNa ko buddha ne vibhajjavAda kahA aura mahAvIra ne anekAntavAda / pratyeka vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai| na vaha sarvathA sat hI hai aura na vaha sarvathA asat hI hai| na vaha sarvathA nitya hI hai aura na vaha sarvathA anitya hI hai| kintu kisI apekSA se vastu sat hai to kisI apekSA se vastu asat hai, kisI apekSA se nitya hai to kisI apekSA se anitya hai / ataH sarvathA sat, sarvathA asat, sarvathA nitya, sarvathA anitya Adi prakAra ke ekAntoM kA nirasana karake vastu kA kathaJcit nitya, kathaJcit anitya ityAdi rUpa honA anekAnta hai aura anekAntAtmaka 1. abhidhammattha saMgaho, 1. 2 : milinda prazna aura usake pUrva saMyukta nikAya Adi granthoM meM bhI isakA varNana milatA hai| 2. vistAra ke lie dekhiye, lekhaka kI pustaka -jainadarzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa, pR. 221-250; vibhajjavAda aura anekAntavAda, tulasIprajJA, 1975 /
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________________ prau0 bhAgacandra jaina vastu ke kathana karane kA nAma syAdvAda hai / ye donoM vAda vastu ke anantadharmAtmaka svarUpa kA pratipAdana mukhya-gauNa bhAva se karate haiN| ye donoM zabda samAnArthaka haiM, phira bhI bheda yaha hai ki anekAntavAda jJAnarUpa hai aura syAdvAda vacanarUpa / donoM eka dUsare ke paripUraka haiN| vibhajjavAda kA tAtparya hai -vastu tattva ko vibhakta karake prastuta krnaa| bhagavAn buddha ne vivAdagrasta praznoM kA samAdhAna isI ke mAdhyama se kiyA thaa| zubha mANavaka ne buddha se prazna kiyAkyA gRhastha hI nyAyakuzala dharma (nirvANa) kA ArAdhaka hotA hai, pravajita saMnyAsI nahIM ? buddha ne kahA-maiM yahA~ vibhajjavAdI hU~, ekaMzavAdI nhiiN| gRhI ke lie bhI aura pravajita ke lie bhI maiM mithyA-pratipatti (jhaThA vizvAsa) kI prazaMsA nahIM karatA / cAhe gRhI ho yA pravajita, mithyA pratipatti ke kAraNa yaha nyAya-kuzala dharma kA ArAdhaka nahIM hogaa| gRhI ke lie bhI aura pravajita ke lie bhI maiM samyak pratipatti kI prazaMsA karatA huuN|' yahA~ yaha draSTavya hai ki buddha ne ekaMzavAda ko mithyA-pratipatti aura vibhajjavAda ko samyakpratipatti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki buddha vibhajjavAda kA prayoga padArtha ke samyaka svarUpa ke vivecana ke lie kiyA karate the| unake anya kathanoM se patA calatA hai ki unhoMne tatkAlIna pracalita dArzanika siddhAntoM ko uttara dene ke lie cAra prakAra kI vidhiyA~ prayukta kI thI 1. ekaMsa vyAkaraNIya 2. paTipucchA vyAkaraNIya 3. ThApanIya, aura 4. vibhajjavyAkaraNIya ina cAra prakAroM meM mUla prakAra do rahe hoMge-ekaMsa vyAkaraNoya, aura anekaMsa vyAkaraNIya / anekaMsa vyAkaraNIya ke hI bAda meM do bheda hue hoMge-vibhajjavyAkaraNIya aura ThApanIya / paTipucchA vyAkaraNIya vibhajjavyAkaraNIya kA hI bheda rahA hogaa| ukta cAra vidhiyoM ke atirikta buddha ne vivAdagrasta praznoM ko avyAkRta kaha diyA / dIghanikAya meM unhIM avyAkRta praznoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-ekaMsavyAkaraNIya aura anekaMsa vyAkaraNIya / yathA-ekaMsakApi kho, poTThavAda mayA dhammA desitA pattA , anekasikApi hi kho, poTTapAda, mayA dhammA desitaa| avyAkRta praznoM ko buddha ne anekasika mAnA aura kahA ki ve prazna na sArthaka haiM, na dharma upayogI haiM, na nirveda ke lie haiM aura na vairAgya ke lie haiM-na hete poTThapAda, atthasaMhitA, na dhammasaMhitA, na AdibrahmacarikA, na nibbidAya, na virAgAya, na nirodhAya, na upasamAya, na abhijJAya, na saMbodhAya, na nibbAnAya saMvattanti / ' yahA~ buddha ne jina vivAdagrasta praznoM ko 'anekasika' kahA hai ve prazna aise haiM jinakA uttara ekAntika dRSTi se diyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| isa dRSTi se yaha siddhAnta anekAntavAda ke adhika samIpa hai| 1. majjhimanikAya, subhasuttanta 2. dIghanikAya, poTTapAda, bhAga 1, pR. 159 /
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________________ zramaNaM jJAna mImAMsA 101 buddha ne eka anya prakAra se bhI praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA thA jise 'catuSkoTi' kahA gayA hai 1. atthi 2. natthi 3. atthi ca, natthi ca, aura 4. neva asthi, na ca natthi isa catuSkoTi kA upayoga buddha ne aneka sthAnoM para kiyA hai / udAharaNataH1. channaM phassAyatanaM asesavirAganirodhA asthi akiJciti / 2. channaM "natthi anaM kiJciti / 3. channaM "atthi ca natthi ca aJca kiJciti / 4. channaM "neva atthi na na atthi ca anaM kiJci ti / buddha ne tattva kA varNana kahIM-kahI do satyoM ke mAdhyama se bhI kiyA hai-saMmutisacca aura paramatthasacca / AtmA ke siddhAnta ko buddha ne avyAkRtA se lekara saMmutisacca taka phuNcaayaa| 'na ca so na ca aJo' jaise kathanoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ke vibhajjavAda ne pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se padArtha ke vizleSaNa ko prArambha kara diyA thA yathA hi aMgasaMbhArA hotI saddo ratho iti / evaM khandhesu santesu hoti saMto ti samuti / ' isa vivecana se hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki buddha mUlataH vibhajjavAdI the aura usa vibhajjavAda ke unhoMne kramazaH nimnalikhita vibhAga kiye| dUsare zabdoM meM ise hama vibhajjavAda kI vikAsAtmaka avasthAyeM kaha sakate haiM 1. avyAkRtatAvAda 2. ekasika-anekasikavAda 3. vyAkaraNIya prakAra 4. catuSkoTividhA, aura 5. sacca prakAra jaisA hama zubha mANavaka ke prasaMga meM dekha cuke hai, mahAtmA buddha ne paramatthasacca ko adhika mahatva diyaa| paramatthadIpinI; paramatthajotikA jaise zabda bhI isI artha ko vyakta karate haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM naya, sunaya, durnaya zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| jJAna ke jina ATha sAdhanoM ko bhagavAn buddha ne batAyA hai usameM eka naya hetu bhI hai| eka nirNaya vizeSa karane ke lie naya ko AvazyakatA hotI hai| suttanipAta meM kahA hai ki saMmutisacca zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA sarvasAdhAraNa siddhAnta thA 1. milindapaJca, 27-30 2. anussavena paramparAya, itikiriyAya, piTakasaMpadAya, bhavaparUpatAya, samaNo na guru, takkihetu, nayahetu, AkAraparivitakkena""diTThinijjhAnakkhantiyA-aMguttaranikAya (2.1.191:9) (romana) 3. na yena neti, saM. ni. 2, pR. 58; anayena nayati dummedho, jAtaka 4, pR. 241
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________________ 102 pro0 bhAgacandra jaina aura paramatthasacca ko vizeSa rUpa se unhoMne sAdhya mAnA thA / ' paramatthasacca hI tathalakkhaNa hai / bAda meM buddha ne vibhajjavAda ke sthAna para madhyamamArga ko apanAyA - sabbaM asthIti kho brAhmaNa ayaM eko antosabbaM natthIti kho brAhmaNa, ayaM dutiyo anto / ete te brAhmaNa ubho ante anupagamya majjhena tathAgato dhammaM deseti avijjApaccayA saMkhArA | uttarakAla meM yahI madhyamamArga bhagavAn buddha kA paryAyavAcaka bana gayA / vibhajjavAda ke samAna hI anekAntavAda kA uddezya rahA hai| jaisA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM, anekAntavAda meM padArtha ke svarUpa para vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / isI saMdarbha meM ekAntika aura anekAntika tathA ekaMsa aura anekaMsa zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai isake prAcIna rUpa ko hama bauddha sAhitya meM khoja sakate haiM / pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI saccaka se buddha ne kahA ki tumhAre pUrva aura uttara ke kathana meM paraspara vyAghAta ho rahA hai-na kho saMdhiyati purimena vA pacchimaM, pacchimena vA purimaM / buddha ke ziSya cittagahapati aura nigaNThanAtaputta ke bIca hue vivAda meM bhI cittagahapati ne nigaNThanAtaputta para yahI doSAropaNa kiyA - sace purimaM saccaM paricchamena te micchA, sace pacchimaM saccaM purimena te micchA / isase yaha patA calatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI bhagavAn buddha ke samAna mUlataH do bhaMgoM se vicAra kiyA thA - atthi aura natthi / inhIM bhaMgoM meM svAtmavirodha kA doSAropaNa lagAyA gayA / mahAtmA buddha ke bhaMgoM meM bhI paraspara virodha jhalaka rahA hai para buddha dvArA mahAvIra para lagAye gaye Aropa meM jo tIvratA dikhAI detI hai vaha vahA~ nahIM / isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ke vicAroM meM anekAntika nizciti thI aura buddha ekAntika nizciti ke sAtha apane siddhAntoM ko prastuta karate the / 'nizcaya' ke sAtha 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga yahA~ avazya nahIM milatA para usakA prayoga usa samaya mahAvIra avazya kiyA karate rahe hoMge / jaisA uttarakAla meM prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai, pratipakSI dArzanika syAt meM nihita tathya kI upekSA karate rahe haiM / prasiddha bauddhAcArya buddhaghoSa ne svayaM anekAntavAda ko zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda kA saMmizrita rUpa kahA hai / jo bhI ho, itanA nizcita thA, buddha ke samAna mahAvora ne bhI asthi-natthi rUpa meM do bhAgoM ko hI mUlataH svIkAra kiyA thA / bhagavatosUtra meM bhI inhIM do bhaMgoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / gautama gaNadhara ne unhIM kA avalambana lekara tIrthikoM ke praznoM kA uttara diyA thA -no khalu vayaM devApiyA, atthi bhAvaM natthitti vadAmo, natthi bhAvaM asthiti badAmo / amhe NaM devANuppiyA ! sab asthibhAvaM atyoti badAmo, sabbaM natthibhAvaM natthIti badAmo / 7 1. suttanipAta, 68.219; kathAvatthu aTTakathA 34 2. aMguttara, aTThakathA, 1, pR. 95 ( ro.) 3. saMyuttanikAya 4. majjhima 1. 232 5. saMyuttanikAya, bhAga 4, pR. 298-9 / 6. majjhimanikAya, aTThakathA, bhAga 2, pR 831; dIghanikAya aTTakathA, bhAga 3, pR. 906 / 7. bhagavatIsUtra, 7.10.304. cUlarAhulovAda sutta (majjhimanikAya) meM 'siyA' zabda kA prayoga tejodhAtu ke nizcita bhedoM ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai /
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________________ zramaNa jJAna mImAMsA 103 sAhitya ke hI eka anya uddharaNa se yaha patA calatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra tIna bhaMgoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA karate the / unake ziSya dIghanakha paribbAjaka kA nimna kathana bhagavAn buddha kI AlocanA kA viSaya banA thA - 1. sabbaM me khamati 2. sabbaM me na khamati 3. ekaccaM me khamati ekaccaM me na khamati vedoM aura tripiTaka granthoM meM catuSkoTiyoM kA ullekha AtA hai para prAcIna bauddha sAhitya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke sAtha ukta tIna hI bhaMga dikhAI dete haiM / isalie aisA lagatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mUlataH inhIM tIna bhaMgoM ko svIkAra kiyA hogA / ataH avaktavya kA sthAna tIsarA na hokara cauthA hI rahanA cAhie / jainAcAryoM ne anekAntavAda para vizeSa cintana kiyA / unake cintana kA yahI sambala thA / isalie jaba tRtIya athavA caturtha bhaMga ke sAtha ekAntika dRSTi ke sAtha bhI AkSepa kiyA gayA to unhoMne usase bacane ke lie sapta bhaMgoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isa saptabhaMgI sAdhanA meM hara prakAra kA virodha aura ekAntika dRSTi samAdhistha ho jAtI hai / bhagavatIsUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, paMcAstikAya Adi prAcIna granthoM meM yahI vikasita rUpa dikhAI detA hai / uttarakAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM bhI isake saMketa milate haiM / theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai - " ekaGgadassI dummedho satadassI ca paNDito" / " yahA~ satadassI ke sthAna para, lagatA hai, 'sattadassI' pATha honA cAhie thA / ise yadi sahI mAneM to saptabhaMgI kA rUpa spaSTa ho jAtA hai / jaina darzana ne dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika naya, nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya, zuddha aura azuddhanaya, pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika naya Adi rUpa se bhI padArtha kA cintana kiyA hai parantu inakA vizeSa ullekha prAcIna bauddha sAhitya athavA anya jainetara sAhitya meM nahIM milatA / saMbhava hai, ise uttarakAla meM niyojita kiyA gayA ho / isa vivecana se hama anekAntavAda ke vikAsa ko nimnalikhita sopAnoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM 1. 2. 3. ekaMsavAda - anekaMsavAda sat-asat ubhayavAda caturtha bhaMga-avaktavya 4. saptabhaMga, aura 5. dvinaya athavA saptanaya bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha kA samAna uddezya thA - padArtha svarUpa kA samyak vivecana karanA | buddha ke samAna mahAvIra ne bhI vibhajjavAdI bhASA ke prayoga ko apekSita mAnA / zAyada yaha samAnatA isalie bhI ho ki donoM mahAn vyaktitva mUlataH eka hI paramparA ke anuyAyI the / isalie donoM hI prAthamika stara para vibhajjavAdI haiM / uttarakAla meM buddha kA vibhajjavAda jisa pakSa kI ora 1. theragAthA, 106 /
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________________ 104 pro0 bhAgacandra jaina bhI jhukA, usameM ekAntika dRSTi hI chipI rahI, para mahAvIra ne usameM 'syAt' jaise nizcayavAcaka pada ko jor3akara usa doSa se apane ko bacA liyaa| isalie buddha kA vibhajjavAda sImita aura ekAntika dikhAI detA hai jabaki mahAvIra kA vibhajjavAda asImita aura anekAntika pratIta hotA hai / buddha kA vibhajjavAda avyAkRta se calakara madhyamapratipadA taka pahu~cA, para mahAvIra ke vibhajjavAda ne saptabhaMgI, naya aura nikSepa kI yAtrA kii| buddha ke vibhajjavAda para utanA adhika cintana nahIM ho sakA jitanA mahAvIra ke vibhajjavAda athavA anekAntavAda para huaa| phalataH buddha kA vibhajjavAda anekAntavAdI hone para bhI ekAntavAda kI ora adhika jhukA para mahAvIra kA vibhajjavAda anekAntavAda ko hI prArambha se lekara anta taka pakar3e rhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki 'syAdvAda padalAJchanaH" jaise zabdoM kA prayoga mahAvIra ke sAtha hI huA hai| buddha ne AcAra aura vicAra meM madhyamamArga (majjhimapaTipadA) ko apanAyA aura mahAvIra ne anekAnta zailI kA Azraya liyaa| donoM zailiyoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se uttarakAla meM vikAsa kiyaa| dArzanika kSetra meM donoM mahApuruSoM kA yahI pradeya thA / jJAna ke saMdarbha meM unakA yahI yogadAna thA / adhyakSa, pAli-prAkRta vibhAga nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya nya eksaTeMzana eriyA sadara, nAgapura-440001