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________________ satI hone kA artha hai vidhavA strI kA apane pati kI citA meM jIvita jala jaanaa| ise sahamaraNa, sahagamana, anumaraNa yA anvArohana Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isa prakriyA meM do sthitiyA~ utpanna ho sakatI haiM--pahalI sthiti meM vidhavA ko usakI icchA satI prathA aura jainadharma ke viruddha citA meM praveza karane ke lie vivaza kiyA jAtA ho aura dUsarI sthiti meM vidhavA svecchApUrvaka satI hotI ho / prAcInakAla meM satI prathA ko sAdhAraNa sI ghaTanA mAnA gayA thaa| jahA~ hindU-dharma meM satI prathA se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kA ullekha bahutAyata se hai, vahIM jaina dharma meM yaha ApavAdika ghaTanAoM ke rUpa meM ullikhita huA hai| __ agara hama hindU dharma-graMthoM para dRSTipAta kareM to hamAre samakSa satI prathA kA varNana karane vAle tIna taraha ke grantha prastuta hote haiM / (ka) prathama koTi meM ve hindU-dharmagrantha Ate haiM jo satI prathA kA samarthana nahIM karate haiN| ___ (kha) dUsarI koTi meM satI prathA kA aspaSTa DhaMga se samarthana karane vAle hindU-dharma-grantha Ate haiN|' rajjana kumAra (ga) tIsarI koTi meM satI-prathA kA spaSTa rUpa se samarthana karane (zodhachAtra pArzvanAtha : vidyAzrama zodha- vAle grantha Ate haiM / saMsthAna, vArANasI) lekina satI-prathA ke sambandha meM jainadharma se sambandhita granthoM meM isa taraha kA vibheda nahIM milatA hai / pahalI bAta to yaha ki jainAgamoM meM isa prathA kA abhAva hI hai, lekina agara kucha hai bhI to use apavAda ke taura para hI liyA jA sakatA hai|| ___ 'nizIthacUNi' meM likhA gayA hai ki sopAraka ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara nahIM dene ke kAraNa rAjA ne unheM jIvita jalA dene kA Adeza diyaa| ukta AdezAnusAra una pAMca-sau vyApAriyoM ko jindA jalA diyA gayA thA aura una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI unakI citAoM meM jala gaI thii| isI prakAra kA eka vivaraNa 'praznavyAkaraNa' meM bhI milatA hai / isa grantha ke anusAra "cAlukya deza kI nAriyAM pati kI mRtyu ke bAda AtmadAha karatI thii| parantu jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiN| 1. bhAradvAja gRhyasUtra 1, 2 / 2. atharvaveda 18, 3, 1, 2 kauzika gRhyasUtra 5, 3, 6 viSNu dharmasutra, 25/14, ___bRhaspati smRti, 25/11, vyAsa smRti 3. mitAkSarA, 86, bRhatpArAzara smRti, dakSasmRti, pArAzara smRti, 32, 33 jIvAnanda, 1, pR0 365 4. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2 pR0 56-60, nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4 pR0 14, 5. praznavyAkaraNa 2/4/7 ( 166 )
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________________ khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 167 punaH isa ApavAdika ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha nahIM milate haiM / "mahAnizItha" meM eka vivaraNa milatA hai jisake anusAra kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI, kintu usake pitRkula meM isa prathA kA pracalana nahIM thA / ataH aMta meM usane apanA yaha vicAra tyAga diyaa| isa vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pati kI mRtyu ke bAda svecchApUrvaka dehatyAga ko anucita mAnA hai aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko 'bAla-maraNa' yA 'lokamUr3hatA' kahA hai / satI prathA kA dhArmika samarthana jaina Agama sAhitya aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM nahIM milatA hai| ___'Avazyaka cUNi' meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA Adi ke kucha aise udAharaNa avazya milate haiM jinameM bahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai| parantu yaha deha-tyAga satI-prathA kI avadhAraNA se alaga hai / jainadharma yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt jIvita citA meM jala jAne se punaH svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti hotI hai| lekina hindU dharma meM aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai / jaina dharma apane karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA rakhatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apane-apane karmoM aura manobhAvoM ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiM / yadyapi paravartI jaina-kathA-sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI AgAmI bhavoM meM jIvana-sAthI bane, kintu isake viruddha bhI udAharaNoM kI jaina-kathAsAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra para jaina-dharma satI-prathA kA samarthana nahIM karatA / jaina-dharma ke satI-prathA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI haiM / vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI, apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana bhI karatI thii| anuttaropapAtika meM eka ullekha milatA hai jisake anusAra eka sArthavAha kI patnI vidhavA hone para svayaM vyApAra kA saMcAlana karatI thii| uttarAdhyayana meM likhA huA hai ki putrahInA ayaza putra ke vayaska na hone kI sthiti meM vidhavA rAnI maMtrI ke mAdhyama se rAjya kArya kA saMcAlana karatI thii| isake atirikta jainAgamoM aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka sandarbha milate haiM jahAM ki vidhavA bhikSaNI bana jAtI thii| udAharaNasvarUpa madanarekhA ke pati kI hatyA usake bhAI ne kara dii| isa ghaTanA se duHkhI hokara vaha bhikSuNI bana gaI / isI taraha duHkhI yA kisI taraha kI virakti ke kAraNa vidhavAe~ satI na hokara bhikSa NI bana jAtI thIM / madanarekhA kI hI taraha yazabhadrA,' padmAvatI Adi striyoM kA udAharaNa hamAre sAmane prastuta hotA hai / 'jJAtAdharma kathA' meM poTilA tathA sukumAlikA10 ke bhikSa NI banane ke prasaMga kA varNana milatA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM brAhmI,11 sundarI12 vasumatI13 rAjamatI14 draupadI padmAvatI18 Adi 1. mahAnizItha, pR0 26, vi0 dra0 jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 269 2. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 1, pR0 318 3. pArAzarasmRti, 32, 33 4. anuttaropapAtika, 316 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 13 6. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, pR0 136-140 7. Avazyaka niyukti, 1283 8. Avazyaka cUNi bhAga 2, pR0 183 6. jJAtA dharmakathA, 1/14 10. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/16 11. zrI solaha satI, pR0 1-5 12. zrI solaha satI pR0 6.12 13. zrI solaha satI pR0 13-64 14. zrI solaha satI pR0 65-61 15. zrI solaha satI pR0 182 16. zrI solaha satI
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________________ 168 satI prathA aura jainadharma : rajjana kumAra solaha striyoM ko satI kahA gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha ina solaha satiyoM kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / aba yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki jaba jainadharma meM satI prathA ko prazraya nahIM diyA gayA, to ina satiyoM ko itanA AdaraNIya sthAna kyoM pradAna kiyA jAtA hai ? pratyuttara meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakA AcaraNa evaM zIlarakSaNa ke jina upAyoM kA inhoMne Alambana liyA, usI ke kAraNa inheM itanA AdaraNIya sthAna pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| inheM satI isIlie bhI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki ina striyoM ne apane zIla kI rakSA hetu AjIvana avivAhita jIvana bitAyA thA, pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI apane zIla ko surakSita rakha skiiN| vartamAna meM jaina sAdhviyoM ke lie 'mahAsatI' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, usakA mukhya AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hai| jaina Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha-sAhitya likhA gayA ullikhita hai ki tejapAla aura vastUpAla kI mRtyu ke uparAnta unakI patniyoM ne anazanapUrvaka apane prANa kA tyAga kiyA thA / yahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zarIra-tyAgane kA upakrama to hai, kintu usakA svarUpa saumya banA diyA gayA hai / vastutaH yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI-prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai| aba yahA~ eka vicAraNIya prazna hai ki satI jaisI prathA kA itanA kama pracalana jainadharma meM kyoM rahA ? isa bAre meM to yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha isake lie uttaradAyI rahA / kyoMki striyoM ke lie zaraNasthala hotA thA jo vidhavA, parityaktA athavA AzayahInA hotI thii| jaba kabhI bhI aisI nArI para kisI taraha kA atyAcAra kiyA jAtA thA jaina bhikSa NI saMgha unake lie kavaca bana jAtA thaa| kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda striyA~ pArivArika utpIr3ana se bacane ke sAtha hI sAtha eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karatI thiiN| Aja bhI aisI bahuta sI abalAe~ haiM jo kurUpatA, dhanAbhAva tathA isI taraha kI anya samasyAoM ke kAraNa avivAhita rahane para vivaza haiM aisI kumArI, abalAoM ke lie jaina bhikSa NI saMgha Azraya sthala hai / jaina bhikSaNI saMgha ne nArI garimA aura usake satItva kI rakSA kI jisake kAraNa satI-prathA jaisI eka kutsita paramparA kA jainadharma meM abhAva rahA / - isI sandarbha meM yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI upayukta jAna par3atA hai ki satI jaisI prathA kA pracalana hindU dharma meM kyoM itane vyApaka paimAne para calatA rhaa| yahA~ yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki hindU dharma meM bhI kAyama rahatI to nissaMdeha itane adhika satI ke udAharaNa hindU paramparA meM nahIM milate / 00 1. prabandhakoza, pR0 126