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________________ ( 1 ) sAmiSa nirAmiSa AhAra [ khAdyAkhAdyaviveka sabase pahale hama bauddha, vaidika aura jaina granthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dhAra para nigrantha paramparA ke khAdyAkhAdya viveka ke viSaya meM kucha vicAra karanA cAhate haiM | khAdyAstrAdya se hamArA mukhya matalaba yahA~ mA~sa- matsyAdi vastuoM se hai / jaina samAja meM kSobha va zrAndolana thor3e hI dina hue jaba ki jaina samAja meM isa viSaya para ugra UhApoha zurU huA thA / adhyApaka kausAMbIjI ne buddha carita meM likhA hai ki prAcIna jaina zramaNa bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi grahaNa karate the / unake isa lekha ne sAre jaina samAja meM eka vyApaka kSobha aura Andolana paidA kiyA thA jo abhI zAyada hI pUrA zAnta huA ho / karIba 50 varSa hue isI viSaya ko lekara eka mahAna kSobha va zrAndo-lana zurU huA thA jaba ki jarmana vidvAna yAkobI ne AcArAGga ke aMgrejI anu vAda meM 'amuka sUtroM kA artha mA~sa- matsyAdi paraka kiyA thA / hameM yaha nahIM samanA cAhie ki amuka sUtroM kA aisA artha karane se jaina samAja meM jo kSobha va Andolana huA vaha isa nae yuga kI pAzcAtya - zikSA kA hI pariNAma hai / jaba hama 1200-1300 varSa ke pahale khuda jainAcAryoM ke dvArA likhI huI prAkRta- saMskRta TIkAoM ko dekhate haiM taba bhI pAte haiM ki unhoMne amuka sUtroM kA artha mA~sa-matsyAdi bhI likhA hai / usa jamAne meM bhI kucha nobha va Andolana huA hogA isakI pratIti bhI hameM anya sAdhanoM se ho jAtI hai / prasiddha digambarAcArya pUjyapAda devanandI ne umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra ke Upara 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai usameM unhoMne AgamoM ko lakSya karake jo bAta kahI hai vaha sUcita karatI hai ki usa chaThI sadI meM bhI amuka sUtroM kA mA~samatsyAdi para artha karane ke kAraNa jaina samAja kA eka bar3A bhAga kSubdha ho uThA thA /
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________________ sAmiSa nirAmiSa AhAra 61 pUjyapAda ne karmabandha ke kAraNoM ke vivecana meM likhA hai ki mA~sAdi kA prati-pAdana karanA yaha zrutAvarNavAda hai 14 / niHsandeha pUjyapAdakRta zrutAvarNavAda kA AkSepa upalabdha AcArAMgAdi zrAgamoM ko lakSya karake hI hai; kyoMki mA~sAdi ke grahaNa kA pratipAdana karane vAle jainetara zruta ko to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se hI nirgrantha-paramparA ne chor3a hI diyA thA / itane avalokana se hama itanA nirvi vAda kaha sakate haiM ki AcArAGgAdi AgamoM ke kucha sUtroM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi baraka artha hai---yaha mAnyatA koI naI nahIM hai aura aisI mAnyatA pragaTa karane para jaina samAja meM kSobha paidA hone kI bAta bhI koI naI nahIM hai / yahA~ prasaMgavaza eka bAta para dhyAna denA bhI yogya hai / vaha yaha ki tattvArthasUtra ke jisa aMza kA vyAkhyAna karate samaya pUjyapAda devanandoM ne zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko lakSya karake zrutAvarNavAda-doSa batalAyA hai usI zraMza kA vyAkhyAna karate samaya sUtrakAra umAsvAtine apane svopajJa bhAgya meM pUjyapAda kI taraha zrutAvarNavAda-doSa kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jina zrAgamoM ke artha ko lakSya karake pUjyapAda ne zrutAvarNavAda doSa kA lAJchana lagAyA hai una zrAgamoM ke usa artha ke bAre meM umAsvAti kA koI AkSepa na thA / yadi ve usa mA~sAdi paraka artha me pUjyapAda kI taraha sarvathA asahamata yA viruddha hote to ve bhI zrutAvarNavAda kA artha pUjyapAda jaisA karate aura AgamoM ke viruddha kucha-na-kucha jarUra kahate / mA~sa matsyAdi kI akhAdyatA aura pakSabheda Aja kA sArA jaina samAja, jisameM zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI sabhI choTe-bar3e phirake A jAte haiM, jaisA nakha se zikhA taka mA~sa-matsya Adi se paraheja karane vAlA hai aura ho sake yahA~ taka mA~sa-matsya Adi vastuoM ko akhAdya siddha karake dUsaroM se aisI cIjoM kA tyAga karAne meM dharma pAlana mAnatA hai aura tadartha samAja ke tyAgI - gRhastha sabhI yathAsambhava prayatna karate haiM vaisA hI usa samaya kA jaina samAja bhI thA aura mA~sa-matsya Adi ke tyAga kA pracAra karane meM dattacitta thA jaba ki cUrNikAra, AcArya haribhadra aura prAcArya abhayadeva ne Agamagata amuka vAkyoM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi paraka artha bhI apanI-apanI zrAgamika vyAkhyAoM meM likhA / isI taraha pUjyapAda devanandI aura umAsvAti ke samaya kA jaina- samAja bhI aisA hI thA, usameM bhale hI zvetAmbara - digambara jaise phirake maujUda hoM para mA~sa-matsya Adi ko akhAdya mAna kara cAlU jIvana-vyavahAra meM se I 14. sarvArthasiddhi 6. 13.
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________________ jaina dharma aura-darzana usakA sarvathA tyAga karane ke viSaya meM to sabhI phirake vAle eka hI bhUmikA para the| kahanA to yaha cAhie ki zvotAmbara-digambara jaisA phirakAbheda utpanna hone ke pahale hI se mA~sa-matsyAdi vastuoM ko akhAdya mAnakara unakA tyAga karane kI pakkI bhUmikA jaina samAja kI siddha ho cukI thii| jaba aisA thA taba sahaja hI meM prazna hotA hai ki zrAgamagata amuka sUtroM kA mA~sa-matsyAdi artha karane vAlA eka pakSa aura usa artha kA virodha karane vAlA dUsarA pakSa aise paraspara virodhI do pakSa jaina-samAja meM kyoM paidA hue ? kyoMki donoM ke vartamAna jIvana-dhoraNa meM to koI khAdyAkhAdya ke bAre meM aMtara thA hI nhiiN| yaha prazna hameM itihAsa ke sadA parivartanazIla cakra kI gati tathA mAnava svabhAva ke vividha pahaluoM ko dekhane kA saMketa karatA hai| itihAsa kA aMgulinirdeza itihAsa pada-pada para aMguli uThA kara hameM kahatA rahatA hai ki tuma bhale hI apane ko pUrvajoM ke sAtha sarvathA eka rUpa bane rahane kA dAvA karo, yA DhoMga karo para maiM tumako yA kisI ko eka rUpa na rahane detA hU~ aura na kisI ko eka rUpa dekhatA bhI huuN| itihAsa kI zrAdi se mAnava jAti kA koI bhI dala eka hI prakAra ke dezakAla, saMyogoM yA vAtAvaraNa meM na rahA, na rahatA hai / eka dala eka hI sthAna meM rahatA huA bhI kabhI kAlakRta aura anya saMyogakRta vividha paristhatiyoM meM se gujaratA hai, to kabhI eka hI samaya meM maujUda aise jude-jude mAnavadala dezakRta tathA anya saMyoga-kRta vividha paristhitiyoM meM se gujarate dekhe jAte haiM / yaha sthiti jaisI aAja hai vaisI hI pahale bhI thii| isa taraha parivartana ke aneka aitihAsika sopAnoM meM se gujaratA huA jaina samAja bhI Aja taka calA pA rahA hai / usake aneka AcAra-vicAra jo Aja dekhe jAte haiM ve sadA vaise hI the aisA mAnane kA koI AdhAra jaina vAGmaya meM nahIM hai / mAmUlI pharka hote rahane para bhI jaba taka AcAravicAra kI samatA bahutAyata se rahatI hai taba taka sAmAnya vyakti yahI samajhatA hai ki hama aura hamAre pUrvaja eka hI AcAra-vicAra ke pAlaka-poSaka haiM / para yaha pharka jaba eka yA dUsare kAraNa se bahuta bar3A ho jAtA hai taba vaha sAmAnya manuSya ke thor3A sA dhyAna meM AtA hai, aura vaha socane laga jAtAhai ki hamAre amuka AcAravicAra khuda hamAre pUrvajoM se hI bhinna ho gae haiN| AcAra-vicAra kA sAmAnya aMtara sAdhAraNa vyakti ke dhyAna para nahIM AtA, para vizeSajJa ke dhyAnase vaha aojhala nahIM hotA / jaina samAja ke prAcAra-vicAra ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karate haiM to Upara kahI huI sabhI bAteM jAnane ko milatI haiN|
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________________ 63 sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra mAnava-svabhAva ke do virodhI pahalU manuSya svabhAva kA eka pahalU to yaha hai ki vartamAna samaya meM jisa AcAravicAra kI pratiSThA ba~dhI ho aura jisakA vaha AtyaMtika samarthana karatA ho usake hI khilApha usI ke pUrvajoM ke AcAra-vicAra yadi vaha sunatA hai yA apane itihAsa meM se vaisI bAta pAtA hai to purAne AcAra-vicAra ke sUcaka aitihAsika dastAveja jaise zAstrIya vAkyoM ko bhI tor3a-maror3a kara unakA artha vartamAna kAla meM pratiSThita aise prAcAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA para karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha cAroM ora ucca aura pratiSThita samajhe jAnevAle apane maujUdA AcAra-vicAra se bilakula viruddha aise pUrvajoM ke prAcAra-vicAra ko sunakara yA jAnakara unheM nyoM-kA-tyoM mAnakara unake aura apane bIca meM AcAra-vicAra kI khAI kA aMtara samajhane meM tathA unakA vAstavika samanvaya karane meM asamartha hotA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha purAne AcAra-vicAra sUcaka vAkyoM ko apane hI AcAra-vicAra ke DhA~ce meM DhAlane kA prayatna pUre bala se karatA hai| yaha huA mAnava svabhAva ke pahalU kA eka anta / aba hama usakA dUsarA anta bhI dekheM / dUsarA anta aisA hai ki vaha vartamAna AcAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA para kAyama rahate hue bhI usase judI par3anevAlI aura kabhI-kabhI bilakula viruddha jAnevAlI pUrvajoM kI prAcAra-vicAra viSayaka bhUmikA ko mAna lene meM nahIM hicakicAtA / itihAsa meM pUrvajoM ke bhinna aura viruddha aise AcAra-vicAroM kI yadi noMdha rahI to usa noMdha ko vaha vaphAdArI se cipake rahatA hai| aisA karane meM vaha apane virodhI pakSa ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI nindA yA AkSepa kI leza bhI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha zAstra-vAkyoM ke purAne, pracalita aura kabhI sambhAvita aise arthoM kA, pratiSThA jAne ke Dara se tyAga nahIM karatA / vaha bhale hI kabhI-kabhI vartamAna lokamata ke vaza hokara una vAkyoM kA nayA bhI artha kare taba bhI vaha antataH vikalpa rUpa se purAne pracalita aura kabhI sambhAvita artha ko bhI vyAkhyAoM meM surakSita rakhatA hai| yaha huA mAnava-svabhAva ke pahalU kA dUsarA anta / aitihAsika tulanA uparyukta donoM anta bilakula Amane-sAmane va paraspara virodhI haiM / ina donoM antoM meM se kevala jaina samAja hI nahIM balki bauddha aura vaidika samAja bhI gujare hue dekhe jAte haiN| jaba bhArata meM ahiMsAmUlaka khAna-pAna kI vyApaka aura prabala pratiSThA jamI taba mAMsa-matsya jaisI vastuoM kA prAtyantika virodha na karanevAle bauddha
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana sampradAya meM bhI eka pakSa aisA paidA huA ki jisane bauddha sampradAya meM mAMsa.' matsyAdi ke tyAga kA yahA~ taka samarthana kiyA ki aisA mAMsa tyAga to khuda buddha ke samaya meM aura buddha ke jIvana meM bhI thA / 15 isa pakSa ne apane samaya meM jamI haI khAdyAkhAdya viveka kI pratiSThA ke AdhAra para hI purAne cauddha sUtroM ke artha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaba ki bauddha sampradAya meM pahale hI se eka sanAtanamAnasa dUsarA pakSa bhI calA AtA rahA hai jo khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka purAne sUtroM ko tor3a-maror3a kara unake arthoM ko vartamAna DhA~ce meM baiThAne kA Agraha nahIM rakhatA / yahI sthiti vaidika sampradAya ke itihAsa meM bhI rahI hai| vaiSNava, Arya samAja Adi aneka zAkhAoM ne purAne vaidika vidhAnoM ke artha badalane kI koziza kI hai taba bhI sanAtana-mAnasa mImAMsaka sampradAya jyoM kA tyoM sthira rahakara apane purAne arthoM se Tasa se masa nahIM hotA hAlA~ki jIvana-vyavahAra meM mImAMsaka bhI mAMsAdi ko vaisA hI akhAdya samajhate haiM jaise vaiSNava aura Arya samAja Adi vaidika phirke| isa viSaya meM bauddha aura vaidika sampradAya kA aitihAsika avalokana hama anta meM kareMge jisase jaina sampradAya kI sthiti barAbara samajhI jA ske| virodha-tANDava Upara sUcita do pahaluoM ke antoM kA paraspara virodha-tAMDava jaina samAja kI raMgabhami para bhI hajAroM varSoM se khelA jAtA rahA hai| pUjyapAda jaise digaMbarAcArya amuka sUtroM kA mAMsa matsyAdi artha karane ke kAraNa aise sUtravAle sAre anyoM ko chor3a dene kI yA to sUcanA karate haiM yA aisA artha karanevAloM ko zrutanindaka kaha kara apane pakSa ko unase U~cA sAbita karane kI sUcanA karate haiN| digaMbara saMpradAya dvArA zvetAmbara svIkRta AgamoM ko chor3a dene kA asalI kAraNa to aura hI thA aura vaha asalI kAraNa AgamoM meM maryAdita vastra ke vidhAna karanevAle vAkyoM kA bhI honA hai| para jaba zrAgamoM ko chor3anA hI ho taba sambhava ho itane dusare doSa logoM ke samakSa rakhe jAe~ to purAne pracalita AgamoM ko chor3a dene kI bAta jyAdA nyAyasaMgata sAbita kI jA sakatI hai ! isI manodazA ke vazIbhUta hokara jAnate yA anajAnate aitihAsika sthiti kA vicAra binA kie, eka sampradAya ne sAre AgamoM ko eka sAtha chor3a to diyA para usane aAkhira ko yaha bhI nahIM socA ki jo saMpradAya AgamoM ko mAnya rakhane kA Agraha rakhatA hai vaha bhI to usake samAna mA~sa-matsya Adi kI akhAdyatA ko jIvana-vyabahAra meM 15. dekhiye-laMkAvatAra-mAMsa parivarta pariccheda
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra 65 eka-sA sthAna detA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki vaha zvetAmbarIya sampradAya bhI digaMbara saMpradAya ke jitanA hI mAMsa-matsyAdi kI akhAdyatA kA pracAra va samarthana karatA hai| aura ahiMsA siddhAnta kI prarUpaNA va pracAra meM vaha digambara paramparA se zrAge nahIM to samakakSa to avazya hai / aisA hote hue bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke vyAkhyAkAra AgamoM ke amuka sUtroM kA mA~sa matsyAdi paraka artha karate haiM so kyA kevala anya paramparA ko cir3hAne ke lie ? yA apane pUrvajoM ke Upara astrAdya khAne kA AkSepa jainetara saMpradAyoM ke dvArA tathA samAnataMtrI saMpradAya ke dvArA karAne ke lie? prAcIna artha kI rakSA pUjyapAda ke karIba ATha sau varSa ke bAda eka nayA phirakA jaina saMpradAya meM paidA huA, jo Aja sthAnakavAsI nAma se prasiddha hai / usa phirake ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne zrAgamagata mAMsa-matsyAdisUcaka sUtroM kA artha apanI vartamAna jIvana praNAlI ke anusAra vanaspatiparaka karane kA Agraha kiyA aura zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnate hue bhI unakI purAnI zvetAmbarIya vyAkhyAoM ko mAnane kA aAgraha na rkhaa| isa taraha sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ne yaha sUcita kiyA ki AgamoM meM jahA~ kahIM mAMsa matsyAdi sUcaka sUtra haiM vahA~ sarvatra vanaspati paraka hI artha vivakSita hai aura mAMsa-matsyAdirUpa artha jo purAne TIkAkAroM ne kiyA hai vaha ahiMsA siddhAnta ke sAtha asaMgata hone ke kAraNa galata hai| sthAnakavAsI phirake aura digambara phirake ke dRSTikoNa meM itanI to samAnatA hai hI ki mAMsamatsyAdiparaka artha karanA yaha mAtra kAlpanika hai aura ahiMsaka siddhAnta ke sAtha bemela hai, para donoM meM eka bar3A pharka bhI hai| digambara saMpradAya ko anya kAraNoM se hI sahI zvetAmbara AgamoM kA saparivAra bahiSkAra karanA thA jaba ki sthAnakavAsI paraMparA ko AgamoM kA Atyantika bahiSkAra iSTa na thA; usako ve hI Agama sarvathA pramANa iSTa nahIM haiM jinameM mUrti kA saMketa spaSTa ho / isalie sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya ke sAmane Agamagata khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka sUtra ke artha badalane kA eka hI mArga khulA thA jisako usane apanAyA bhI / isa taraha hama sAre itihAsa kAla meM dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA aura usakI pratiSThA va pracAra meM tathA vartamAna jIvana dhoraNa meM digaMbara evaM sthAnakavAsI phirake se kisI bhI taraha nahIM utarate hue bhI zvetAmbara saMpradAya ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne khAdyAkhAdya viSayaka sUtroM kA mAMsa matsyaparaka purAnA artha apanAe rakhane meM apanA gaurava hI samA / bhale hI aisA karane meM unako jainetara samAja kI tarapha se tathA samAnaanjhu phIrakoM kI tarapha se hajAra-hajAra AkSepa sunane ra sahane pdd'e|
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana arthabheda kI mImAMsA __ pahale hama do praznoM para kucha vicAra kara leM to acchA hogaa| eka to vaha ki akhAdyasUcaka samajhe jAnevAle sUtroM ke vanaspati aura mAMsa-matsyAdi aise jo do artha purAne samaya se vyAkhyAoM meM dekhe jAte haiM unameM se kauna-sA artha hai jo pIche se kiyA jAne lagA ? dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kisI bhI pahale artha ke rahate hue kyA aisI sthiti paidA huI ki jisase dUsarA artha karane kI AvazyakatA par3I yA aisA artha karane kI ora tatkAlIna vyAkhyAkAroM ko dhyAna denA par3A ? ___ koI bhI buddhimAna yaha to soca hI nahIM sakatA ki sUtroM kI racanA ke samaya racanAkAra ko vanaspati aura mAMsa Adi donoM artha abhipreta hone cAhie / nizcita artha ke bodhaka sUtra paraspara virodhI aise do arthoM kA bodha karAe~ aura jijJAsuoM ko saMzaya yA bhrama meM DAleM yaha saMbhava ho nahIM hai taba yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki racanA ke samaya una sUtroM kA koI eka hI artha sUtrakAra ko abhipreta thA / kauna-sA artha abhipreta thA itanA vicAranA bhara bAkI rahatA hai| agara hama mAna leM ki racanA ke samaya sUtroM kA vanaspatiparaka artha thA to hameM yaha agatyA mAnanA par3atA hai ki mAMsa-matsyAdirUpa artha pIche se kiyA jAne lgaa| aisI sthiti meM nirgrantha-saMgha ke viSaya meM yaha bhI socanA par3egA ki kyA koI aisI avasthA AI thI jaba ki Apatti-yaza nirgrantha-saMdha mAMsa-matsyAdi kA bhI grahaNa karane lagA ho aura usakA samarthana unhIM sUtroM se karatA ho| itihAsa kahatA hai ki nirgrantha-saMgha meM koI bhI aisA choTA-bar3A dala nahIM huA jisane Apatti kAla meM kiye gae mAMsa-matsyAdi ke grahaNa kA samarthana vanaspatibodhaka sUtroM kA mAMsamatsyAdi artha karake kiyA ho / alabattA nimrantha saMgha ke lambe itihAsa meM Apatti aura apavAda ke hajAroM prasaGga pAe haiM para kisI nirgrantha-dala ne ApavAdika sthiti kA samarthana karane ke lie apane mUla siddhAnta-ahiMsA se dUra jAkara sUtroM kA bilakula viruddha artha nahIM kiyA hai| sabhI nigrantha apavAda kA apavAdarUpa se judA hI varNana karate rahe haiN| jisakI sAkSI chedasUtroM meM padapada para hai| nirgrantha-saMgha kA baMdhAraNa bhI aisA rahA hai ki koI aise vikRta artha ko sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM pIche sthAna de to vaha nigrantha saGgha kA aGga raha hI nahIM sktaa| taba yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki racanAkAla meM sUtroM kA asalI artha to mAMsa-matsya hI thA aura pIche-se vanaspati-artha bhI kiyA jAne lgaa| aisA kyoM kiyA jAne lagA ? yahI dUsarA prazna aba hamAre sAmane zrAtA hai| saMgha kI nirmANa prakriyA nirgrantha-saMgha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA to aneka zatAbdI pahale se bhAratavara
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra meM dhIre-dhIre para satata cAlU thI / isa prakriyA kA mukhya AdhAra ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa ho pahale se rahA hai / aneka choTI-bar3I jAtiyoM aura chiTapuTa vyaktiyoM usI AdhAra se AkRSTa hokara nirgrantha-saMdha meM sammilita hotI rahI haiM / jaba koI nayA dala yA naI vyakti saMdhameM praveza karate haiM taba usake lie vaha saMkrama-kAla hotA hai / saMgha meM sthira hue dala tathA vyakti aura saMgha meM nayA praveza karane vAle dala tathA vyakti ke bIca amuka samaya taka AhAra-vihArAdi meM thor3A-bahuta aMtara rahanA anivArya hai| mA~sa-matsya Adi kA vyavahAra karane vAlI jAtiyA~ yA vyaktiyA~ yakAyaka nirgrantha-saMgha meM zAmila hote hI apanA sArA purAnA saMskAra badala deM yaha sarvatra saMbhava nahIM / pracAraka nirgrantha tapasvI bhI saMgha meM bhartI hone vAlI naI jAtiyoM tathA vyaktiyoM kA saMskAra unakI ruci aura zakti ke anusAra hI badalanA ThIka samajhate the jaise Ajakala ke pracAraka bhI apane-apane uddezya ke lie vaisA hI karate haiM / eka bAra nirgrantha saMgha meM dAkhila hue aura usake siddhAntAnusAra jIvana-vyavahAra banA lene vAloM kI jo saMtati hotI hai usako to nirgrantha saMghAnukUla saMskAra janmasiddha hotA hai para saMgha meM nae bhartI hone vAloM ke nigrantha saMghAnukUla saMskAra janmasiddha na hokara prayatnasAdhya hote haiM / janmasiddha aura prayatnasAdhya saMskAroM ke bIca aMtara yaha hotA hai ki eka to binA prayatna aura binA vizeSa tAlIma ke hI janma se calA AtA hai jaba ki dUsarA buddhipUrvaka prayatna se dhIre-dhIre AtA hai / dUsare saMskAra kI avasthA hI saMkrama-kAla hai / koI yaha na samajhe ki nigrantha-saMgha ke sabhI anuyAyI anAdi-kAlase janmasiddha saMskAra lekara hI calate A rahe haiN| nirgrantha-saMgha kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki isa saMgha ne aneka jAtiyoM aura vyaktiyoM ko nirgrantha saGgha kI dIkSA dI / yahI kAraNa hai ki madhya kAla kI taraha prAcIna kAla meM hama eka hI kuTumba meM nigrantha saMgha ke anuyAyI aura itara bauddha Adi zramaNa tathA brAhmaNa-saMpradAya ke anuyAyI pAte haiM / vizeSa kyA hama iti. hAsa se yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki pati nigrantha saMva kA aMga hai to patnI itara dharma kI anuyAyinI hai 6 | jaisA Aja kA nigrantha-saMgha mAtra janmasiddha dekhA jAtA hai vaisA madhyakAla ora prAcIna kAla meM na thaa| usa samaya pracAraka nirghandha apane saMgha kI vRddhi aura vistAra meM lage the isase usa samaya yaha saMbhava thA ki eka hI kuTumba meM koI nirAmiSabhojI nirgrantha upAsaka ho to sAmiSabhojI anya 16. upAsakadazAMga zra08 /
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________________ 68 jaina dharma aura darzana dharmAnuyAyI bhI ho| eka hI kuTumba kI aisI nirAmiSa-sAmiSa-bhojana kI mizrita vyavasthA meM bhI nirgranthoM ko bhikSA ke lie jAnA par3atA thaa| ApavAdika sthiti isake sivAya koI koI sAhasika nirgrantha pracAraka nae-nae pradeza meM apanA nirAmiSa-bhojana kA tathA ahiMsA-pracAra kA dhyeya lekara jAte the jahA~ ki unako pakke anuyAyI milane ke pahale maujUdA khAna-pAna kI vyavasthA meM se bhikSA lekara gujara-basara karanA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI aise bhI rogAdi saGkaTa upasthiti hote the jaba ki suvaidyoM kI salAha ke anusAra nirgranthoM ko khAna-pAna meM apavAda mArga kA bhI avalaMbana karanA par3atA thaa| ye aura inake jaisI aneka paristhitiyA~ purAne nigrantha saGgha ke itihAsa meM varNita haiM / ina paristhitiyoM meM nirAmiSa-bhojana aura ahiMsA-pracAra ke dhyeya kA Atyantika dhyAna rakhate hue bhI kabhI-kabhI nirgrantha apanI eSaNIya aura kalpya AhAra kI maryAdA ko sakhta rUpa se pAlate hue mA~sa-matsyAdi kA grahaNa karate hoM to koI acaraja kI bAta nhiiN| hama jana aAcArAMga ora dazavakAlikAdi AgamoM ke sAmiSa-AhAra sUcaka sUtra' 7 dekhate haiM aura una sUtroM meM varNita maryAdAtroM para vicAra karate hai taba spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki sAmiSa yAhAra kA vidhAna bilakula aApavAdika aura aparihArya sthiti kA hai| 'ahiMsA-saMyama-tapa' kA mudrAlekha Upara sUcita ApavAdika sthiti kA ThIka-ThIka samaya aura deza viSayaka nirNaya karanA sarala nahIM hai phira bhI hama itanA kaha sakate haiM ki jaba nirgrantha saMgha pradhAnatayA bihAra meM thA aura aMga-vaMga-kaliMga Adi meM nae pracAra ke lie jAne lagA thA taba kI yaha sthiti honI caahie| kyoMki una dinoM meM grAja se bhI kahIM adhika sAbhiSa-bhojana ukta pradezoM meM pracalita thA / kucha bhI ho para eka bAta to nizcita hai ki nirgrantha-saMgha apane ahiMsA-saMyama-tapa ke mUla mudrAlekha ke AdhAra para nirAmipa bhojana aura anya vyasana-tyAga ke pracAra kArya meM uttarottara Age hI bar3hatA aura saphala hotA gayA hai| isa saMgha ne aneka sAmiSabhojI rAjoM-mahArAjoM ko tathA aneka dUsare kSatriyAdi gaNoM ko apane saMgha meM milAkara dhIre-dhIre unako nirAmiSa bhojana kI ora agrasara kiyA hai| saMgha nirmANa kI yaha prakriyA pichalI zatAbdiyoM meM bilakula baMda-sI ho gaI hai para pahale yaha sthiti na thI / 17. AcArAMga 2. 1. 274, 281, dazavaikAbika a0 5. 73, 74
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra 66 ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa ke ugra pracAra kA sAmAnya janatA para aisA prabhAva par3A huzrA itihAsa meM dekhA jAtA hai ki jisase bAdhita hokara nirAmiSa-bhojana kA atyanta Agraha nahIM rakhane vAle bauddha tathA vaidika sampradAya ko nimrantha saMgha kA kaI aMza meM anukaraNa karanA par3A hai / 18 virodhI prazna aura samAdhAna niHsaMdeha bhArata meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA jamAne meM aneka paMthoM kA hAtha rahA hai para usameM jitanA hAtha nigrantha saMgha kA rahA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI kA rahA ho / ahiMsA-saMyama-tapakA Atyantika aAgraha rakhakara pracAra karane vAle nigranthoM ke lie jaba janma siddha anuyAyI-dala ThIka-ThIka pramANa meM karIba-karIna cAroM ora mila gayA taba nigrantha-saMgha kI sthiti bilakula badala gii| ahiMsA kI vyApaka pratiSThA itanI huI thI ki nigranthoM ke sAmane bAhara aura bhItara se vividha AkramaNa hone lage / virodhI paMtha ke anuyAyI to nigranthoM ko yaha kahakara kosate the ki agara tuma tyAgI ahiMsA kA Atyantika Agraha rakhate ho to tuma jIvana hI dhAraNa nahIM kara sakate ho kyoMki Akhira ko jIvana dhAraNa karane meM kucha bhI to hiMsA saMbhava hai hii| isI taraha ve yaha bhI ulAhanA dete the ki tuma nirAmiSa bhojana kA itanA Agraha rakhate ho para tumhAre pUrvaja nigrantha to sAmiSa aAhAra bhI grahaNa karate the| isI taraha janmasiddha nirAmiSa-bhojana ke saMskAra vAle sthira nigrantha 18. hama vinayapiTaka meM dekhate haiM ki bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie aneka prakAra ke mAMsoM ke khAne kA spaSTa niSedha hai aura apane nimitta se bane mA~sa lene kA bhI vizeSa niSedha hai / itanA hI nahIM balki bauddha bhikSuoM ko jamIna khodane khudavAne tathA vanaspati ko kATane-kaTavAne kA bhI niSedha kiyA hai | ghAsa Adi jantuoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke lie varSAvAsa kA bhI vidhAna hai| pAThaka AcArAMga meM varNita nigranthoM ke prAcAra ke sAtha tulanA kareMge to kama se kama itanA to jAna sakeMge ki amuka aMzoM meM nigrantha zrAcAroM kA hI bauddha zrAcAra para prabhAva par3A hai kyoMki nigrantha paramparA ke prAcAra pahale se sthira the aura bahuta sakhta bhI ye jaba ki bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie aise prAcAroM kA vidhAna lokaniMdA ke bhaya se pIche se kiyA huA hai |---vinypittk pR0 23, 24, 170, 231, 245 (hindI AvRtti) jahA~-jahA~ nigrantha paraMparA kA prAdhAnya rahA hai vahA~ ke vaiSNava hI nahIM, zaiva zAktAdi phirake-jo mA~sa se paraheja nahIM karate-ve bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi khAne se paraheja karate haiN|
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana saMgha ke bhItara se bhI prAcAryoM ke sAmane prazna Ae / praznakartA svayaM to janma se nirAmiSa-bhojI ora ahiMsA ke prAtyantika samarthaka the para ve purAne zAstroM meM se sAmiSa-bhojana kA prasaMga bhI sunate the isalie unake manameM duvidhA paidA hotI thI ki jaba hamAre prAcArya ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa kA itanA ucca Adarza hamAre sAmane rakhate haiM taba isake sAtha purAne nigranthoM ke dvArA sAmiSa-bhojana lie jAne ke zAstrIya varNana kA mela kaise baiTha sakatA hai ? jaba kisI tattva kA prAtyantika AgrahapUrvaka pracAra kiyA jAtA hai taba virodhI pakSoM kI aora se tathA apane dala ke bhItara se bhI aneka virodhI prazna upasthita hote hI haiN| purAne nimrantha-AcAryoM ke sAmane bhI yahI sthiti paaii| usa sthiti kA samAdhAna binA kie aba cArA nahIM thA ataeva kucha prAcAryoM ne to zrAmiSasUcaka sUtroM kA artha hI apanI vartamAna jIvana sthiti ke anukUla vanaspati kiyA / para kucha nirgrantha AcArya aise bhI dRr3ha nikale ki unhoMne aise sUtroM kA artha na udala karake kevala vahI bAta kaha dI jo itihAsa meM kabhI ghaTita huI thI arthAt unhoMne kaha diyA ki aise sUtroM kA artha to mA~sa-matsyAdi hI hai para usakA grahaNa nigranthoM ke lie autsargika nahIM mAtra ApavAdika sthiti hai| nayA artha karane vAlA eka sampradAya aura purAnA artha mAnane vAlA dUsarA sampradAya -- ye donoM paraspara samAdhAna pUrvaka nimrantha-saMdha meM amuka samaya taka calate rahe kyoMki donoM kA uddezya apane apane DhaMga se nirgranthoM ke sthApita nirA. miSa bhojana kA bacAva aura poSaNa hI karanA thaa| jaba AgamoM ke sAtha vyAkhyAe~ bhI likhI jAne lagI taba una vivAdAspada sUtroM ke donoM artha bhI likha liye gae jisase donoM artha karane vAloM meM vaimanasya na ho| para durdaiva se nigrantha saMgha ke takhte para nayA hI tANDava hone vAlA thaa| vaha aisA ki do daloM meM vastra na rakhane aura rakhane ke mudde para prAtyaMtika virodha kI naubata AI / phalataH eka pakSa ne AgamoM ko yaha kahakara chor3a diyA ki ve to kAlpanika haiM jaba ki dUsare pakSa ne una AgamoM ko jyoM kA tyoM mAna liyA aura unameM Ane vAle mA~sAdi-grahaNa viSayaka sUtroM ke vanaspati aura mA~sa-aise do arthoM ko bhI mAnya rakhA / hama Upara kI carcA se nIce likhe pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM :- 1-nigrantha-saMgha kI nirmANa prakriyA ke jamAne meM tathA anya prApavAdika prasaMgoM meM nigrantha bhI sAmiSa AhAra lete the jisakA purAnA avazeSa AgamoM meM raha gayA hai|
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra 2-janma se hI nirAmiSabhojI nirgrantha-saMgha ke sthApita ho jAne para vaha zrApavAdika sthiti na rahI aura sarvatra nirAmiSa AhAra sulabha ho gayA para isa kAla ke nirAmiSa zrAhAra-grahaNa karane ke prAtyantika Agraha ke sAtha purAne sAmiSa AhAra sUcaka sUtra bemela jaeNcane lge| 3-isI bemela kA nivAraNa karane kI savRtti meM se dUsarA vanaspati paraka artha kiyA jAne lagA aura purAne tathA nae arthaM sAtha hI sAtha svIkRta hue / 4---jaba itara kAraNoM se nirgrantha daloM meM phUTa huI taba eka dala ne AgamoM ke bahiSkAra meM sAmiSa AhAra sUcaka sUtroM kI dalIla bhI dUsare dala ke sAmane tathA sAmAnya janatA ke sAmane rkhii| eka vRnta meM aneka phala hama pahale batalA Ae haiM ki parivartana va vikAsakrama ke anusAra samAja meM AcAra-vicAra kI bhUmikA purAne prAcAra-vicAroM se badala jAtI hai taba naI paristhiti ke kucha vyAkhyAkAra purAne AcAra-vicAroM para hone vAle AkSepoM se bacane ke lie purAne hI vAkyoM meM se apanI paristhiti ke anukUla artha nikAla kara una AkSepoM ke parihAra kA prayatna karate haiM jaba ki dUsare vyAkhyAkAra naI paristhiti ke AcAra-vicAroM ko apanAte hue bhI unase bilakula viruddha purAne aAcAra-vicAroM ke sUcaka vAkyoM ko tor3a-maror3a kara nayA artha nikAlane ke badale purAnA hI artha kAyama rakhate haiM aura isa taraha pratyeka vikAsagAmI dharmasamAja meM purAne zAstroM ke artha karane meM do pakSa par3a jAte haiN| jaise vaidika aura bauddha saMpradAya kA itihAsa hamAre ukta kathana kA sabUta hai vaise hI nirgrantha saMpradAya kA itihAsa bhI hamAre mantavya kI sAkSI de rahA hai| hama nirAmiSa aura sAmiSa AhAra-grahaNa ke bAre meM apanA ukta vidhAna spaSTa kara cuke haiM phira bhI yahA~ nirgrantha-saMpradAya ke bAre meM pradhAnatayA kucha varNana karanA hai isalie hama usa vidhAna ko dUsarI eka vaisI hI aitihAsika ghaTanA se spaSTa kareM to yaha upayukta hI hogaa| bhArata meM mUrti pUjA yA pratIka-upAsanA bahuta purAnI aura vyApaka bhI hai| nigrantha-paramparA kA itihAsa bhI mUrti aura pratIka kI upAsanA-pUjA se bharA par3A hai / para isa deza meM mUrti virodhI aura mUrtibhaMjaka islAma ke Ane ke bAda mUrtipUjA kI virodhI aneka paramparAoM ne janma liyA / nirgrantha-paramparA bhI isa pratikriyA se na bcii| 15 vIM sadI meM lauMkAzAha nAmaka eka vyakti gujarAta meM paidA hue jinhoMne mUrtipUjA aura usa nimitta honevAle ADambaroM kA sakriya
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________________ 72 jaina dharma aura darzana virodha zurU kiyA jo kramazaH eka martivirodhI phirake meM pariNata ho gayA / nayA Andolana yA vicAra koI bhI ho para sampradAya meM vaha tabhI sthAna pAtA aura saphala hotA hai jaba usako zAstroM kA AdhAra ho| aisA AdhAra jaba taka na ho taba taka nayA phirakA panapa nahIM sakatA / tisa para bhI yadi purAne zAstroM meM nae Andolana ke khilApha pramANa bhare par3e hoM taba to nae Andolana ko Age kUca karane meM bar3I rukAvaToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| purAne nirgrantha aAgamoM meM tathA uttarakAlIna anya sAhitya meM mUrtipUjA aura pratIkopAsanA ke sUcaka aneka ullekha maujUda haiM--aisI sthiti meM viruddha ullekhavAle zrAgamoM ko mAnakara mUrtipUjA ke virodha kA samarthana kaise kiyA jA sakatA thA ? mUrtipUjA kA virodha paristhiti meM A gayA thA, Andolana cAlU thA, purAne viruddha ullekha bAdhaka ho rahe the-isa kaThinAI ko hala karane ke lie nae mUrtipUjA virodhI phirake ne usI aitihAsika mArga kA avalambana liyA jisakA ki sAmiSa-nirAmiSa bhojana ke virodha kA parihAra karane meM pahale bhI nigrantha muni le cuke the| arthAt mUrtipUjA ke virodhiyoM ne caitya, pratimA, jina-gRha Adi mUrtisUcaka pAThoM kA artha ho badalanA zurU kara diyaa| isa taraha hama nigrantha-paramparA ke zvetAmbara phirake meM hI dekhate haiM ki eka phirakA jina pAThoM kA mUrtiparaka artha karatA hai, dUsarA phirakA unhIM pAThoM kA anyAnya artha karake mUrtipUjA ke virodhavAle apane pakSa kA samarthana karatA hai| pAThaka saralatA se samajha sake hoMge ki purAne pATharUpa eka hI DaNThala meM-vRnta meM paristhiti meda se kaise aneka phala lagate hai| AgamoM kI prAcInatA __ sAmiSa AhAra sUcaka pAThoM kA vanaspatiparaka artha karanevAloM kA Azaya to burA na thaa| hA~, utsarga-apayAda ke svarUpa kA jJAna tathA aitihAsikatA ko vaphAdArI unameM avazya kama thii| asalI artha ko cipake rahane vAloM kA mAnasa sanAtana aura rUDhigAmI avazya thA para sAtha hI usameM utsarga:apavAda ke svarUpa kA vistRta jJAna tathA aitihAsikatA kI vaphAdarI donoM paryApta the / isa carcA para se yaha saralatA se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai ki zrAgamoM kA kalevara kitanA purAnA hai ? agara Agama, bhagavAn mahAvIra se aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda kisI eka phirake ke dvArA nae race gae hote to unameM aise sAmiSa AhAra grahaNa sUcaka sUtra Ane kA koI sababa hI na thA / kyoMki usa jamAne ke pahale hI se sArI nimrantha-paramparA nirapavAdarUpa se nirAmiSabhojI bana cukI thI aura mA~sa matsyAdi kA tyAga kuladharma
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra hI ho gayA thaa| bhalA aisA kauna hogA jo vartamAna nirAmiSa bhojana kI nirapavAda avasthA meM aise sAmiSa-AhAra-sUcaka sUtra banAkara AgamoM meM ghuser3a de aura apanI paramparA ke ahiMsAmUlaka jIvana vyavahAra kA makhaula karAne kI sthiti jAna-bUjha kara paidA kare / sAre bhAratavarSa ke jude jude asalI mAnavadaloM kA aura samaya-samaya para Akara basa jAnevAle nae-nae mAnavadaloM kA itihAsa hama dekhate haiM to eka bAta nirvivAda rUpa se pAte haiM ki bhAratavAsI hara-eka dharma-sampradAya nirAmiSa bhojana kI ora kucha-na-kucha agrasara huA hai / isa itihAsa ke pRSTha jitane purAne utanA hI sAmiSa-AhAra aura dharmya pazuvadha adhika dekhane ko milatA hai / aisI sthiti meM zrAgamoM meM Ane vAle sAmiSa-AhAra sUcaka sUtra nigrantha paramparA ke purAne stara ko hI sUcita karate haiM jo kisI-na-kisI taraha se zrAgamoM meM surakSita raha gayA hai| kevala isa AdhAra se bhI AgamoM kI prAcInatA anAyAsa hI dhyAna meM AtI hai ! utsarga-apavAda kI carcA ___ hama yahA~ prasaMga vaza utsarga-apavAda kI carcA bhI saMkSepa meM kara denA cAhate haiM jisase prastuta viSaya para kucha prakAza par3a sake / nirgrantha-paramparA kA mukhya lakSya AdhyAtmika sukha kI prApti hai / usI ko siddha karane ke lie usane ahiMsA kA Azraya liyA hai| pUrNa aura ucca koTi kI ahiMsA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba jIvana meM kAyika-vAcika mAnasika asat pravRttiyoM kA niyaMtraNa ho aura satpravRttiyoM ko vega diyA jaae| tathA bhautika sukha kI lAlasA ghaTAne ke uddezya se kaThora jIvana-mArga yA indriya-damana mArga kA avalambana liyA jaae| isI dRSTi se nigrantha-paramparA ne samaya aura tapa para adhika bhAra diyA hai| ahiMsAladI saMyama aura tapomaya jIvana hI nirgrantha paramparA kA zrautsargika vidhAna hai jo AdhyAtmika sukha prApti kI anivArya gAraNTI hai / para jaba koI AdhyAtmika dharma samudAyagAmI banane lagatA hai tatra apavAdoM kA praveza anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka bana jAtA hai / apavAda vahI hai jo tattvataH autsargika mArga kA poSaka hI ho, kabhI ghAtaka na bane / ApavAdika vidhAna kI madada se hI autsargika mArga vikAsa kara sakatA hai aura donoM milakara hI mUla dhyeya ko siddha kara sakate haiN| hama vyavahAra meM dekhate haiM ki bhojana-pAna jIvana kI rakSA aura puSTi ke lie hI hai, para hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki kabhI-kabhI bhojana-pAna kA tyAga hI jIvana ko bacA letA hai| isI taraha Upara-Upara se Apasa meM viruddha dikhAI denevAle bhI do prakAra ke jIvana vyavahAra jaba eka lakSagAmI hoM taba ve utsarga-apavAda kI koTi meM Ate haiN|
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________________ 74 jaina dharma aura darzana utsarga ko AtmA kaheM to apavAdoM ko deha kahanA cAhie / donoM kA sammilita uddezya saMvAdI jIvana jInA hai / jo nimrantha muni ghara-bAra kA baMdhana chor3akara anagAra rUpa se jIvana jIte the unako AdhyAtmika sukhalakSI jIvana to jInA hI thA jo sthAna, bhojana-pAna Adi kI madada ke sivAya jiyA nahIM jA sakatA / isalie ahiMsA-saMyama aura tapa kI utkaTa pratijJA kA autsargika mArga svIkAra karane para bhI ve usameM aise kucha niyama banA lete the jinase pazu aura manuSyoM ko to kyA para pRthvI-jala aura vanaspati Adi ke jantu taka ko trAsa na pahu~ce / isI dRSTi se anagAra muniyoM ko jo sthAna, bhojana-pAnAdi vastue~ sthUla jIvana ke lie anivArya rUpa se Avazyaka haiM unake grahaNa evaM upayoga kI vyavasthA ke aise sUkSmAtisUkSma niyama bane haiM jo duniyA kI aura kisI tyAga-paramparA meM dekhe nahIM jAte / anagAra muniyoM ne dUsaroM ke parihAsa ko yA stuti kI paravAha kie binA hI apane lie apanI icchA se jIvana jIne ke niyama banAe haiM jo prAcArAMga Adi AgamoM se lekara Aja taka ke nae se nae jaina vAGmaya meM varNita haiM aura jo vartamAnakAla kI zithila aura azithila kaisI bhI anagAra-saMsthA meM dekhane ko milate haiN| ina niyamoM meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki agara dAtA apanI icchA se va zraddhA-bhakti se jarUrI cIja anagAra ko detA ho taba bhI usakA svIkAra amuka maryAdA meM rahakara hI karanA cAhie / aisI maryAdAoM ko kAyama karane meM kahIM to grAma vastu kaisI honI cAhie yaha batalAyA gayA hai aura kahIM dAtA tathA dAnakSetra kaise hone cAhie-yaha batalAyA gayA hai / yaha bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki grAhya vastu maryAdA meM AtI ho, dAtA va dAnakSetra niyamAnukUla hoM phira bhI bhikSA to amuka kAla meM hI karanI cAhie---bhale hI prANa jA~ya para rAta Adi ke samaya meM nahIM / anagAra muni Ukha-khajUra Adi ko isalie le nahIM sakatA ki usameM khAdya aMza kama aura tyAjya aMza adhika hotA hai / anagAra nimrantha prApta bhikSA sugandhi ho yA durgandha, rucikara ho yA arucikara, binA duHkha-sukha mAne khA-pI jAtA hai / aisI hI kaThina maryAdAoM ke bIca apavAda ke taura para sAmiSa AhAra-grahaNa kI vidhi bhI aAtI hai / sAmAnya rUpa se to anagAra muni sAmiSa-aAhAra kI bhikSA lene ko inkAra hI kara detA thA para bImArI jaise saMyoga se bAdhita hokara letA bhI thA to use svAda yA puSTi kI dRSTi se nahIM, kevala nirmama va anAsakta dRSTi se jIvanayAtrA ke lie letA thaa| isa bhikSAvidhi kA sAMgopAMga varNana aAcArAMgAdi sUtroM meM hai| usako dekhakara koI bhI taTastha vicAraka yaha kaha nahIM sakatA ki prAcInakAla meM prApavAdika rUpa se lI jAnevAlI sAmiSa-AhAra kI bhikSA kisI
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa AhAra 75 bhI taraha se ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapomaya-autsargika mArga kI bAdhaka ho sakatI hai / isalie hama to yahI samajhate haiM ki jinhoMne sAmiSa-AhAra sUcaka sUtroM kI aura unake asalI arthoM kI rakSA kI hai unhoMne kevala nigrantha-sampradAya ke sacce itihAsa kI hI rakSA nahIM kI hai balki gaharI samajha aura nirbhaya-vRttikA bhI paricaya diyA hai| ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA pracAra va vikAsa sAmiSa-AhAragrahaNa yA aise anya apavAdoM kI yaSTi kI madada se ahiMsAlakSI autsargika jIvana mArga para nirgrantha-sampradAya ke itihAsa ne kitanI dUra kUca kI hai isakA saMkSipta citra bhI hamAre sAmane A jAe to hameM purAne sAmiSa. AhAra sUcaka sUtroM se tathA unake asalI arthoM se kisI bhI taraha se hicakicAne kI AvazyakatA na rhegii| isalie aba hama nigrantha sampradAya ke dvArA kiye gae ahiMsA-pradhAna pracAra kA tathA ahiMsaka bhAvanA ke vikAsa kA saMkSepa meM avalokana kreNge| __ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale nigrantha-paramparA meM yadukumAra neminAtha ho gae haiM unakI ardha-aitihAsika jIvana kathAoM meM eka ghaTanA kA jo ullekha milatA hai / usako nintha-paramparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA eka sImA cinha kahA jA sakatA hai / lagna-vivAhAdi sAmAjika utsava-samAraMbhoM meM jImane-jimAne aura Amoda-pramoda karane kA rivAja to Aja bhI cAlU hai para usa samaya aise samAraMbhoM meM nAnAvidha pazuoM kA vadha karake unake mA~sa se jImana ko AkarSita banAne kI prathA Ama taura se rahI / khAsa kara kSatriyAdi jAtiyoM meM to vaha prathA aura bhI rUr3ha thI / isa prathA ke anusAra lagna ke nimitta kie jAne vAle utsava meM vadha karane ke lie ekatra kiye gae harina Adi vividha pazuoM kA ArtanAda sunakara nemikumAra ne ThIka lagna ke mauke para hI karuNAI hokara apane aise lagna kA saMkalpa hI chor3a diyA jisameM aise pazuoM kA vadha karake mA~sa kA khAnAkhilAnA pratiSThita mAnA jAtA rahA / nemikumAra ke isa karuNAmUlaka brahmacaryavAsa kA usa samaya samAja para aisA asara par3A aura kramazaH vaha asara bar3hatA gayA ki dhIre dhIre aneka jAtiyoM ne sAmAjika samAraMbhoM meM mA~sa khAne-khilAne ko prathA ko hI tilAJjali de dii| saMbhavataH yahI aisI pahalI ghaTanA hai jo sAmAjika vyavahAroM meM ahiMsA kI nIMva par3ane kI sUcaka hai| nemikumAra yAdavaziromaNi devakInandana kRSNa ke anuja the| jAna par3atA hai isa kAraNa se dvArakA aura mathurA ke yAdavoM para acchA asara par3A / itihAsa kAla meM bhagavAna pArzva
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana nAtha kA sthAna hai / unakI jIvanI kaha rahI hai ki unhoMne ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko vikasita karane ke lie eka dUsarA hI kadama uThAyA / paJcAgni jaisI tAmasa tapasyAtroM meM sUkSma-sthUla prANiyoM kA vicAra binA kie hI Aga jalAne kI prathA thI jisase kabhI-kabhI iMdhana ke sAtha anya prANI bhI jala jAte the / kAzIrAja azvapati ke putra pArzvanAtha ne aisI hiMsAjanaka tapasyA kA ghora virodha kiyA aura dharma-kSetra meM aviveka se hone vAlI hiMsA ke tyAga kI ora lokamata taiyAra kiyA | pArzvanAtha ke dvArA puSTa kI gaI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA nigranthanAtha jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko virAsata meM milii| unhoMne yajJa yAgAdi jaise dharma ke jude-jude kSetroM meM hone vAlI hiMsA kA tathAgata buddha kI taraha zrAtyantika virodha kiyA aura dharmake pradeza meM ahiMsA kI itanI adhika pratiSThA kI ki isake bAda to ahiMsA hI bhAratIya dharmoM kA prANa bana gii| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI ugra ahiMsA parAyaNa jIvana-yAtrA tathA ekAgra tapasyA ne tatkAlIna aneka prabhAvazAlI brAhmaNa va kSatriyoM ko ahiMsA-bhAvanA kI ora khiiNcaa| phalataH janatA meM sAmAjika tathA dhArmika utsavoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ne jar3a jamAI, jisake Upara Age ko nirgrantha-paraMparA kI agalI pIr3hiyoM kI kAragujArI kA mahala khar3A huA hai / azoka ke pautra saMprati ne apane pitAmaha ke ahiMsaka saMskAra kI virAsata ko Ayasuhasti kI chatrachAyA meM aura bhI samRddha kiyaa| saMprati ne kevala apane adhIna rAjya-pradezoM meM hI nahIM balki apane rAjya kI sImA ke bAhara bha-jahA~ ahiMsAmUlaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA nAma bhI na thA-ahiMsA bhAvanA kA phailAva kiyA / ahiMsA-bhAvanA ke usa srota kI bAr3ha meM aneka kA hAtha avazya hai para nirgandha anagAroM kA to isake siyAya aura koI dhyeya hI nahIM rahA hai| ve bhArata meM pUrva-pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa jahA~-jahA~ gae vahA~ unhoMne ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA hI vistAra kiyA aura hiMsAmUlaka aneka vyasanoM ke tyAga kI janatA ko zikSA dene meM hI nirgrantha-dharma kI kRtakRtyatA kA anubhava kiyA / jaise zaMkarAcArya ne bhArata ke cAroM konoM para maTha sthApita karake brahmAdvaita kA vijaya stambha ropA hai vaise hI mahAvIra ke anuyAyI anagAra nirgranthoM ne bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke cAroM konoM meM ahiMsAdvaita kI bhAvanA ke vijaya stambha ropa die haiM--aisA kahA jAe to atyukti na hogI / lokamAnya tilaka ne isa bAta ko yoM kahA thA ki gujarAta kI ahiMsA bhAvanA jainoM kI hI dena hai para itihAsa hameM kahatA hai ki vaiSNavAdi aneka vaidika paramparAoM ko ahiMsAmUlaka dharmavRtti meM nigrantha saMpradAya kA thor3A bahuta prabhAva avazya kAma kara rahA hai| una vaidika sampradAyoM ke pratyeka jIvana nyavahAra kI chAnabIna karane se koI bhI vicAraka yaha saralatA se jAna sakatA hai
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________________ sAmiSa nirAmiSa AhAra 77 ki isameM nigranthoM kI ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA puTa avazya hai / Aja bhArata meM hiMsAmUlaka yajJa-yAgAdi dharma-vidhi kA samarthaka bhI yaha sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA hai ki vaha yajamAnoM ko pazuvadha ke lie prerita kre| ___AcArya hemacandra ne gurjarapati parama mAhezvara siddharAja taka ko bahuta aMzoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se prabhAvita kiyaa| isakA phala aneka dizAoM meM acchA AyA / aneka deva-deviyoM ke sAmane khAsa-khAsa parvo para hone vAlI hiMsA ruka gaI / aura aisI hiMsA ko rokane ke vyApaka Andolana kI eka nIMva par3a gii| siddharAja kA uttarAdhikArI gurjarapati kumArapAla to paramAIta hI thA / vaha sacce artha meM paramAIta isalie mAnA gayA ki usane jaisI aura jitanI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA puSTa kI aura jaisA usakA vistAra kiyA vaha itihAsa meM bejor3a hai| kumArapAla kI 'amAri ghoSaNA' itanI loka-priya banI ki zrAge ke aneka nigrantha aura unake aneka gRhastha-ziSya amAri-ghoSaNA ko apane jIvana kA dhyeya banAkara hI kAma karane lge| AcArya hemacandra ke pahale kaI nirgranthoM ne mA~sAzI jAtiyoM ko ahiMsA kI dIkSA dI thI aura nigrantha-saMgha meM zrosavAlaporavAla Adi varga sthApita kie the| zaka Adi videzI jAtiyA~ bhI ahiMsA ke cepa se baca na sakI / hIravijayasUri ne akabara jaise bhArata-samrAT se bhikSA meM itanA hI mA~gA ki vaha hamezA ke lie nahIM to kucha khAsa-khAsa tithiyoM para amAri-ghoSaNA jArI kre| akabara ke usa patha para jahA~gIra Adi unake vaMzaja bhI cale / jo janma se hI mA~sAzI the una mugala samrAToM ke dvArA ahiMsA kA itanA vistAra karAnA yaha aAja bhI sarala nahIM hai| aAja bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-samAja hI aisA hai jo jahA~ taka saMbhava ho vividha kSetroM meM hone vAlI pazu-pakSI Adi kI hiMsA ko rokane kA satata prayatna karatA hai / isa vizAla deza meM jude-jude saMskAra vAlI aneka jAtiyA~ par3osapar3osa meM basatI haiM / aneka janma se hI mAMsAzI bhI haiN| phira bhI jahA~ dekho vahA~ ahiMsA ke prati loka ruci to hai hI / madhyakAla meM aise aneka santa aura phakIra hue jinhoMne eka mAtra ahiMsA aura dayA kA hI upadeza diyA hai jo bhArata kI AtmA meM ahiMsA kI gaharI jar3a kI sAkSI hai| mahAtmA gA~dhIjI ne bhArata meM nava-jIvana kA prANa praspaMdita karane kA saMkalpa kiyA to vaha kevala ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ke Upara hI / yadi unako ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA aisA taiyAra kSetra na milatA to ve zAyada hI itane saphala hote| ___ yahA~ sAmpradAyika dRSTi se kevala yaha nahIM kahanA hai ki ahiMsA vRtti ke pASaNa kA sArA yaza nigrantha sampradAba ko hI haivaktaba itanA hI hai ki
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________________ 78 jaina dharma aura darzana bhAratavyApI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA meM nirgrantha-sampradAya kA bahuta bar3A hissA hajAroM varSa se rahA hai| itanA batalAne kA uddezya kevala yahI hai ki nigrantha-sampradAya kA ahiMsAlakSI mUla dhyeya kahA~ taka eka rUpa rahA hai aura usane sAre itihAsa kAla meM kaisA kaisA kAma kiyA hai| ___ agara hamArA yaha vaktavya ThIka hai to sAmiSa-AhAragrahaNa sUcaka sUtroM ke asalI artha ke bAre meM hamane apanA jo abhiprAya prakaTa kiyA hai vaha ThIka taraha se dhyAna meM A sakegA aura usake sAtha nigrantha-sampradAya kI ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA koI virodha nahIM hai yaha bAta bhI samajha meM A skegii| nigrantha-sampradAya meM sAmiSa-AhAra grahaNa agara ApavAdika yA purAnI sAmAjika paristhiti kA pariNAma na hotA to nigrantha-sampradAya ahiMsA-siddhAnta ke Upara itanA bhAra hI na de sakatA aura vaha bhAra detA bhI to usakA asara janatA para na par3atA / bauddha bhikSu ahiMsA ke pakSapAtI rahe para ve jahA~ gae vahA~ kI bhojana-vyavasthA ke adhIna ho gae aura bahudhA mAMsa-matsyAdi grahaNa se na baca sake / so kyoM ? javAba spaSTa hai-unake lie mAMsa-matsyAdi kA grahaNa ninthasampradAya jitanA sakhta ApavAdika aura lAcArI rUpa na thA / nigrantha anagAra bauddha anagAra kI taraha dharma-pracAra kA hI dhyeya rakhate the phira bhI ve bauddhoM kI taraha bhArata ke bAhara jAne meM asamartha rahe aura bhArata meM bhI bauddhoM kI taraha hara eka dala ko apane sampradAya meM milAne meM asamartha rahe isakA kyA kAraNa ? javAba spaSTa hai ki nigrantha sampradAya ne pahale hI se mA~sAdi ke tyAga para itanA adhika bhAra diyA thA ki nigrantha anagAra na to saralatA se mAMsAzI jAti vAle deza meM jA sakate the aura na mAMsa-matsyAdi kA tyAga na karane vAlI jAtiyoM ko jyoM kI tyoM apane saMgha meM bauddha bhituoM kI taraha le sakate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki nigrantha-sampradAya na kevala bhArata meM hI sImita hai para usakA koI bhI aisA gRhastha yA sAdhu anuyAyI nahIM hai jo hajAra pralobhana hone para bhI mAMsa. matsyAdi kA grahaNa karanA pasaMda kare / aise dRr3ha saMskAra ke pIche hajAro varSa se sthira koI purAnI zrautsargika bhAvanA hI kAma kara rahI hai aisA samajhanA cAhie / isI AdhAra para hama kahate haiM ki jaina itihAsa meM sAmiSAhAra sacaka jo bhI ullekha hai aura unakA jo bhI asalI artha ho usase jainoM ko kabhI ghabar3Ane kI yA kSubdha hone kI jarUrata nahIM hai ulTe yaha to nimrantha-sampradAya kI eka vijaya hai ki jisane una ApavAdika prasaMga vAle yuga se pAra hokara Age apane mUla dhyeya ko sarvatra pratiSThita aura vikasita kiyA hai|
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________________ sAmiSa - nirAmiSa AhAra bauddha - paramparA meM mA~sa ke grahaNa - agrahaNa kA UhApoha jaina - paramparA hiMsA siddhAnta kA antima hada taka samarthana karane vAlI hai isalie usake pramANabhUta granthoM meM kahIM bhI bhikSuoM ke dvArA mAMsa-matsyAdi ke liye jAne kI thor3I sI bAta A jAe to usa paramparA kI hiMsA bhAvanA ke viruddha hone ke kAraNa usase paramparA meM matabheda yA kSobha ho jAe to yaha koI acaraja kI bAta nahIM hai / para acaraja kI bAta to yaha hai ki jisa paramparA meM hiMsA ke AcaraNa kA maryAdita vidhAna hai aura jisake anuyAyI Aja bhI mAMsamatsyAdi kA grahaNa hI nahIM balki samarthana bhI karate haiM usa bauddha tathA vaidika paramparA ke zAstroM meM bhI amuka sUtra tathA vAkya mAMsa-matsyAdiparaka haiM yA nahIM isa mudde para garamA-garama carcA prAcIna kAla se Aja taka calI AtI hai / bauddha-piTakoM meM jahA~ buddha ke nirvANa kI carcA hai vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki cunda nAmaka eka vyakti ne buddha ko bhikSA meM sUkara-mAMsa diyA thA 16 jisake khAne se buddha ko ugra zUla paidA huA aura vahI mRtyu kA kAraNa huA / bauddha-piTakoM meM aneka jagaha aisA varNana AtA hai jisase saMdigdha rUpa se mAnA jAtA hai ki bauddha bhikSu apane nimitta se mAre nahIM gae aise pazu kA mAMsa grahaNa karate the / jaba buddha kI maujUdagI meM unhIM kA bhikSusaMgha mAMsa-matsyAdi grahaNa karatA thA taba cunda ke dvArA buddha ko dI gaI sUkara-mAMsa kI bhikSA ke artha ke bAre meM matabheda yA khIMcAtAnI kyoM huIM ? yaha eka samasyA hai / D buddha kI mRtyu kA kAraNa samajha kara koI cunda ko apamAnita yA tiraskRta na kareM isa udAtta bhAvanA se khuda buddha ne hI cunda kA bacAva kiyA hai aura saMgha ko kahA hai ki koI cunda ko dUSita na mAneM / bauddha piTaka ke isa varNana se yaha to spaSTa hI hai kiM sUkara mAMsa jaisI gariSTha vastu kI bhikSA dene ke kAraNa bauddha saMgha cunda kA tiraskAra karane para utArU thA usI ko buddha ne sAvadha kiyA hai / jaba buddha kI maujUdagI meM bauddhabhikSu mAMsa jaisI vastu grahaNa karate the aura khuda buddha ke dvArA bhI cunda ke uparAnta ugra gRhapati kI dI huI sUkara-mAMsa kI bhikSA liye jAne kA aMguttaranikAya paMcama nipAta meM sApha kathana hai; taba bauddha paramparA meM Age jAkara sUkara-mAMsa artha ke sUcaka sUtra ke artha para bauddha vidvAnoM kA matabheda kyoM huA ? yaha kama kutUhala kA viSaya nahIM hai / 16. dIgha0 mahAparinivvANasuta 16 20. aMguttara Vol II. P. 187 majjhimanikAya su0 55 vinayapiTaka -pu0 245 ( hindI ) 76
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana buddha ke nirvANa ke karIba 1000 varSa ke bAda buddhaghoSa ne piTakoM ke Upara vyAkhyAe~ likhI haiM / usane dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA meM pAlI zabda 'sUkara maddava' ke jude jude vyAkhyAtAoM ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle tIna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / udAna kI aTThakathA meM aura nae do arthoM kI vRddhi dekhI jAtI hai / itanA hI nahIM balki cInI bhASA meM upalabdha eka grantha meM 'sUkara mahava' kA bilakula nayA hI artha kiyA huA milatA hai / sUkara-mAMsa yaha artha to prasiddha hI thA para usase judA hokara aneka vyAkhyAkAroM ne apanI-apanI kalpanA se mUla 'sakara maddava' zabda ke nae-nae artha kie haiM / ina saba-nae nae arthoM ke karanevAloM kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki sUkara-maddava zabda sakara mA~sa kA bodhaka nahIM hai aura cunda ne buddha ko bhikSA meM sUkara-mA~sa nahIM diyA thaa| 21-saMkSepa meM ve artha isa prakAra haiM.1-ligdha aura mRdu sUkara mA~sa / 2--paJcagorasa meM se taiyAra kiyA huaA eka prakAra kA eka komala anna / 3-eka prakAra kA rasAyana / ye tIna artha mahAparinirvANa sUtra kI aTThakathA meM haiN| 4-sUkara ke dvArA mardita bA~sa kA aMkura / 5- varSA meM UganevAlA billI kA Topa-ahikSatra / ye do artha udAna-aTakathA meM haiN| 6-zarkarA kA banA huA sUkara ke AkAra kA khilaunA / yaha artha kisI cInI grantha meM hai jise maiMne dekhA nahIM hai para adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAMbIjI ke dvArA jJAta huA hai| vyAdhi kI nivRtti ke lie bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vAste zrAvikA revatI ke dvArA dI gaI bhikSA kA bhagavatI meM zataka 15 meM varNana hai| usa bhikSAvastu ke bhI do artha pUrva kAla se cale Ae haiM / jinako TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne nirdiSTa kiyA hai / eka artha mA~sa-paraka hai jaba ki dUsarA vanaspatiparaka hai / apane-apane sampradAya ke nAyaka buddha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA lI gaI bhikSA vastu ke sUcaka sUtroM kA mA~saparaka tathA nirmAsa-paraka artha dono paramparA meM kiyA gayA hai yaha vastu aitihAsikoM ke lie vicArapreraka hai| donoM meM pharka yaha hai ki eka paramparA meM mA~sa ke atirikta aneka arthoM kI sRSTi huI hai jaba ki dUsarI paramparA meM mA~sa ke atirikta mAtra vanaspati hI artha kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ sAmiSa - nirAmiSan zrAhAra 81 buddhaghoSa Adi lekhakoM ne jina aneka arthoM ko apane apane granthoM meM, nogha kI hai aura jo eka ajIva artha usa purAne cInI grantha meM bhI milatA hai--yaha saba kevala usa samaya kI hI kalpanAsRSTi nahIM hai para jAna par3atA hai ki buddhaghoSa Adi ke pahale hI kaI zatAbdiyoM se bauddha paramparA meM buddha ne sUkara-mA~sa khAyA thA yA nahIM, isa mudde para prabala matabheda ho gayA thA aura jude-jude vyAkhyAkAra apanI-apanI kalpanA se apane-apane pakSa kA samarthana karate the / buddhaghoSa Adi ne to unhIM saba pakSoM kI yAdI bhara kI hai / 1 bauddha paramparA ke UparasUcita donoM pakSoM kA lambA itihAsa bauddha vAGgamaya meM hai / hama to yahA~ prastutopayogI kucha saMketa karanA hI ucita samajhate haiM / pAlipiTakoM para madAra rakhanevAlA bauddha-pakSa sthaviravAda kahalAtA hai jaba ki pAlipiTakoM ke Upara se bane saMskRta piTakoM ke Upara madAra bA~dhanevAlA pakSa mahAyAna kahalAtA hai / mahAyAna - paramparA kA eka prasiddha grantha hai laMkAvatAra jo I0 san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM kabhI racA gayA hai| laMkAvatAra ke AThaveM 'mAMsa bhakSaNa parivarta' nAmaka prakaraNa meM mahAmati bodhisattva ne buddha ke prati prazna kiyA hai ki Apa mAMsabhakSaNa ke guNadoSa kA nirUpaNa kIjie / bahuta loga buddhazAsana para AkSepa karate haiM ki buddha ne bauddha bhikSukoM ke lie mA~sa-grahaNa kI anuzA dI hai. aura khuda ne bhI mA~sa bhakSaNa kiyA hai| bhaviSyat meM hama kaisA upadeza kareM yaha Apa kahie | isa prazna ke uttara meM buddha ne usa bodhisattva ko kahA hai ki bhalA, saba prANiyoM meM maitrI - bhAvanA rakhanevAlA maiM kisa prakAra mA~sa khAne kI anujJA de sakatA hU~ aura khuda bhI khA sakatA hU~ ? alabattA bhaviSya meM aise maoNsalolupa kutarkavAdI hoMge jo mujha para jhUThA lAJchana lagAkara apanI mA~salolupatA ko tRti kareMge aura vinaya-piTaka ke kalpita artha karake logoM ko bhrama meM ddaaleNge| maiM to sarvathA saba prakAra ke mA~sa kA tyAga karane ko hI kahatA hU~ / isa matalaba kA jo upadeza laMkAvatArakAra ne buddha ke mukha se karAyA hai vaha itanA adhika yuktipUrNa aura manoraMjaka hai ki jisako par3hakara koI bhI abhyAsI sahaja hI meM yaha jAna sakatA hai ki mahAyAna - paramparA meM mA~sa-bhojana viruddha kaisA prabala Andolana zurU huA thA aura usake sAmane dUsarA pakSa kitane bala se vinaya-piTakAdi zAstroM ke AdhAra para mA~sa-grahaNa kA samarthana karatA thA / karIba I0 san chaThI zatAbdI meM zAntideva nAmaka bauddha vidvAn hue, jo mahAyAna -paramparA ke hI anugAmI the / unhoMne 'zikSA - samuccaya' nAmaka apane grantha meM mA~sa ke lene- na lene kI zAstrIya carcA kI hai| unake sAmane mA~sa-grahaNA 1 dekhie anta meM pariziSTa
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________________ 12. kA samarthana karanevAlI sthaviravAdI paramparA ke alAvA kucha mahAyAnI granthakAra bhI aise the jo mA~sa-grahaNa kA samarthana karate the / zAntideva ne apane samaya taka ke prAyaH sabhI pakSa-vipakSa ke zAstroM ko dekhakara unakA ApasI virodha dUra karane kA tathA apanA spaSTa abhiprAya pragaTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / zAntideva kA sujhAva to laMkAvatAra sUtrakAra kI taraha mA~saniSedha kI ora hI hai, phira bhI laMkAvatAra sUtrakAra kI apekSA unake sAmane vipakSa kA sAhitya aura vipakSa kI dalIleM bahuta adhika thIM jina sabako ve TAla nahIM sakate the / isalie laMkAvatAra sUtra ke AdhAra para mA~saniSedha kA samarthana karate hue bhI zAntideva ne kucha aise apavAda sthAna batalAe haiM jinameM bhikSu mA~sa bhI le sakatA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki agara koI aisA samartha bhikSu ho ki jisakI mRtyu se samAdhi-mArga kA lopa ho jAtA ho aura auSadha ke taura para mA~sa grahaNa karane se usakA baca jAnA saMbhava ho to aise bhikSu ke liye mA~sa bhI bhaiSajya ke taura para kalpya hai / yadyapi zAntideva ne buddha kA nAma lekara bhaiSajya ke taura para mA~sagrahaNa karane kI bAta nahIM kahI hai phira bhI jAna par3atA hai ki jo mA~sa-grahaNa ke pakSapAtI buddha ke dvArA liye gae sukara mA~sa kI bAta Age karake apane pakSa kA samarthana karate the unhIM ko yaha javAba diyA gayA hai / zAntideva ne vinaya-piTaka meM vihita trikoTizuddha mA~sa aura sahaja mRtyu se mRta prANI ke mA~sasUcaka aneka sUtroM kA tAtparya mA~sa-niSedha kI dRSTi se batalAyA hai / zAntideva kA prayatna mA~saniSedhagAmI hone para bhI apavAdasahiSNu hai / jaina dharma aura darzana 1 buddhaghoSa, laMkAvatArakAra aura zAntideva ke bIca hue haiN| aura ve sthaviravAdI bhI haiM / isalie unhoMne pAli piTakoM kI tathA vinaya kI prAcIna paramparA ko surakSita rakhane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA hai| isa saMkSipta vivaraNa se pAThaka samajha sakeMge ki mA~sa ke grahaNa aura agrahaNa ke viSaya meM bauddha paramparA meM kaisA UhApoha zarU huA thA / vaidika zAstroM meM hiMsA - hiMsA dRSTi se arthabheda kA itihAsa suvidita hai ki vaidika paramparA mA~sa-matsyAdi ko akhAdya mAnane meM utanI sakhta nahIM hai jitanI ki bauddha aura jaina paramparA / vaidika yajJa-yAgoM meM pazuvadha ko dharmyaM mAne jAne kA vidhAna Aja bhI zAstroM meM hai hI / itanA hI nahIM balki bhArata-vyApI vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyI kahalAne vAle aneka jAti-dala aise haiM jo brAhmaNa hote hue bhI mA~sa-matsyAdi ko khAdya rUpa se vyavahuta sthApita bhI karate haiM / anna kI taraha - karate haiM aura dhArmika kriyAtroM meM to use dharmya rUpa se -
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra vaidika paramparA kI aisI sthiti hone para bhI hama dekhate haiM ki usakI kaTTara anuyAyI aneka zAkhAoM aura upazAkhAoM ne hiMsAsUcaka zAstrIya vAkyoM kA ahiMsAparaka artha kiyA hai aura dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM se tathA sAmAnya jIvana-vyavahAra meM se mA~sa-matsyAdi ko akhAdya karAra karake bahiSkRta kiyA hai / kisI ati vistRta paramparA ke karor3oM anuyAyiyoM meM se koI mA~sa ko akhAdya aura agrAhya samajheyaha svAbhAvika hai, para acaraja to taba hotA hai ki jaba ve unhIM dharma zAstra ke vAkyoM kA ahiMsAparaka artha karate haiM jinakA ki hiMsAparaka artha ThasI paramparA ke prAmANika aura purAne dala karate haiM / sanAtana paramparA ke prAcIna sabhI mImAMsaka vyAkhyAnakAra yajJa-yAgAdi meM go, aja, Adi ke vadha ko dharmya sthApita karate haiM jaba ki vaiSNava, Arya samAja, svAmI nArAyaNa zrAdi jaisI aneka vaidika paramparAe~ una vAkyoM kA yA to bilakula judA ahiMsAparaka artha karatI haiM yA aisA saMbhava na ho vahA~ aise vAkyoM ko prakSipta kaha kara pratiSThita zAstroM meM sthAna denA nahIM caahtii| mImAMsaka jaise purAnI vaidika paramparA ke anugAmI aura prAmANika vyAkhyAkAra zabdoM kA yathAvat artha karake hiMsA-prathA se bacane ke lie itanA hI kaha kara chuTTI pA lete haiM ki kaliyuga meM vaise yajJa-yAgAdi vidheya nahIM taba vaiSNava, Arya-samAja' zrAdi vaidika zAkhAe~ una zabdoM kA artha hI ahiMsAparaka karatI haiM yA unheM prakSipta mAnatI haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki ativistRta aura anekavidha AcAra-vicAra vAlI vaidika paramparA bhI aneka sthaloM meM zAstrIya vAkyoM kA hiMsA. paraka artha karanA yA ahiMsAparaka isa mudde para paryApta matabheda rakhatI hai| zatapatha, taittirIya jaise purAne aura pratiSThita brAhmaNa granthoM meM jahA~ somayAga kA vistRta varNana hai vahA~, aja, go, azva Adi pazuoM kA saMjJapana--vadha karake unake mA~sAdi se yajana karane kA zAstrIya vidhAna hai / isI taraha pAraskarIya gRhya 1 eka prazna ke uttara meM svAmI dayAnanda ne jo satyArtha prakAza meM kahA hai aura jo 'dayAnanda siddhAnta bhAskara' pR. 113 meM uddhata hai use hama nIce dete haiM jisase yaha bhalIbhA~ti jAnA jA sakatA hai ki svAmIjI ne zabdoM ko kaisA tor3amaror3a kara ahiMsA dRSTi se nayA artha kiyA hai "rAjA nyAya-dharma se prajA kA pAlana kare, vidyAdikA dAna dene vAle yajamAna aura agni meM, ghI Adi kA homa karanA azvamedha; anna, indriyA~, kiraNa (aura) pRthivI Adi ko pavitra rakhanA gomedha, jaba manuSya mara jAe taba usake zarIra kA vidhipUrvaka dAha karanA naramedha kahAtA hai|"- satyArtha prakAza sa0 11
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________________ 84 jaina dharma aura darzana sUtra Adi meM dekhate haiM ki jahA~ aSTakA zrAddha, 21 zUlagava karma aura antyeSTi saMskAra kA 24 varNana hai vahA~ gAya, bakarA jaise pazuoM ke mA~sa carbI Adi dravya se kriyA sampanna karane kA niHsaMdeha vidhAna hai / kahanA na hogA ki aise mA~sAdi pradhAna yajJa aura saMskAra usa samaya kI yAda dilAte haiM jaba ki kSatriya aura vaizya ke hI nahIM balki brAhmaNa taka ke jIvana vyavahAra meM mA~sa kA upayoga sAdhAraNa vastu thI para Age jAkara sthiti badala jAtI hai / vaidika paramparA meM hI eka aisA prabala pakSa paidA huA jisane yajJa tathA zrAddha Adi karmoM meM dharmya rUpa se anivArya mAnI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA joroM se prativAda zurU kiyA / zramaNa jaisI vaidika paraMparAe~ to hiMsaka yAga-saMskAra yAdi kA prabala virodha karatI hI thIM para jaba ghara meM hI Aga lagI taba vaidika paramparA kI purAnI zAstrIya mAnyatAoM kI jar3a hila gaI aura vaidika paramparA meM do pakSa par3a gae / eka pakSa ne dharmya mAne jAne vAle hiMsaka yAga-saMskAra Adi kA purAne zAstrIya vAkyoM ke AdhAra para hI samarthana jArI rakhA jaba ki dUsare pakSa ne unhIM vAkyoM kA yA to artha badala diyA yA artha binA badale hI kaha diyA ki aise hiMsA pradhAna yAga tathA saMskAra kaliyuga meM varjya haiN| ina donoM pakSoM kI dalIlabAjI evaM vicArasaraNI kI bodhaprada tathA manoraMjaka kuztI hameM mahAbhArata meM jagahajagaha dekhane ko milatI hai / 6 19 [25 aura azvamedhIya parva isake lie khAsa dekhane yogya haiM / anuzAsana mahAbhArata ke alAvA matsya 27 aura bhAgavata 28 Adi purANa bhI hiMsaka yAga virodhI vaidika pakSa kI vijaya kI sAkSI dete haiN| kaliyuga meM varjya vastuoM kA varNana karane vAle aneka grantha haiM jinameM se AdityapurANa, bRhannAradIya 26 22- kANDa 3, pra0 8-6; 23 - kANDa 6 prapAThaka 3 24- kANDa 3, 4-8 25- anuzAsana parva- - 117 zlo0 23 26 - azvamedhIya parva - 0 61 se 65; nakulAkhyAna 064 agastyakRtabIjamaya yajJa 27 - matsya purANa zlo0 121 2-- bhAgavata purANa- skaMdha 7, 0 15, zlo0 7-11 26--- Aditya purANa jaisA ki hemAdri ne uddhRta kiyA hai
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra smRti,3deg vIra mitrodaya' tathA brahmapurANa 2 meM anyAnya vastuoM ke sAtha yajJIya govadha, pazuvadha tathA brAhmaNa ke hAtha se kiyA jAne vAlA pazu mAraNa bhI vayaM batalAyA gayA hai| manusmRti 3 tathA mahAbhArata 4 meM vaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ghRtamaya yA piSTamaya aja Adi pazu se yajJa saMpanna kare para vRthA pazuhiMsA na kre| ___ hiMsaka yAgasUcaka vAkyoM kA purAnA artha jyoM kA tyoM mAnakara unakA samaH rthana karane vAlI sanAtanamAnasa mImAMsaka paraMparA ho yA una vAkyoM kA artha badalane vAlI vaiSNava, AryasamAja Adi naI paramparA ho para ve donoM paramparAe~ bahudhA apane jIvana-vyavahAra meM mA~sa-matsya Adi se paraheja karatI hI haiN| donoM kA antara mukhyatayA purAne zAstrIya vAkyoM ke artha karane hI meM hai| sanAnata-mAnasa aura navamAnasa aisI do paramparAoM kI paraspara virodhI carcA kA Apasa meM eka dUsare para bhI asara dekhA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha hama vaiSNava paramparA ko leM / yadyapi yaha paramparA mukhyatayA ahiMsaka yAgakA hI pakSa karatI rahI hai phira bhI usakI viziSTAdvaitavAdI rAmAnujIya zAkhA aura dvaitavAdI mAdhvazAkhA meM bar3A antara hai| mAdhvazAkhA aja kA piSTamaya aja aisA artha karake hI dharmya AcAroM kA nirvAha karatI hai jaba ki rAmAnuja zAkhA ekAnta rUpa se vaisA mAnane vAlI nahIM hai| rAmAnuja zAkhA meM teMgalai aura vaDagalai jaise do bheda haiN| draviDiyana teMgalai zabda kA artha hai dAkSiNAtya vidyA aura vaDagalai zabda kA artha hai saMskRta vidyA / teMgalai zAkhA vAle rAmAnujI kisI bhI prakAra ke pazuvadha se sammata nhiiN| isalie ve svabhAva se hI go, aja Adi kA artha badala deMge yA aise yajJoM ko kaliyuga vayaM koTi meM DAla deMge jaba ki vaDagalai zAkhA vAle rAmAnujI vaiSNava hote hue bhI hiMsaka yAga se sammata haiN| isa taraha hamane saMkSepa meM dekhA ki bauddha aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM meM ahiMsA siddhAnta ke AdhAra para mA~sa jaisI vastuoM kI khAdyAkhAdyatA kA itihAsa aneka kriyA-pratikriyAoM se raMgA huA hai| 'mahAprasthAnagamanaM gosaMjJaptizca gosave / sautrAmaNyAmapi surAgrahaNasya ca saMgrahaH // ' 30-bRhannAradIya smRti a0 22, zlo0 12-16 31-vIramitrodaya saMskAra prakaraNa pR066 32-smRticandrikA saMskAra-kANDa pR0 28 33-manusmRti-5,37 34-anuzAsana parva 177 zlo0 54
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-AhAra kA pariziSTa hInayAna aura mahAyAna sthaviravAda aura mahAyAna-ye donoM eka hI tathAgata buddha ko aura unake upadezoM ko mAnane vAle haiM phira bhI donoM ke bIca itanA adhika aura tIvra virodha kabhI huA hai jaisA do sapatniyoM meM hotA hai| aisI hI mAnasika kaTutA, eka hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ko aura unake upadezoM ko mAnane vAle zvetAmbara, digambara zrAdi phirakoM ke bIca bhI itihAsa meM pAI jAtI hai| yoM to bhArata dharmabhUmi kahA jAtA hai aura vastutaH hai bhI tathApi vaha jaisA dharmabhUmi rahA hai vaisA dharmayuddhabhUmi bhI rahA hai| hama itihAsa meM dharmakalaha do prakAra kA pAte haiM / eka to vaha hai jo bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM ke bIca paraspara rahA hai, dUsarA vaha "hai jo eka hI sampradAya ke avAntara-bhItarI phirakoM ke bIca paraspara rahA hai / pahale kA udAharaNa hai vaidika aura avaidika-zramaNoM kA pArasparika saMgharSa jo donoM ke dharma aura darzana-zAstra meM nirdiSTa hai | dUsare kA udAharaNa hai eka hI aupaniSada paramparA ke avAntara bheda zAGkara, rAmAnujIya, mAdhva, vallabhIya Adi phirakoM ke 'bIca kI ugra mAnasika kaTutA / isI taraha bauddha aura jaina jaisI donoM zramasa paramparAoM ke bIca jo mAnasika kaTutA paraspara ugra huI usane anta meM eka hI 'sampradAya ke avAntara phirakoM meM bhI apanA pA~va phailAyA / isI kA phala sthaviravAda aura mahAyAna ke bIca kA tathA zvetAmbara aura digambara ke bIca kA ugra virodha hai| buddha-nirvANa ke sau varSa bAda vaizAlI meM jo saMgIti huI usameM sthaviravAda aura mahAsaMdhika aise do pakSa to par3a hI gae the| aAge tIsarI saMgIti ke samaya azoka ke dvArA jaba donoM pakSoM ke bIca samAdhAna na huA to virodha kI khAI caur3I hone lgii| sthaviravAdiyoM ne mahAsaMghikoM ko 'adharmavAdI' tathA 'pApabhin' kaha kara bahiSkRta kiyA / mahAsaMghikoM ne bhI isakA badalA cukAnA zurU kiyA / kramazaH mahAsaMdhikoM meM se hI mahAyAna kA vikAsa huA ! mahAyAna ke prabala puraskartA nAgArjuna ne apane 'dazabhUmi vibhASA zAstra meM likhA hai ki jo zrAvakamAna aura pratyekayAna meM arthAt sthaviravAda meM praveza karatA hai. vaha sAre lAbha ko naSTa kara detA hai phira kabhI bodhisattva ho nahIM paataa| nAgArjuna kA kahanA hai ki
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________________ sAmiSa-nirAmiSa-zrAhAra kA pariziSTa 87 naraka meM jAnA bhayaprada nahIM hai para hInayAna meM praveza karanA avazya bhayaprada hai / nAgArjuna ke anugAmI sthiramati (I. san 200-300 ke bIca) ne apane 'mahAyAnAvatAraka zAstra' meM likhA hai ki jo mahAyAna kI nindA karatA hai vaha pApabhAgI va narakagAmI hotA hai / ___basubandhu ne (cauthI zatAbdI) apane 'bodhi-cittotpAdana-zAstra' meM likhA hai ki jo mahAyAna ke tattva meM doSa dekhatA hai vaha cAra meM se eka mahAn aparAdhapApa karatA hai aura jo mahAyAna ke Upara zraddhA rakhatA hai vaha cAroM vighnoM ko pAra karatA hai| Upara jo bauddha' hInayAna-mahAyAna jaise phirakoM ke bIca huI mAnasikakaTutA kA ullekha hamane kiyA hai vaha jaina phirakoM ke bIca huI vaisI hI mAnasika kaTutA ke sAtha tulanIya hai / jaba samaya, sthAna aura vAtAvaraNa kI samAnatA kA aitihAsaka dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM taba jAna par3atA hai ki dharma viSayaka mAnasika kaTutA eka cepI roga kI taraha phailI huI thii| 1--candragupta maurya ke samaya meM pATaliputra meM huI vAcanA ke samaya jaina saMgha meM pUrNa aikamatya kA abhAva, bauddha vaizAlI saMgIti kI yAda dilAtA hai / 2-I. san dUsarI zatAbdI ke aMta meM zvetAmbara-digambara phirakoM kA pArasparika antara itanA ho gayA ki eka ne dUsare ko 'nihnava' to dUsare ne pahale ko 'jainAbhAsa' taka kaha DAlA | yaha ghaTanA hameM sthaviravAdI aura mahAsaMghikoM ke bIca hone vAlI paraspara bhartsanA kI yAda dilAtI hai jisameM eka ne dUsare ko adharmavAdI tathA dUsare ne pahale ko hInayAnI kahA / 3-hamane pahale (pR0 61 meM) jisa zrutAvarNavAda-doSa ke lAJchana kA nirdeza kiyA hai vaha hameM Upara sUcita sthiramati aura vasubandhu Adi ke dvArA hInayAniyoM ke Upara kiye gae tIvra prahAroM kI yAda dilAtA hai| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekhie A Historical study of the terms Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism: By Prof. Ryukan Kimura, Published by Calcutta University