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________________ sAhityika avadAna sAhitya saMskRti kA udvAhaka tattva hai| saMskRti ke hara kone ko sAhitya ke antastala meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina sAhitya kI vividhatA aura prAJjalatA meM usakI saMskRti ko pahacAnanA kaThina nhiiN| jainAcAryoM ne apane Apako laukika jIvana se samarasa banAye rkhaa| isake lie unhoMne prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaisI lokabhASAoM kiMvA boliyoM ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyaa| AvazyakatA pratIta hone para unhoMne saMskRta ko bhI pUre mana se apnaayaa| yahA~ hama jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM racita sAhitya kA eka atyanta saMkSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kara rahe haiM jise hama unakA viziSTa avadAna kaha sakate haiN| bhASA aura sAhitya bhASA aura sAhitya saMskRti ke avicchinna aMga haiM, usake ajasra srota haiN| abhivyakti ke sAdhanoM meM unakA apanA anupama sthAna hai| samaya aura paristhiti ke thaper3oM meM nayA dharma aura nayI bhASA kA janma hotA hai| samAja kI badalatI dIvAreM aura unakI akathya kahAnI ko acUka rUpa se prastuta karane vAle ye do hI pratiSThita rUpa haiM jinheM sadiyoM taka svIkArA jAtA hai| bhASA vicAroM kA pratibimba hai, jinheM sughar3hatApUrvaka kAgada para aMkita kara diyA jAtA hai| pAThaka ke lie anadekhI ghaTanAyeM sadyaH ghaTita-sI dikhAI dene lagatI haiN| prAkRta bhASAoM meM likhA sAhitya isI prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM aura jijJAsAoM se ApUrita hai| unakA hara pannA eka krAntikArI vicAradhArA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se raMgA huA hai| kahIM vaha dakiyAnUsI aura mUr3hatA se sane tathAkathita siddhAntoM kA khaNDana karatA huA dikhAI detA hai to kahIM saMsAra ke ghane pIr3A bhare jaMgaloM meM bhaTakate hue prANI ko samyak-dRSTi se siJcita cirantana adhyAtma kA sandeza pracArita karate hue najara AtA hai| yajJa bahula hiMsA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA banAne vAlI saMskRti kA virodha bhI yahA~ mukharita huA hai| ahiMsA kI usa prAcIna DagamagAtI dIvAra ko tor3akara nayA prAsAda khar3A karane kA upakrama ina donoM bhASAoM 2010_04
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________________ 36 ke sAhitya meM spaSTa jhalakatA hai| samAnatA, Atmazakti kA varcasva, zrama kI pratiSThA, samyagdarzana - jJAna cAritra kA samanvita poSaNa, AtmA kI vismRta zakti ke rUpa meM vizuddha sukhada nirvANa kA astitva, naitika uttaradAyitva, samAja kA sarvAGgINa abhyutthAna, vargavihIna krAnti, mithakoM kA tArkika rUpAntaraNa Adi jaise pragatizIla sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika tattvoM kA mUlyAGkana karane vAlA yahI zramaNa sAhitya rahA hai / ataH use bhAratIya sAhitya kA nita navIna akSuNNa aMga mAnA jAnA aparihArya hai| prAkRta bhASA aura Arya bhASAe~ bhASA saMpreSaNazIlatA se jur3I huI hai / vicAroM ke pravAha ke sAtha usakI saMpreSaNazIlatA bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| sRSTi ke prathama caraNa kI bhASA kI utpatti kA itihAsa yahIM se prArambha hotA hai / mAnavIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kI dharohara kA saMrakSaNa bhASA kI pramukha dena hai| usake utAra-car3hAva kA digdarzana karAnA bhI bhASA kA viziSTa kArya hai / isa dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA sahI mUlyAGkana abhI zeSa hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha bhAropIya bhASA-parivAra meM bhAratIya AryazAkhA parivAra se hai| vidvAnoM ne sAdhAraNataH tIna bhAgoM meM isa bhASA-parivAra ke vikAsa ko vibhAjita kiyA hai| - 1) prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla 1600 I0pU0 se 600 I0pU0 taka 2) madhyakAlIna AryabhASA kAla 600 I0pU0 se 1000 I0 taka 3) Adhunika AryabhASA kAla 1000 I0 se Adhunika kAla taka / prAkRta bhASAyeM prAcIna kAlIna janasAmAnya boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| unheM sAmAnyataH 'prAkRta' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| prAkRta kI prAcInatama sthiti ko samajhane ke lie hameM tulanAtmaka bhASAvijJAna kA Azraya lenA pdd'egaa| isakA sambandha bhAropIya parivAra se hai jisakI mUlabhASA 'iyu' athavA 'AryabhASA' rahI hai| isakA mUla nivAsa lidhUniyA se lekara dakSiNa rUsa ke bIca kahIM thaa| yahIM se yaha gaNa aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita huaa| unameM se rUsa gaNa mesopoTAmiyana hotA huA bhArata aayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki IrAna kI prAcIna bhASA aura bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA kA gaharA sambandha dikhAI detA hai / avestA aura Rgveda kI bhASAoM ke adhyayana se yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha Arya zAkhA kisI samaya pAmIra ke Asa-pAsa kahIM eka sthAna para sAtha rahI hogI aura vahIM 2010_04 - - "
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________________ 37 kucha loga IrAna kI ora aura kucha bhArata kI ora Aye hoNge| bhArata meM Ane para 'iyu' kI dhvaniyoM meM parivartana ho gayA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM iyu kA hasva aura dIrgha a, e aura o iNDo-IrAnI meM lupta ho gyaa| Rgveda aura avestA kI tulanA se yaha tathya aura adhika spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kA svarUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM dikhAI detA hai| uccA, nIcA, dUlabha, pazcA Adi zabda isake udAharaNa haiN| usa samaya taka janabhASA yA bolI ke ye rUpa vikasita hokara chAndas kA rUpa le cuke the| isake bAvajUda usameM janabhASika tattva chipa nahIM ske| janabhASA ke pariSkRta aura vikasita rUpa para hI yAska ne apanA niruktazAstra likhaa| pANini ke Ate-Ate vaha bhASA nizcita hI sAhityika ho cukI hogii| pANini ke pUrvavartI zAkaTAyana, zAkalya Adi vaiyAkaraNoM meM se kisI ne janabhASA ko vyAkaraNa meM paribaddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ho to koI asambhava nahIM / paravartI vaidikakAla meM dezya bhASAoM ke tIna rUpa milate haiM (1) udIcya yA uttarIya vibhASA, (2) madhyadezIya vibhASA, (3) prAcya yA pUrvIya bhASA / udIcya vibhASA saptasindhu pradeza kI pariniSThita madhyadezIya bhASA madhyama mArgIya thI tathA prAcya bhASA pUrvI uttara pradeza, avadha aura bihAra meM bolI jAtI thI / prAcya bhASA-bhASI yajJIya saMskRti meM vizvAsa na karane vAle prAcya loga the / bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra ne isI janabhASA ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA thaa| pAli- prAkRta bhASAyeM isI ke rUpa haiN| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATUrjyA ne isa sandarbha meM likhA hai " vrAtya loga uccAraNa meM sarala eka vAkya ko kaThinatA se uccAraNIya batalAte haiM aura yadyapi ve dIkSita nahIM haiM, phira bhI dIkSA pAye huoM kI bhASA bolate haiN| isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki pUrva ke Arya loga (vrAtya ) saMyukta vyaJjana, repha evaM soSma dhvaniyoM kA uccAraNa saralatA se nahIM kara pAte the| saMyukta vyaJjanoM kA yaha samIkRta rUpa hI prAkRta dhvaniyoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| isa prakAra vaidika bhASA ke samAnAntara jo janabhASA calI A rahI thI, vahI Adima prAkRta thii| para isa Adima prAkRta kA svarUpa bhI vaidika sAhitya se hI avagata kiyA jA sakatA hai|" 1 -- AryabhASA ke madhyakAla meM drAviDa aura Agneya jAtiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTataH dekhA jA sakatA hai| mUrdhanya dhvAniyoM kA astitva draviDa parivAra kA hI prabhAva bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, pRSTha 72 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha 6. 1. 2010_04
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________________ 38 hai| chAndas meM La dhvani prAkRta se pahu~cI huI hai| vaidika aura paravartI saMskRta meM na ke sthAna para Na ho jAnA (jaise phaNa, puNya, nipuNa Adi) tathA repha ke sthAna para la ho jAnA jaisI pravRttiyA~ bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva kI digdarzikA haiN| prAkRta aura chAndas bhASA prAkRta bhASA kI pravRttiyoM kI ora dRSTipAta karane para aisA lagatA hai ki usakA vikAsa prAcIna AryabhASA chAndasa se haA hai, jo usa samaya kI janabhASA rahI hogii| janabhASA ke rUpoM ko alaga kara chAndas kA nirmANa huA hogA, jo kucha zeSa raha gaye unakA uttara kAla meM vikAsa hotA rhaa| prAkRta aura vaidika bhASAoM kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai - i) prAkRta meM vyaJjanAnta zabdoM kA prayoga prAya: nahIM hotA, parantu vaidika bhASA meM vaha kahIM hotA hai aura kahIM nahIM bhI hotaa|| ii) prAkRta meM vijAtIya svaroM kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura pUrvavartI hrasva svara ko dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jaise - nizvAsa kA niisaas| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yaha pravRtti milatI hai| jaise - durnAza kA duurnnaash| iii) svarabhakti kA samAna prayoga milatA hai| prAkRta meM sva ko suva hotA hai to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI tanvaH kA tanuva: milatA hai| iv) prAkRta meM tRtIyA kA bahuvacana devehi milatA hai, to vaidika saMskRta meM bhI devebhi milatA hai| prArambha meM hI prAkRta meM R kA i, a, Da Adi dhvaniyoM meM parivartana haA jo vaidika sAhitya meM zriNoti, zithira Adi rUpoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| chAndas aura prAkRta bhASA kI tulanA karane para yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki usake pUrva kI janabhASA prAkRta thI jisase chAndas sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa huaa| chAndas sAhityika bhASA ko hI parimArjita kara saMskRta bhASA kA rUpa sAmane aayaa| parimArjita karane ke bAvajUda chAndas meM jo zeSa tattva the unakA vikAsa hotA gayA aura usI ne prAkRta kA rUpa liyaa| chAndas se prAkRta aura saMskRta, donoM bhASAoM kI utpatti hone para bhI saMskRta bhASA niyamoM aura upaniyamoM meM baMdha gaI, para prAkRta ko janabhASA rahane ke kAraNa bAMdhA nahIM jA : skaa| isa dRSTi se prAkRta ko bahatA nIra kahA gayA hai aura saMskRta ko baddha srovr| prAcIna prAkRta se hI uttarakAla meM madhyakAlIna prAkRta kA vikAsa huA 2010_04
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________________ aura madhyakAlIna prAkRta se hI apabhraMza tathA apabhraMza se hindI, marAThI, baMgalA, gujarAtI AdiAdhunika bhASAoM kA janma huaa| isa prakAra boliyoM meM sAhitya-sRjana hotA gayA aura ve bhASA kA rUpa letI giiN| prAkRta kA vikAsa avaruddha nahIM huA, balki unase nirantara naI-naI bhASAoM kA janma hotA gyaa| saMskRta bhASA bhI ina prAkRta boliyoM se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha skii| prAkRta : janabhASA kA rUpa sadiyoM se prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM vivAda ke svara gUMjate rahe haiN| prAkRta aura saMskRta ina donoM bhASAoM meM prAcInatara tathA mUla bhASA kauna-sI hai? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM do pakSa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| prathama pakSa kA kathana hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se huI hai tathA dUsarA pakSa usakA sambandha kisI prAcIna janabhASA se sthApita karatA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra meM donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra milatA hai1. prathama pakSa i) prakRtiH sNskRtm| tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam- hemcndr| ii) prakRti: saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM prAkRtam ucyate - maarknnddey| iii) prakRte: saMskRtAyAH tu vikRtiH prAkRtiH matA- nrsiNh| iv) prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoni: - vaasudev| v) prAkRteH Agatam praakRtm| prakRtiH saMskRtam -- dhnik| vi) saMskRtAt prAkRtaM zreSThaM tato'pabhraMza bhASaNam -- shNkr| vii) prakRteH saMskRtAd AgataM prAkRtam - siNhdevgnnin| viii) prakRti: saMskRtam, tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam -- piittrsn| (prAkRtacandrikA) 2. dvitIya pakSa / 'prAkRteti' sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAra: prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| 'Arisavayavo siddhaM devANaM addhamAgahA vANI' ityAdi- vacanAt vA prAk pUrva kRtaM prAkkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhabhUtaM vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktijalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca samosAditavizeSasatsaMskRtAdhuttaravibhedAnApnoti / 2010_04
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________________ XO ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadanu sNskRtaadiini| pANinyAdivyAkaraNoTi zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRta-mucyate-namisAdhu ii) sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya yeti vaayaao| eMti samudaM ciya Neti sAyarAo cciya jlaaii|| - vAkpatirAja iii) yad yoniH kila saMskRtasya sudazAM jihvAsu yanmodate - raajshekhr| uparyukta donoM pakSoM kA vizleSaNa hama isa prakAra kara sakate haiM ki prAkR vastuta: janabolI thI, jise uttara kAla meM saMskRta ke mAdhyama se samajhane-samajhA kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke samAnAntara vaidika saMskRta athavA chAndA bhASA thI, jisakA sAhityika rUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM vizeSa rUpa se dRSTava hai| yAska ne isI para nirukta likhA aura pANini ne isI ko pariSkRta kiyA viDambanA yaha hai ki prAkRta ke prAthamika rUpa ko digdarzita karAne vAlA ko sAhitya upalabdha nahIM jisake AdhAra para usakI vAstavika sthiti samajhI ja ske| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki prAkRta ke kucha mUla zabdoM ko vaidika saMskRta meM prayukta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se samajhA jA sakatA hai| vaidika rUpa vikRta, kiMkRta. nikRta, dandra, andra, pratha, prath, kSudra kramazaH prAkRta ke vikaTa, kIkaTa, nikaTa daNDa, aNDa, paTa, ghaTa, kSulla rUpa the jo dhIre-dhIre janabhASA se vaidika sAhitya meM pahuMca gye| ina zabdoM aura dhvaniyoM se yaha kathana atArkika nahIM hogA vi prAkRta janabolI thI jise pariSkRta kara chAndas bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA janabolI kA hI vikAsa uttarakAla meM pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke rUpa meM huA tathA chAndas bhASA ko pANini ne pariSkara kara laukika saMskRta kA rUpa diyaa| sAdhAraNata: laukika saMskRta meM to parivartana nahIM ho pAyA para prAkRta janabolI sadaiva parivartita athavA vikasita hotI rahI saMskRta bhASA ko zikSita aura uccavarga ne apanAyA tathA prAkRta sAmAnya samAja kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banI rhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta nATakoM meM sAmAnya janoM se prAkRta meM hI vArtAlApa karAyA gayA hai| ____ DaoN0 pizala ne hoiphara, nAssana, yAkobI, bhaNDArakara Adi vidvAnoM ke isa mata kA sayuktika khaNDana kiyA hai ki prAkRta kA mUla kevala saMskRta hai| unhoMne senAra se sahamati vyakta karate hue kahA ki prAkRta bhASAoM kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura unake mukhya tattva Adi kAla meM jItI-jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se liye gaye haiM; kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAyeM, jo bAda meM sAhityika bhASAoM ke pada para car3ha gaIM, saMskRta kI bhA~ti hI bahuta 2010_04
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________________ ThokI-pITI gaIM, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jaaye| apane mata ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne sarvaprathama vaidika zabdoM se sAmya batAyA aura bAda meM madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika bhAratIya boliyoM meM sannihita prAkRta bhASAgata vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki jisa prakAra vaidika bhASA usa samaya kI janabhASA kA pariSkRta rUpa hai, usI prakAra sAhityika prAkRta uttarakAlIna boliyoM kA pariSkRta rUpa hai| uttarakAla meM to vaha saMskRta vyAkaraNa, bhASA aura zailI se bhI prabhAvita hotI rhii| phalata: lambe-lambe samAsa aura saMskRta se parivartita prAkRta rUpoM kA prayoga hone lgaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA kI AdhArazilA meM bhI isI pravRtti ne kAma kiyaa| prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama prAkRta kA aitihAsika vikAsa bhI hama tIna staroM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM - 1. prathama starIya prAkRta - (1600 I0pU0 se 600 I0pU0) - isa kAla kI janabolI kA rUpa vaidika yA chAndas granthoM meM milatA hai| 2. dvitIya starIya prAkRta - isa kAla meM prAkRta meM jo sAhitya likhA gayA use tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1) prathama yugIna prAkRta (600 I0pU0 se 500 I0) - i) ardha prAkRta, (pAli, ardhamAgadhI aura jaina zaurasenI), (ii) zilAlekhI prAkRta, (iii) niyA prAkRta, (iv) prAkRta dhammapada kI prAkRta, (v) azvaghoSa ke nAmoM kI praakRt| ii) dvitIya yugIna prAkRta (prathama zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka) - alaGkAra, vyAkaraNa, kAvya aura nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM- mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paishaacii| iii) tRtIya yugIna prAkRta (paJcama zatI se pandrahavIM zatI taka) - apbhrNsh| 1. bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, dvi.saM., pR. 74. 2010_04
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________________ 42 prAkRta aura saMskRta jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta ke sAtha hI saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana bnaayaa| prAkRta kA jaise-jaise vikAsa hotA gayA, usakI boliyA~ bhASAoM kA rUpa grahaNa karatI giiN| yaha parivartana saMskRta meM nahIM ho skaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki pANini Adi AcAryoM ne bahuta pahale hI use niyamoM se jakar3a diyA, jabaki prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI racanA saMskRta vyAkaraNoM ke AdhAra para lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI meM prArambha huii| isa samaya taka prAkRta kA vikAsa apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI AdhArabhUmi taka pahuMca cukA thaa| I0 kI lagabhaga dvitIya zatAbdI se jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM likhanA prArambha kiyaa| umAsvAmI athavA umAsvAti isake sUtradhAra the jinhoMne tattvArthasUtra jaisA mahanIya grantha samarpita kiyaa| guptakAla taka Ate-Ate saMskRta aura adhika pratiSThita ho cukii| isake bAvajUda vaha janabhASA nahIM bana sakI balki sambhrAnta parivAroM meM usakA upayoga lokapriya adhika ho gyaa| siddharSi (I0 805) ne isa tathya ko isa prakAra se spaSTa kiyA hai - saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti bhASe praadhaanymrhtH| tatrApi saMskRtA tAvad durvidagdha hRdi sthitA / / bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI krnnpeshlaa| tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmabhibhASate / / upAyaM sati kartavyaM sarveSAM cittrNjnm| Atastadanurodhena saMskRte'sya kariSyate / / 1 hemacandra bhI isI tathya ko abhivyakta karate hue dikhAI dete haiN| unake anusAra 11-12vIM zatAbdI meM bhI sarvasAdhAraNa janatA prAkRta bhASA kA hI vyavahAra karatI thI aura abhijAta varga ne saMskRta bhASA ko apanAyA thaa| kAvyAnuzAsana kArikA kI TIkA meM likhA hai - bAlakhImandamUrkhANAM nRNAM caaritrkaaNkssinnaam| anugrahArthaM tattvajJaiH siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtH|| isa prakAra saMskRta abhijAta evaM suzikSita varga kI bhASA thI, jabaki prAkRta kA prayoga azikSita tathA sAmAnya varga kiyA karatA thaa| jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra 1. upamitibhava prapaMcakathA. 1. 51-52. ____ 2010_04
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________________ 43 kI dRSTi se jainAcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM para samAna rUpa se adhikAra kreN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI sAdhAraNataH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sabhI jainAcArya ina donoM bhASAoM ke paNDita rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne donoM bhASAoM meM sAhitya-sarjanA bhI kI hai| aneka AcAryoM ne to apane Apako "ubhayabhASAcakravartI' bhI likhA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAdhaka Aja bhI saMskRta, prAkRta aura Adhunika bhASAoM meM sAhitya-sAdhanA kara rahe haiN| apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ prAkRta bhASA kiMvA bolI ke caraNa Age bar3hate gaye aura apabhraMza ke rUpa meM usakA vikAsa nirdhArita hotA gyaa| yahA~ apabhraMza kA tAtparya hai janabolI athavA grAmINa bhaassaa| prArambha meM prAkRta bhI apabhraMza meM garbhita thI, parantu usake sAhityika rUpa meM A jAne para usakA mUla rUpa vikasita hone lgaa| isI kucha vikasita athavA parivartita rUpa ko hama apabhraMza kahate haiN| dhIre-dhIre apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya-sRjana hone lagA aura bhASA bhI kramazaH vikasita hotI gii| phalataH avahaTTa Adi sopAnoM ko pAra karatI huI vaha bhASA kiMvA bolI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko utpanna karane meM kAraNa bnii| DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI ke anusAra Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA janma isa prakAra huA1 - 1. zaurasenI se pazcimI hindI, nAgara apabhraMza se rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI pahAr3I boliyaaN| 2. paizacI apabhraMza se laha~dA aura pNjaabii| 3. brAcar3a apabhraMza se sindhii| 4. mahArASTrI apabhraMza se mraatthii| 5. arddhamAgadhI apabhraMza se pUrvI hindI, aura 6. mAgadhI apabhraMza se bihArI, baMgAlI, ur3iyA aura asamiyA bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| 1. hindI bhASA, 1966, pR. 85. ____ 2010_04
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________________ 44 prAkRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM janabhASA-prAkRta isa prakAra ina vibhinna staroM ko pAra karatI huI Adhunika yugIna bhAratIya bhASAoM taka phuNcii| samaya aura suvidhAoM ke anusAra usameM parivartana hote gaye aura navIna bhASAyeM janma letI gyiiN| isalie dezakAla bheda se ina sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kI vizeSatAyeM bhI pRthak-pRthak ho giiN| yahA~ una vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa karanA aprAsaMgika hogA, para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti inameM vizeSa dikhAI detI hai| R kA anya svaroM meM badala jAnA, ai, au ke sthAna para e, o ho jAnA, dvivacana kA lopa ho jAnA, Atmanepada kA rUpa adRzya ho jAnA, za aura Sa kA prAya: lopa ho jAnA, (kahIM-kahIM ye surakSita bhI haiM), saMyukta vyaJjanoM meM parivartana ho jAnA Adi kucha aisI vizeSatAyeM haiM jo prAyaH sabhI prAkRta meM mila jAtI haiN| prAkRta bhASA--janabhASA ko apane siddhAntoM ke pracAra-prasAra kA mAdhyama banAne vAloM meM sarvaprathama bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| ye siddhAnta jaba lipibaddha hone lage taba taka svabhAvata: bhASA ke pravAha meM kucha mor3a Aye aura saMkalita sAhitya usase aprabhAvita nahIM raha skaa| samakAlIna athavA uttarakAlIna ghaTanAoM ke samAveza meM bhI koI ekamata nahIM raha skaa| kisI ne sahamati dI aura koI usakI sthiti se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| phalataH pAThAntaroM aura mata-matAntaroM kA janma huaa| bhASA aura siddhAntoM ke vikAsa kI yahI amiTa kahAnI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa karane para yahI tathya sAmane AtA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya 2500 varSa se pUrva kA hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, parantu usake pUrva alikhita rUpa meM Agamika sAhitya-paramparA vidyamAna avazya rahI hogii| prAkRta bhASA kA adhikAMza sAhitya jainadharma aura saMskRti se sambaddha hai| usakI mUla paramparA zruta, ArSa athavA Agama ke nAma se vyavahata huI hai, jo eka lambe samaya taka zruti paramparA ke mAdhyama se surakSita rhii| saMgItiyoM athavA vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi isa Agama paramparA kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAtA rahA hai para samaya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra cintana ke pravAha ko rokA nahIM jA skaa| phalata: usameM hInAdhikatA hotI rahI hai| 1. prAkRta jaina sAhitya prAkRta jaina sAhitya ke sandarbha meM jaba hama vicAra karate haiM to hamArA dhyAna jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa kI ora calA jAtA hai, jo vaidika kAla kiMvA usase 2010_04
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________________ -- bhI prAcInatara mAnA jA sakatA hai| usa kAla ke prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko "pUrva" saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai jisakI saMkhyA caudaha hai. utpAdapUrva, agrAyaNI, vIryAnuvAda, astinAstipravAda, jJAnapravAda, satyapravAda, AtmapravAda, karmapravAda, pratyAkhyAna, vidyAnuvAda, kalyANavAda, prANAvAya, kriyAvizAla aura lokavindusAra / Aja jo sAhitya upalabdha hai vaha bhagavAn mahAvIrarUpI himAcala se nikalI vAggaMgA hai, jisameM avagAhanakara gaNadharoM aura AcAryoM ne vividha prakAra ke sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| 45 paramparAgata sAhitya uttarakAla meM yaha sAhitya do paramparAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA- digambara paramparA aura zvetAmbara paramparA / digambara paramparA ke anusAra jaina sAhitya do prakAra kA hai aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya / aMgapraviSTa meM bAraha granthoM kA samAveza hai - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtRdharmakathA, upAsakAdhyayana, antaHkRddazAMga anuttaropapAdikadazAMga, praznavyAkaraNa aura dRSTivAda / dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiN| parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA | pUrvagata ke hI utpAda Adi pUrvokta caudaha bheda haiN| ina aMgoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha aMgabAhya kahalAte haiM jinakI saMkhyA caudaha hai sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika, kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa, puNDarIka mahApuNDarIka aura niSiddhakA / digambara paramparA ina aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya granthoM ko vilupta huA mAnatI hai| usake anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 162 varSa pazcAt aMgagrantha kramazaH vicchinna hone lge| mAtra dRSTivAda ke antargata Aye dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNI ke kucha adhikAroM kA jJAna AcArya dharasena ke pAsa zeSa thA, jise unhoMne AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko diyaa| usI ke AdhAra para unhoMne SaTkhaNDAgama jaise vizAlakAya grantha kA nirmANa kiyA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM ye aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya grantha abhI bhI upalabdha haiN| aMgabAhya granthoM ke sAmAyika Adi prathama chaha granthoM kA antarbhAva kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizIthasUtroM meM ho gayA / anuyoga sAhitya aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya granthoM ke AdhAra para jo grantha likhe gaye unheM cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, dravyAnuyoga aura caraNAnuyoga | prathamAnuyoga meM aise granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai jinameM purANoM, caritoM aura AkhyAyikAoM ke mAdhyama se saiddhAntika tattva prastuta kiye jAte 2010_04
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________________ haiN| karaNAnuyoga meM jyotiSa aura gaNita ke sAtha hI lokoM, sAgaroM, dvIpoM, parvatoM aura nadiyoM Adi kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi grantha isa vibhAga ke antargata Ate haiN| jina granthoM meM jIva, karma, naya, syAdvAda Adi dArzanika siddhAntoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, ve dravyAnuyoga kI sImA meM Ate haiN| aise granthoM meM SaTkhaNDAgama, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai| caraNAnuyoga meM muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke niyamopaniyamoM kA vidhAna rahatA hai| kundakundAcArya ke pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, vaTTakera kA mUlAcAra, zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| vAcanAe~ prAcIna kAla meM zruti paramparA hI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jo hara sampradAya ke AgamoM ko surakSita rakhA karatA thaa| samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra cintana kI vibhinna dhArAe~ usameM saMyojita hotI jAtI thiiN| saMgItiyoM athavA vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se yadyapi ina AgamoM kA parIkSaNa kara liyA jAtA thA phira bhI cintana ke pravAha ko rokanA sarala nahIM hotA thaa| i) pATaliputra vAcanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zrutopadeza ko bhI isI prakAra kI zruti paramparA se surakSita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| sampUrNa zruta ke jJAtA niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu the jinheM zrutakevalI kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda titthogAlIpainnA ke anusAra uttara bhArata meM eka dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa par3A jisake pariNAmasvarUpa saMghabheda kA sUtrapAta huaa| durbhikSa kAla meM asta-vyasta hue zrutajJAna ko vyavasthita karane ke lie thor3e samaya bAda hI lagabhaga 162 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM eka saMgIti athavA vAcanA huI jisameM gyAraha aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA jA skaa| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke jJAtA mAtra bhadrabAhu the jo bAraha varSa ko mahAprANa nAmaka yogasAdhanA ke lie nepAla cale gaye the| saMgha kI ora se usake adhyayana ke lie kucha sAdhuoM ko unake pAsa bhejA gayA, jinameM sthUlabhadra hI sakSama grAhaka siddha ho ske| ve mAtra daza pUrvo kA adhyayana kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrva unheM vAcanAbheda se mila sake, arthata: nhiiN| 1 dhIre-dhIre kAla prabhAva se dazapUrvo kA bhI lopa hotA gyaa| 1. titthogAlI, 801-2. ____ 2010_04
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________________ 47 digambara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 345 varSa bAda dazapUrvo kA viccheda huaa| antima dazapUrva jJAnadhArI-dharmasena the| zvetAmbara paramparA bhI isa ghaTanA ko svIkAra karatI hai, para mahAvIra nirvANa ke 584 varSa baad| usake anusAra dazapUrvajJAna ke dhArI antima AcArya vajra the| zrutilopa kA krama bar3hatA hI gyaa| dazapUrvo ke viccheda ho jAne ke bAda vizeSa pAThiyoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| digambara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 683 varSoM ke bAda ghaTita mAnatI hai para zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra Aryavajra ke bAda 13 varSoM taka AryarakSita yugapradhAna AcArya rhe| ve sAr3he nava pUrvo ke jJAtA the| unhoMne vizeSa pAThiyoM kA kramaza: hrAsa dekhakara use cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| phira bhI pUrvo ke lopa ko bacAyA nahIM jA skaa| ii) mAthurI vAcanA pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke pazcAt do durbhikSa aura par3e-prathama mahAvIra nirvANa ke 291 varSa bAda, Aryasuhasti sUri ke samaya, samprati ke rAjyakAla meM aura dvitIya 827 varSa bAda Arya skandila aura vajrasvAmI ke smy| ina durbhikSoM ke kAraNa asta-vyasta huI Agama paramparA ko vyavasthita karane ke lie Arya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM eka vAcanA bulAI gii| isI samaya huI eka anya vAcanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jo AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM balabhI meM Ayojita kI gaI thii| malayagiri ke anusAra anuyogadvAra aura jyotiSkaraNDaka isI vAcanA ke AdhAra para saMkalita hue haiN| valabhI vAcanA mAthurI aura valabhI vAcanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda puna: valabhI meM AcArya devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM pariSad kI saMyojanA kI gaI aura usameM upalabdha Agama sAhitya ko lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| yaha saMyojanA mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 980 varSa bAda (san 453 I0) huii| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya Agama isI pariSad kA pariNAma hai| isameM saMgha ke Agraha se vicchinna hone se avaziSTa rahe, parivartita aura parivardhita, truTita aura atruTita tathA svamati 1. zvetAmbara paramparA isa ghaTanA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda mAnatI hai aura digambara paramparA 162 varSa baad| 2. kahAvalI, 298; kalyANavijaya muni- vI.ni.saM. aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 104-17 2010_04
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________________ 18 se kalpita AgamoM ko apanI icchAnusAra pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA ....... zrI saMghAgrahAt ....... vicchinnAvaziSTAn nyUnAdhikAn truTitAtruTitAn AgamAlopakAn anukrameNa svamatyA saMkalayya pustakArUDhAna kRtaaH| tato mUlato gaNadharabhASitAnAmapi tatsaMkalanAnantaraM sarveSAmapi AgamAn kartA zrI devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa eva jaat:| punaruktiyoM ko dUra karane kI dRSTi se bIca-bIca meM anya AgamoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gyaa| devardhigaNi ne isI samaya nandisUtra kI racanA kI tathA pAThAntaroM ko cUrNiyoM meM saMgRhIta kiyaa| kalyANavijaya jI ke anusAra valabhI vAcanA ke pramukha nAgArjuna the| unhoMne isa vAcanA ko pustaka lekhana kahakara abhihita kiyA hai| sampAdana kI dRSTi se cUrNiyA~ Adi bahuta upayogI haiN| digambara paramparA meM ukta vAcanAoM kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna digambara paramparA meM aMgajJAna ne kabhI sAmAjika rUpa nahIM liyaa| vahAM to vaha guru-ziSya paramparA se pravAhita hotA huA mAnA gayA hai| 2 vastuta: vaha vAcanika paramparA bauddhoM kI saMgIti paramparA kI anukRti mAtra hai| vAcanAoM ke kAraNa Agama surakSita raha sake, anyathA ve aura bhI vikRta ho jaate| zruta kI maulikatA uparyukta vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se zvetAmbara paramparA ne dRSTivAda ko chor3akara samUce Agama sAhitya ko suvyavasthita karane kA yathAzakya prayatna kiyaa| parantu digambara paramparA ise svIkAra nahIM krtii| usakI dRSTi meM to lagabhaga sampUrNa Agama sAhitya kramaza: lupta hotA gyaa| jo AMzika jJAna surakSita rahA usI ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama Adi granthoM kI racanA kI gii| para ise bhI hama bilakula satya nahIM kaha skte| yaha adhika sambhava hai ki zrutAgamoM meM kiye gaye parivartanoM ko lakSyakara digambara paramparA ne unheM 'lupta' kaha diyA ho aura saMgharSa ke kSetra se dUra ho gaye hoN| DaoN0 viNTaranitsare bhI samUce AgamoM ko prAcIna nahIM sviikaarte| lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM ke bIca parivartana-parivardhana honA svAbhAvika hai| becaradAsa dosI ne mUlAgama aura upalabdha Agama meM antara spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki balabhI meM saMgRhIta aMga sAhitya kI sthiti ke sAtha 1. samaya sundaragaNIracita samAcArI zataka. 2. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA, pR. 543. 3. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR. 431-434. 2010_04
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________________ __ 49 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya ke aMga sAhitya kI tulanA karane vAle ko do sautele bhAiyoM ke bIca jitanA antara hotA hai utanA antara-bheda mAlama honA sarvathA sambhava ho|' vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM acelakatA ko sthAna-sthAna para upAdeya aura zraddhAspada mAnA hai tathA sacelakatA ko bhAva kI pradhAnatA kA tarka dekara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 jaikobI aura vebara bhI AgamoM meM parivartana-parivardhana ko svIkAra karate haiN| yaha isase bhI spaSTa hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM jo udAharaNa AgamoM se diye gaye haiM ve Aja upalabdha AgamoM meM aprApya haiN| ___ jo bhI ho, yaha nizcita hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa bAda jo ye Agama saMkalita kiye gaye, unameM parivartana-parivardhana avazya hue haiN| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra, uttarAdhyayana Adi granthoM meM varNita kucha viSaya spaSTata: uttarakAlIna pratIta hote haiN| unakA antaH - bAhya parIkSaNa kara samaya nirdhAraNa karanA atyAvazyaka hai| AgamoM meM "aTTha paNNatte", "suyaM me AusaM teNa bhagavayA evamattha' Adi jaise zabda bhI parivartana-parivardhana ke sUcaka haiN| digambara paramparA upalabdha ina AgamoM ko unake maulika rUpa meM svIkAra kara letI to Aja AgamoM kA eka nikharA rUpa sAmane rahA hotaa| prAkRta sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa ___ digambara paramparA meM paramparAgata zAstroM ke lie prAyaH 'zruta' aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'Agama' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zruta kA artha hai ve zAstra jinheM gaNadhara tIrthaGkaroM se sunakara racanA karate haiM aura 'Agama' kA artha hai paramparA se AyA huaa| donoM zabdoM kA tAtparya lagabhaga samAna hai isalie kahIM-kahIM donoM paramparAyeM ina donoM zabdoM kA upayoga karatI huI bhI dikhAI detI hai| isI sandarbha meM aMga, paramAgama, sUtra, siddhAnta Adi zabdoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| bauddha tripiTaka ke samAna jainAgama ko bhI AcAryoM ne 'gaNipiTaka' kahA hai|3 ina zruta athavA AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kiyA aura use gautama gaNadhara ne yathArIti granthoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| yahA~ hama suvidhA kI dRSTi se prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko nimna bhAgoM meM vibhakta 1. jaina sAhitya meM vikAra, pR. 23. 2. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR. 543. 3. bhagavatI satra. 253. 2010_04
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________________ 50 kara sakate haiM -- () Agama sAhitya (ii) Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya (iii) karmasAhitya (iv) siddhAnta sAhitya (v) AcAra sAhitya (vi) vidhi-vidhAna aura bhakti sAhitya (vii) kathA sAhitya, aura (viii) lAkSaNika sAhitya | 1. Agama sAhitya prAkRta 'jainAgama sAhitya kI do paramparAoM se hama suparicita hai hI / digam paramparA to use lupta mAnatI hai, parantu zvetAmbara paramparA meM use aMga, upAra mUlasUtra, chedasUtra aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| unakA saMkSi paricaya isa prakAra hai| ina dvAdazAMgoM kI racanA pUrva grantha paramparA para AdhAri rahI hai| aMga sAhitya aMga sAhitya ke pUrvokta bAraha bheda haiM jinake kula padoM kA yoga 4150200 hai / inakI ullikhita viSaya sAmagrI aura upalabdha viSaya sAmagrI meM ba antara hai / 1 1. AcArAMga yaha do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM sattha pariNNA a nau adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM pAMca / prathama zrutaskandha meM pANipa sAdhuoM kA koI ullekha bhale hI na ho para usakA jhukAva acelakatA kI a avazya hai| ata: yaha bhAga prAcInatara hai| pANipAtrI sAdhuoM ke astitva uttarakAlIna vikAsa kA pariNAma bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dvitIya zrutaska cUlikA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai jinakI saMkhyA pAMca hai| cAra cUlikAyeM AcAra 1. dekhiye, bha, mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, adhyAya : 2010_04
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________________ meM aura paJcama cUlikA vistRta hone ke kAraNa pRthak rUpa meM nizIthasUtra' ke nAma se nibaddha hai| yaha bhAga prathama zrutaskandha ke uttarakAla kA hai| isa grantha meM gadya aura padya, donoM kA prayoga huA hai| isameM muniyoM ke AMcAra-vicAra kA vizeSa varNana hai| mahAvIra kI caryA kA bhI vistRta ullekha huA hai| niyuktikAra kI dRSTi se dvitIya zrutaskandha sthavirakRta hai| mahAvIra kA jIvana bhI yahA~ camatkArAtmaka DhaMga se milatA hai| 2. sUyagaDaMga isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya kA vivecana hai| ise do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 adhyayana haiM - samaya, veyAliya, upasarga, strIparijJA, narakavibhakti, vIrastava, kuzIla, vIrya, dharma, samAdhi, mArga, samavazaraNa, yathAtathya, grantha AdAna, gAthA aura brAhmaNa-zramaNa nimrnth| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM sAta adhyayana haiM - puNDarIka, kriyAsthAna, AhAraparijJA, pratyAkhyAnakriyA, AcArazruta, ArdrakIya tathA naalndiiy| prathama zrutaskandha ke viSaya ko hI yahA~ vistAra se kahA gayA hai| ataH niyuktikAra ne ise "mahA adhyayana' kI saMjJA dI hai| isa grantha meM mUlata: kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda Adi matoM kA prasthApana aura usakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha khaNDana-maNDana paramparA se jur3A huA hai| 3. ThANAMga isameM dasa adhyayana haiM aura 783 sUtra haiM jinameM aMguttaranikAya ke samAna eka se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka saMkhyAkrama ke anusAra jaina siddhAnta para AdhArita vastu saMsthAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI uttarakAlIna paramparAoM ko bhI sthAna milA hai| jaise naveM adhyayana ke tRtIya uddezaka meM mahAvIra ke 9 gaNoM kA ullekha hai| sAta nihravoM kA bhI yahA~ ullekha milatA hai - jamAli, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura gosstthaamaahil| inameM prathama do ke atirikta sabhI nihnavoM kI utpatti mahAvIra ke bAda hI huii| pravrajyA, sthavira, lekhana- paddhati Adi se sambaddha sAmagrI kI dRSTi se yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA samaya lagabhaga caturtha-paMcama I0 zatI nizcita kI jA sakatI hai| 4. samavAyAMga isameM kula 275 sUtra haiM jinameM ThANAMga ke samAna saMkhyAkrama se nizcita vastuoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yahAM koI krama to nahIM para usI 2010_04
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________________ 52 kA AdhAra lekara saMkhyAkrama sahasra aura koTAkoTi taka pahu~cI hai| ThANAMga ke samAna yahA~ bhI mahAvIra ke bAda kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / udAharaNata: 100 veM sUtra meM gaNadhara indrabhUti aura sudharmA ke nirvANa se sambaddha ghaTanA ThANAMga aura samavAyAMga kI eka viziSTa zailI hai, jisake kAraNa inake prakaraNoM meM ekasUtratA ke sthAna para viSayavaividhya adhika dikhAI detA hai| isameM bhaugolika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI bharI huI hai| inakI zailI aMguttaranikAya aura yuggalapaNNatti kI zailI se milatI-julatI hai| 5. viyAhapaNNatti grantha kI vizAlatA aura upayogitA ke kAraNa ise 'bhagavatIsUtra' bhI kaha jAtA hai| isameM gaNadhara gautama ke 6000 prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara nibaddha haiN| adhikAMza prazna svarga, naraka, candra, sUrya Adi se sambaddha haiN| isameM 41 zataka haiM jinameM 837 sUtra haiN| prathama zataka adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| Age ke zataka isI kI vyAkhyA karate hue dikhAI dete haiM / yahA~ makkhali gosAla kA vistRta carita bhI milatA hai / buddha ko chor3akara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya aura parivrAjaka, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA paramparAbheda, svapnaprakAra, javaNijja (yApanIya) saMgha, vaizAlI meM hue do mahAyuddha, vanaspatizAstra, jIva prakAra Adi ke viSaya meM yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI detA hai| isameM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA racita nandisUtra kA bhI ullekha hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki isa mahAgrantha meM mahAvIra ke bAda kI lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI paramparAoM kA saMkalana hai| isakI viSaya-sUcI bhI bar3I lambI-caur3I hai| isameM gadyasUtra 5293 aura padmasUtra 160 haiM / 6. nAyAdhammakahAo isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa lokapracalita dharmakathAoM kA nibandha hai, jisameM saMyama, tapa, tyAga Adi kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| isa grantha do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM nIti kathAoM se sambaddha unnIsa adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM meM dharmakathAyeM saMkalita haiN| zailI roca aura AkarSaka hai| isameM meghakumAra, dhannA aura vijaya cora, sAgaradatta aura jinadatta kacchapa aura zrRMgAla, zailaka muni aura zuka parivrAjaka, tumba, rohaNI, malli bhAkaMdI, durdara, amAtya temali, draupadI, puNDarIka, kuNDarIka, gajasukumAla, nandamaNiyAra Adi kI kathAyeM saMkalita haiN| ye kathAyeM ghaTanA pradhAna tathA nATakIya tattvoM se ApUra haiN| sAMskRtika mahattva kI sAmagrI bhI isameM sannihita haiN| 2010_04
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________________ 7. uvAsagadasAo isameM dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM kramaza: Ananda, kAmadeva, culinIpriya, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakaulika, saddAlaputra, mahAzataka, nandinIpitA aura sAlatiyApitA ina dasa upAsakoM kA caritra-citraNa hai| ina zrAvakoM ko pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata ina bAraha aNuvratoM kA niraticAra pUrvaka pAlana karate hue dharmArtha sAdhanA meM tatpara batAyA hai| ise AcArAMga kA paripUraka grantha kahA jA sakatA hai| gRhasthAcAra ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se isakA vizeSa mahattva hai| 8. aMtagaDadasAo isa aMga meM aise strI-puruSoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne saMsAra kA anta kara nirvANa prApta kiyA hai| isameM ATha varga haiN| hara varga kisI na kisI mumukSu se sambaddha hai| yahA~ gautama, samudra, sAgara, gambhIra, gajasukumAla, kRSNa, padmAvatI, arjunamAlI, atimukta Adi mahAnubhAvoM kA caritra-citraNa upalabdha hai| paurANika aura caritakAvyoM ke lie ye kathAnaka bIjabhUta mAne jA sakate haiN| isakA samaya lagabhaga 2-3rI zatI honA caahie| 9. aNuttarodavAiyadasAo isa grantha meM aise mahApuruSoM kA varNana hai jo apane tapa aura saMyama se anuttara vimAnoM meM utpanna hue aura usake bAda ve muktigAmI hote haiN| yaha aMga tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama varga meM 20, dvitIya varga meM 13 aura tRtIya varga meM 10 adhyayana haiN| jAli, mahAjAli, abhayakumAra Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA prathama varga meM, dIrghasena, mahAsena, siMhasena, Adi teraha rAjakumAroM kA dvitIya varga meM, aura dhanyakumAra, rAmaputra, vehalla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA bhogamaya aura tapomaya jIvana kA citraNa tRtIya varga meM milatA hai| yahAM anuttaropapAtikoM kI avasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 10. paNhavAgaraNAI isameM praznottara ke mAdhyama se parasamaya (jainetaramata) kA khaNDana kara svasamaya kI sthApanA kI hai| isake do bhAga haiN| prathama bhAga meM hiMsAdika pApa rUpa AzravoM kA aura dvitIya bhAga meM ahiMsAdi pAMca vrata rUpa saMvara dvAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI sandarbha meM mantra, tantra aura cAmatkArika vidyAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| sambhavata: yaha grantha uttarakAlIna hai| 2010_04
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________________ 54 11. vivAgasuyaM isa grantha meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie bIsa kathAoM kA Alekhana kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAoM meM mRgAputra nandiSeNa Adi kI jIvana gAthAyeM azubha karma ke phala ko aura subAhu, bhadranandI Adi kI jIva gAthAyeM zubhakarma ke phala ko vyakta karatI haiN| varNanakrama se patA calatA hai ki yaha grantha bhI uttarakAlIna honA caahie| 12. diTThivAya zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra yaha grantha lupta ho gayA hai, jabaki digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama Adi Agamika grantha isI ke bheda-prabhedoM para AdhArita haiN| samavAyAMga meM isake pAMca vibhAga kiye gaye haiM -- parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| isameM vibhinna darzanoM kI carcA rahI hogii| pUrvagata vibhAga ke utpAdapUrva Adi caudaha bheda haiN| anuyoga bhI do prakAra ke haiM -- prathamAnuyoga aura gnnddikaanuyog| cUlikAyeM kahIM battIsa aura kahIM pAMca batAyI gaI haiN| unakA sambandha mantra-tantrAdi se rahA hogaa| vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha eka vizAlakAya grantha rahA hogaa| upAMga sAhitya vaidika aMgopAMgoM ke samAna jainAgama ke bhI uparyukta bAraha aMgoM ke bAraha upAMga mAne jAte haiN| parantu aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhA jAya to upAMgoM ke krama kA aMgoM ke krama se koI sambandha nahIM baitthtaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM upAMgoM kA varNana bhI nahIM aataa| isalie inheM uttarakAlIna mAnA jAnA caahie| ye upAMga isa prakAra haiM -- 1. uvavAiya isameM 43 sUtra haiM aura unameM sAdhakoM kA punarjanma kahA~-kahA~ hotA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM 72 kalAoM aura vibhinna parivrAjakoM kA varNana milatA hai| 2. rAyapaseNiya isa grantha meM 217 sUtra haiN| prathama bhAga meM sUryAbhadeva kA varNana hai aura 1. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka kA grantha bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, pAtharDI, 1975. 2010_04
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________________ dvitIya bhAga meM kezI aura pradezI ke bIca jIva-ajIva viSayaka saMvAda kA varNana hai| isameM darzana, sthApatya, saMgIta aura nATyakalA kI viziSTa sAmagrI sannihita hai| 3. jIvAbhigama __isameM 9 prakaraNa aura 272 sUtra haiM, jinameM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| TIkAkAra malayagiri ne ise ThANAMga kA upAMga mAnA hai| isameM astra, vastra, dhAtu, bhavana Adi ke prakAra diye gaye haiN| 4. paNNavaNA isa grantha meM 349 sUtra haiM aura unameM jIva se sambandha rakhane vAle 36 padoM kA pratipAdana hai - prajJApanA, sthAna, yoni, bhASA, kaSAya, indriya, lezyA aadi| isake kartA Arya zyAmAcArya haiM, jo mahAvIra parinirvANa ke 376 varSa bAda avasthita the| ise samavAyAMgasUtra kA upAMga mAnA gayA hai| vRkSa, tRNa, auSadhiyA~, paMcendriyajIva, manuSya, sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM Adi kA varNana milatA hai| 5. suriyapaNNatti ___ isa grantha meM 20 pAhuDa aura 108 sUtra haiM, jinameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI gati Adi kA varNana milatA hai| isa para bhadrabAhu ne niyukti aura malayagiri ne TIkA likhI hai| 6. jambUdIvapaNNatti ___ yaha grantha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai -- pUrvArddha aura uttraarddh| pUrvArddha meM cAra aura uttarArddha meM tIna vakSaskAra (pariccheda) haiM tathA kula 176 sUtra haiM jinameM jambUdvIpa, bharatakSetra, nadI, parvata, kulakara Adi kA varNana hai| yaha nAyAdhammakahAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| 7. candapaNNatti ... isameM bIsa prAbhRta haiM aura unameM candra kI gati Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| ise uvAsagadasAo kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| 8. nirayAvaliyA nirayAvaliyA athavA kappiyA meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNTha, sukaNha mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, piuseNakaNha aura 2010_04
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________________ mahAseNakaNha kA varNana hai| 9. kappAvaDisiyA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM pauma, mahApauma, bhadda, subhadda, paumabhadda paumaseNa, paumagumma, naliNigumma, ANaMda va naMdaNa kA varNana hai| 10. puphiyA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM caMda, sUra, sukka, bahuputtiyA, putrabhadda gaNibhadda, datta, siva, bala aura aNADhiya kA varNana hai| 11. pupphacUlA isameM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM --- siri, hiri, dhiti, kitti, buddhi, lacchI ilAdevI, surAdevI, rasadevI aura gndhdevii| 12. vahidasAo isameM bAraha adhyayana haiM - nisar3a, mAani, vaha, vaNha, pagatA, juttI dasaraha, daDharaha, mahAdhaNU, sattaghaNU, dasaghaNU aura sydhnnuu| ye upAMga sAMskRtika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| AThaveM upAMga se leka bArahaveM upAMga taka ko samaya rUpa meM nirayAvalio' bhI kahA gayA hai| mUlasUtra ___ DaoN0 zubriga ke anusAra inameM sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza garbhita hai isalie inheM mUlasUtra kahA jAtA hai| upAMgoM ke samAna mUlasUtroM ka bhI ullekha prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| inakI mUlasaMkhyA meM bhI matabheda hai; koI inakI saMkhyA tIna mAnatA hai - uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dazavaikAlika aura kucha vidvAnoM ne piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti ko sammilita kara unake saMkhyA cAra kara dI hai| 1. uttarajjhAyaNa bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha sUtra prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| isakI tulana pAli tripiTaka ke suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi granthoM se kI gaI hai| isakA adhyayana AcArAMgAdi ke adhyayana ke bAda kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki isakI racanA uttarakAla meM huI ho| uttarAdhyayana meM 36 adhyayana hai jinameM naitika, saiddhAntiva aura kathAtmaka viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| inameM kucha jinabhASita haiN| 2010_04
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________________ kucha pratyekabuddhoM dvArA prarUpita haiM aura kucha saMvAda rUpa meM kahe gaye haiN| 2. Avassaya isameM cha: nitya kriyAoM kA cha: adhyAyoM meM varNana hai - sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna 3. dasaveyAliya isake racayitA Aryasambhava haiN| unhoMne isakI racanA apane putra ke lie kI thii| vikAla arthAt sandhyA meM par3he jAne ke kAraNa ise dasaveyAliya kahA jAtA hai| yaha dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM muni AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 4. piNDaniyukti isameM ATha adhikAra aura 971 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA Adi doSoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| 5. oghaniyukti isameM 811 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM pratilekhana, piNDa, upAdhi-nirUpaNa, anAyatanavarjana, pratisevanA, AlocanA aura vizuddhi kA nirUpaNa hai| chedasUtra zramaNadharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko samajhane kI dRSTi se chedasUtroM kA viziSTa mahattva hai inameM utsarga (sAmAnya vidhAna), apavAda, doSa aura prAyazcitta vidhAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA 9 hai - dasAsuyakkhandha, bRhatkalpa, vavahAra, nisIha, mahAnisIha aura paMcakappa athavA jiitkpp| 1. dasAsuyakkhantha dasAsuyakkhandha athavA AyAradasA meM dasa adhyayana haiN| unameM kramaza: asamAdhi ke kAraNa zabaladoSa (hastakarma maithuna Adi), AzAtanA (avajJA), gaNisampadA, cittasamAdhi, upAsaka-pratimA, bhikSu-pratimA, parvRSaNAkalpa, mohanIyasthAna aura AyAtisthAna (nidAna) kA varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvanacarita kI dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| isake racayitA niyuktikAra se bhinna AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| 2010_04
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________________ 2. bRhatkalpa isameM cha: uddeza haiM, jinameM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke nivAsa, vihAra, AhAra, Asana Adi se sambaddha vividha niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isake bhI racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| yaha grantha gadya meM likhA gayA hai| 3. vavahAra isameM dasa uddeza aura 300 sUtra haiN| unameM AhAra, vihAra, vaiyAvRtti, sAdhu-sAdhvI kA pArasparika vyavahAra, gRhagamana, dIkSAvidhAna Adi viSayoM para sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| isa grantha ke bhI kartA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| 4. nisIha isameM bIsa uddeza aura lagabhaga 1500 sUtra haiN| inameM gUrumAsika, laghumAsika aura gurucAturmAsika prAyazcitta se sambaddha kriyAoM kA varNana hai| 5. mahAnisIha isameM cha: adhyayana hai aura do cUlikAeM haiM jinameM lagabhaga 4554 zloka haiN| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha grantha adhika prAcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| vinaSTa mahAnisItha ko haribhadrasUri ne saMzodhita kiyA aura siddhasena tathA jinadAsagaNi ne use mAnya kiyaa| karmavipAka, tAntrika prayoga, saMghasvarUpa, Adi para vistAra se vahA~ carcA kI gaI hai| 6. jItakalpa isakI racanA jinadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne 103 gAthAoM meM kI hai| isameM AtmA kI vizuddhi ke lie jIta arthAt prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| isameM AlocanA, pratikramaNa, ubhaya, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, cheda, mUla, anavasthApya aura pArAMcika bhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| cUlikA sUtra cUlikAyeM grantha ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiN| inameM aise viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai jinheM AcArya anya kisI grantha-prakAra meM sammilita nahIM kara ske| nandI aura anuyogadvAra kI gaNanA cUlikAsUtroM meM kI jAtI hai| ye sUtra apekSAkRta arvAcIna haiN| nandIsUtra gadya-padya meM likhA gayA hai| isameM 90 gAthAyeM aura 59 gadyasUtra haiN| isakA kula parimANa lagabhaga 700 zloka hogaa| isake racayitA dUSyagaNi ke ziSya devavAcaka mAne jAte haiM, jo devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa 2010_04
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________________ se bhinna haiN| isameM paMcajJAnoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| sthavirAvalI aura zrutajJAna ke bheda-prabheda kI dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| anuyogadvAra meM nikSepa paddhati se jainadharma ke mUlabhUta viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| isameM naya, nikSepa, pramANa, anugama Adi kA vistRta varNana hai| granthamAna lagabhaga 2000 zloka pramANa hai, isameM adhikAMzata: gadya bhAga hai| prakIrNaka isa vibhAga meM aise grantha sammilita kiye gaye haiM jinakI racanA tIrthaGkaroM dvArA pravedita upadeza ke AdhAra para AcAryoM ne kI hai| aise Agamika granthoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 14000 mAnI gaI hai, parantu balabhI vAcanA ke samaya nimnalikhita dasa granthoM kA hI samAveza kiyA gayA hai - causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, mahApaccakkhANa, bhattapaiNNA, taMdulaveyAliya, saMthAraka, gacchAyAra, gaNivijjA, deviMdathaha, aura mrnnsmaahi| 'causaraNa' meM 63 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM arihanta, siddha, sAdhU evaM kevalikathita dharma ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai| ise vIrabhadrakRta mAnA jAtA hai| 'AurapaccakkhANa' meM vIrabhadra ne 70 gAthAoM meM bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| mahApaccakkhANa meM 142 gAthAyeM hai, jinameM vratoM aura ArAdhanAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'bhattapaiNNA' meM 172 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM vIrabhadra ne bhaktaparijJA, iMginI aura pAdopagamana rUpa maraNa bhedoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| 'taMdulaveyAliya' meM 139 gAthAeM hai aura unameM garbhAvasthA, strI svabhAva tathA saMsAra kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'saMthAraka' meM 123 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM mRtyuzayyA kA varNana hai| 'gacchAyAra' meM 130 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM gaccha meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sadhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| 'gaNivijjA' meM 80 gAthAyeM hai jinameM divasa, tithi, nakSatra, karaNa, muhUrta Adi kA varNana hai| deviMdathaha (307 gA.) meM devendra kI stuti hai| maraNasamAhi (663 gA.) meM ArAdhanA, ArAdhaka, AlocanA, sallekhanA kSamAyApana Adi para vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina prakIrNakoM ke atirikta titthogAliya, ajIvakappa, siddhapAhuDa, ArAhaNa pahAA, dIvasAyarapaNNatti, joisakaraMDava, aMgavijjA, piMDavisohi, tihipaiNNaga, sArAvali, pajjaMtArAhaNA, jIvavihatti, kavacapakaraNa aura jogipAhuDa granthoM ko bhI prakIrNaka zreNI meM sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya uparyukta ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para yathAsamaya niyukti bhASya, cUrNi, 2010_04
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________________ 60 TIkA vivaraNa, vRtti, avacUNI paMjikA evaM vyAkhyA rUpa meM vipula sAhitya kI racanA huI hai| inameM AcAryoM ne Agamagata durbodha sthaloM ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa vidyA meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| niyukti sAhitya __jisa prakAra yAska ne vaidika pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie nirukta kI racanA kI usI prakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne Agamika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie niyuktiyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| ye niyuktiyA~ nimnalikhita dasa granthoM para likhI gaI haiM -- Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, sUryaprajJapti aura Rssibhaassit| inameM antima do niyuktiyA~ upalabdha nhiiN| ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA prAkRta padyoM meM huI hai| bIca-bIca meM kathAoM aura dRSTAntoM ko bhI niyojita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI niryaktiyoM kI racanA nikSepa paddhati meM huI hai| isa paddhati meM zabdoM ke aprAsaMgika arthoM ko chor3akara prAsaMgika arthoM kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'Avazyakaniyukti' meM chaH adhyayana haiM - sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura prtyaakhyaan| isameM saptanihnava tathA bhagavAn RSabhadeva aura mahAvIra ke caritra kA Alekhana huA hai| isa niyukti para jinabhadra, jinadAsagaNi, haribhadra, koTyAcArya, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra, mANikyazekhara Adi AcAryoM ne vyAkhyA grantha likhe| isameM lagabhaga 1650 gAthAyeM haiN| 'dazavaikAlikaniyukti' (341 gA.) meM deza, kAla Adi zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra huA hai| uttarAdhyayananiyukti (607 gA.) meM vividha dhArmika aura laukika kathAoM dvArA sUtrArtha ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMganiyukti (347 gA.) meM AcAra, aMga, brahma, caraNa Adi zabdoM kA artha nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMganiyukti (205 gA.) meM matamatAntaroM kA varNana hai| dazAzrutaskandha niyukti meM samAdhi, sthAna, dasazruta Adi kA varNana hai| yaha niyukti bRhatkalpaniyukti (559 gA.) aura vyavahAraniyukti ke samAna alpamizrita avasthA meM upalabdha hotI hai| inake atirikta piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti, paMcakalpaniyukti, nizIthaniyukti aura saMsaktaniyukti bhI milatI hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se ina niyuktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| bhASya sAhitya niyuktiyoM meM pracchanna gUr3ha viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie bhASya likhe gye| 2010_04
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________________ jina Agama granthoM para bhASya milate haiM ve haiM Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa, paMcakalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, jItakalpa, oghaniyukti aura piNDaniyukti / ye sabhI bhASya padyabaddha prAkRta meM haiN| AvazyakasUtra para tIna bhASya milate haiM - mUlabhASya, bhASya aura vizeSAvazyaka bhASya / "vizeSAvazyakabhASya" AvazyakasUtra kA prathama adhyayana mAtra sAmAyika para likhA gayA hai phira bhI usameM 3603 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM AcArya jinabhadra (lagabhaga vi0saM0 650 - 660) ne jaina jJAna aura tattvamImAMsA kI dRSTi se sAmagrI ko saMkalita kiyA hai| yoga, maMgala, paMcajJAna, sAmAyika, nikSepa, anuyoga, gaNadharavAda, AtmA aura karma, aSTanihnava, prAyazcittavidhAna Adi kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| jinabhadra kA hI dUsarA bhASya 'jItakalpa' (103 gA.) para hai| jisameM prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai| isI para eka svopajJabhASya (2606 gAthAyeM ) bhI milatA hai jisameM bRhatkalpa, laghubhASya, vyavahArabhASya, paMcakalpa, mahAbhASya, piNDaniryukti Adi kI gAthAyeM zabdaza: uddhRta haiN| - 61 bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiM jinhoMne ise cha: uddezoM aura 6490 gAthAoM meM pUrA kiyaa| isameM jinakalpika aura sthavirakalpika sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AhAra-vihAra, nivAsa Adi kA sUkSma varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAMskRtika sAmagrI se yaha grantha bharA huA hai| inhIM AcArya kA paMcakalpamahAbhASya (2665 gA. ) bhI milatA hai / bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke samAna bRhatkalpa bRhadubhASya bhI likhA gayA hai para durbhAgya se abhI taka vaha apUrNa hI upalabdha huA hai| isa sandarbha meM vyavahArabhASya (dasa uddeza ), oghaniryukti laghubhASya (322 gA.), oghaniryukti bRhadbhASya ( 2597 gA.) aura piNDaniryukti bhASya (46 gA.) bhI ullekhanIya hai / 2010_04 cUrNi sAhitya Agama sAhitya para niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM ke atirikta cUrNiyoM kI bhI racanA huI hai| para ve padya meM na hokara gadya meM haiM aura zuddha prAkRta bhASA meM na hokara prAkRta saMskRta mizrita haiN| sAmAnyataH yahA~ saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta kA prayoga adhika huA hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsagaNi mahattara aura siddhasena sUri agragaNya haiN| jinadAsagaNi mahattara (lagabhaga vi0saM0 650 - 750 ) ne nandi, anuyogadvAra, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, bRhatkalpa, vyAkhyAprajJapti, nizItha aura dazAzruttaskandha para cUrNiyA~ likhI haiM tathA jItakalpa cUrNi ke kartA siddhasena sUri (vi0 saM0 1227) haiN| inake atirikta
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________________ 62 jIvAbhigama, mahAnizItha, vyavahAra, jambUdvIpaprajJapti Adi granthoM para bhI cUrNiyAM likhI gaI haiN| ina cUrNiyoM meM sAMskRtika tathA kathAtmaka sAmagrI bharI huI hai| TIkA sAhitya Agama ko aura bhI spaSTa karane ke lie TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiN| inakI bhASA pradhAnataH saMskRta hai para kathA bhAga adhikAMzata: prAkRta meM milatA hai| Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, nandI aura anuyogadvAra para haribhadrasUri (lagabhaga 700-770 I0) kI, AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para zIlAMkAcArya (vi0saM0 lagabhaga 900 - 1000 ) kI, uttarAdhyayana para ziSyahitA TIkA zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) kI tathA sukhabodhA TIkA devendragaNi aparanAma nemicandrasUri kI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta TIkAoM, vivaraNoM aura kRtiyoM kI to eka lambI saMkhyA hai jisakA ullekha karanA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hogaa| karma sAhitya pUrvokta Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| ise paramparAnusAra zvetAmbara sampradAya svIkAra karatA hai parantu digambara sampradAya kinhIM kAraNoMvaza use 'lupta' huA mAnatA hai| usake anusAra lupta Agama kA AMzika jJAna muni paramparA meM surakSita rhaa| usI ke AdhAra para AcArya dharasena ke sAnnidhya meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA huI / SaTkhaNDAgama 'dRSTivAda' nAmaka bArahaveM aMga ke antargata agrAyaNI nAmaka dvitIya pUrva ke cayanalabdhi nAmaka pA~caveM adhikAra ke caturtha pAhuDa (prAbhRta) karma prakRti para AdhArita hai| isalie ise karmaprAbhRta bhI kahA jAtA hai| isake prArambhika bhAga satprarUpaNA ke racayitA puSpadanta haiM aura zeSa bhAga ko AcArya bhUtabali ne racA hai| inakA samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke 600-700 varSa bAda mAnA jAtA hai / 1 satprarUpaNA meM 177 sUtra haiN| zeSa grantha 6000 sUtroM meM racita karma prAbhRta ke chaH khaNDa haiM- jIvaTThANa (2375 sUtra ), khuddabandha (1582 sUtra), bandhasAmittavicaya (324 sUtra), vedanA (1449 sUtra ), vaggaNA (9 (982 sUtra aura mahAbandha (sAta adhikAra) / inameM karma aura unakI vividha prakRtiyoM kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| isa para nimnalikhita TIkAyeM racI gaI haiN| ina TIkAoM meM 'dhavalA' TIkA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI anupalabdha haiN| inakI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai -- 1 1. SaTkhaNDAgama pustaka 1, prastAvanA, pR0 21-31. 2010_04
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________________ 63 i) prathama tIna khaNDoM para kundakundAcArya kI prAkRta TIkA (12000 zloka pramANa) ii) prathama pA~ca khaNDoM para zAstrakuNDakRta paddhatinAmaka prAkRta-saMskRta-kannaDa mizrita TIkA (12000 zloka prmaann)| ii) chaThe khaNDa para tumbUlAcAryakRta prAkRta paJjikA (60000 zloka pramANa iv) vIrasena (816 I0) kI prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita TIkA (72000 zloka pramANa) dRSTivAda ke hI jJAnapravAda nAmaka pA~caveM pUrva kI dasavIM vastu ke pejjadosa nAmaka tRtIya prAbhRta se 'kaSAyaprAbhRta' (kasAya pAhuDa) kI utpatti huii| ise 'pejjadosapAhuDa' bhI kahA gayA hai| AcArya guNadhara ne isakI racanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda kii| isameM 1600 pada evaM 180 kiMvA 233 gAthAyeM aura 15 arthAdhikAra haiN| isa para yativRSabha ne vikrama kI chaThI zatI meM chaH hajAra zloka pramANa cUrNisUtra rcii| usa para vIrasena ne san 874 meM bIsa hajAra zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhii| isa adhUrI TIkA ko unake ziSya jayasena (jinasena) ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA aura likhakara grantha samApta kiyaa| inake atirikta uccAraNAcAryakRta uccAraNavRtti, zAmakuNDakRta paddhatiTIkA, tumbUlAcAryakRta cUr3AmaNivyAkhyA tathA vappadevagurukRta vyAkhyAprajJaptivRtti nAmaka TIkAoM kA ullekha milatA hai para Aja ve upalabdha nahIM haiN| ina sabhI TIkA granthoM meM karma kI vividha vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI ne vikrama kI 11vIM zatI meM 'gomaTTasAra' kI racanA kii| ve cAmuNDarAya ke guru the jinheM gomaTTarAya bhI kahA jAtA thaa| gomaTTasAra ke do bhAga haiM- jIvakANDa (733 gA.) aura karmakANDa (972 gaa.)| jIvakANDa meM jIva, sthAna, kSudrabandha, bandhasvAmI aura vedanA ina pA~ca viSayoM kA vivecana hai| karmakANDa meM karma ke bheda-prabhedoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isI lekhaka kI 'labdhisAra' (261 gA.) nAmaka eka aura racanA milatI hai| lagabhaga AThavIM zatI meM likhI kisI ajJAta vidvAn kI 'paJcasaMgraha' (1309 gA.) nAmaka kRti bhI upalabdha huI hai| isameM karmastava Adi pA~ca prakaraNa haiN| prAyaH ye sabhI grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiN| AcArya kundakunda, baTTakera aura zivArya ke sAhitya ko isameM aura jor3a diyA jAya to yaha samUcA sAhitya digambara sampradAya kA Agama sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai| 2010_04
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________________ ina granthoM ke atirikta zivazarmasUri (vi. kI pA~cavIM zatI) kI karmaprakRti (475 gA.), usa para kisI ajJAta vidvAn kI sAta hajAra zloka pramANa cUrNi, vIrazekharavijaya kI Thiibandha (876 gA.) tathA khavagaseDhI-aura candarsi mahattara kA paJcasaMgraha (1000 gA.) viziSTa karmagrantha haiN| gargarSi (vi. kI 10vIM zatI) kA kammavivAga, ajJAta kavi kA karmastava aura bandhasvAmitva, jinavallabhagaNi kI SaDazIti, zivazarmasUri kA zataka aura ajJAta kavi kI saptatatikA ye prAcIna SaT karmagrantha kahe jAte haiN| jinaballabhagaNi (vi. kI 12vIM zatI) kA sArdhazataka (155 gA.) bhI smaraNIya hai| devendrasUri (13vIM zatI) ke karmavipAka (60 gA.), karmastava (34 gA.), bandhasvAmitva (24 gA.), SaDzIti (46 gA.) aura zataka (100 gA.) ina pA~ca granthoM ko 'navyakarmagrantha' kahA jAtA hai| jinabhadragaNi kI vizeSaNavati, vijayavimalagaNi (vi.saM. 1623) kA bhAvaprakaraNa (30gA.), harSakulagaNi (16vIM zatI) kA bandhahetUdayatribhaMgI (65 gA.) aura vijayavimalagaNi (17vIM zatI) kA bandhodayasattAprakaraNa (24 gA.) grantha bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya hai| siddhAnta sAhitya karmasAhitya ke atirikta kucha aura grantha haiM jinheM hama Agama ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| ina granthoM ke AcArya kundakunda (prathama zatI) ke pavayaNasAra (175 gA.), samayasAra (415 gA.), niyamasAra (187 gA.), paMcatthikAyasaMgahasutta (173 gA.), daMsaNapAhuDa (36 gA.), cArittapAhuDa (44 gA.), suttapAhuDa (27 gA.), bodhapAhuDa (62 gA.), bhAvapAhuDa (166 gA.), mokkhapAhuDa (106 gA.), liMgapAhuDa (22 gA.) aura sIlapAhuDa (40 gA.) pradhAna grantha haiN| inameM nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se AtmA kI vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta karane kA mArga batAyA gayA hai| inakI bhASA zaurasenI hai| anekAnta kA samyak vivecana karane vAloM meM AcArya siddhasena (5-6 vIM zatI) zIrSastha haiM jinhoMne 'sammaisutta' (167 gA.) racakara prAkRta meM dArzanika grantha praNayana kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| yaha grantha tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hainaya, upayoga aura anekaantvaad| abhayadeva ne isa para 2500 zloka pramANa tattvabodhAyinI nAmaka TIkA likhii| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| isI prakAra AcArya devasena kA laghunayacandra (67 gA.) aura mAiladhavala kA vRhannayacakra (423 gA.) bhI isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha hai| kisI ajJAta kavi kA jIvasamAsa (286 gA.), zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) 2010_04
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________________ kA jIvavicAra (51 gA0), abhayadevasUri kA paNNavaNAtaiyapayasaMgahaNI (133 To), ajJAta kavi kI jIvAjIvAbhigamasaMgahaNI (223 gA0 ), jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa kA samayakhittasamAsa (637 gA.), rAjazekharasUri kI kSetravicAraNA (367 gA0 ), premicandrasUri kA pavayaNa sAroddhAra (1599 gA0 ), somatilakasUri (vi0 saM0 1373 ) kA sattarisaya ThANapayaraNa ( 359 gA0 ), devasUri kA jIvANusAsaNa 423 gA0 ) Adi racanAoM meM sapta tattvoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana milatA hai| 65 dharmopadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI prAkRta meM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| jIvanasAdhanA dRSTi se yaha sAhitya racA gayA hai| dharmadAsagaNI (lagabhaga 8vIM zatI) kI viesamAlA (542 gA0), haribhadrasUri kA uvaesapada (1039 gA.) va saMbohaprakaraNa 1510 gA0 ), hemacandrasUri kI uvaesamAlA (505 gA0 ) va bhavabhAvaNA (531 (iv), mahendraprabhasUri (saM. 1436) kI uvaesaciMtAmaNi (415 gA0 ), jinaratnasUri san 1231) kA vivekavilAsa (1323 gA0 ), zubhavardhanagaNI (saM. 1552) vaddhamANadesanA (3163 gA0 ), jayavallabha kA vajjAlaggaM ( 1330 gA0 ) Adi grantha mukhya haiN| ina kRtiyoM meM jainadharma, siddhAnta aura tattvoM kA upadeza yA gayA hai aura AdhyAtmika unnati kI dRSTi se vratAdi kA mahattva batAyA gayA | ye sabhI kRtiyA~ jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racI gaI haiN| uttara pazcima ke jaina hityakAroM ne ardhamAgadhI ke bAda isI bhASA ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| 'yazruti' isakI zeSatA hai| AcAryoM ne yoga aura bAraha bhAvanAoM sambandhI sAhitya bhI prAkRti meM hai| isakA adhikAMza sAhitya yadyapi saMskRta meM milatA hai para prAkRta bhI sase achUtA nahIM rahA / haribhadrasUri kA jhANajjhayaNa (106 gA0 ) kumAra kArtikeya bArasAnuvekkhA (489 gA0 ), devacandra kA guNaNadvANasaya- (107 gA0 ), garatnavijaya kA khavagaseDhI (271 gA0 ) tathA vIrasekharavijaya kA mUlapakaiThiibandha (276 gA0 ) ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM yama, niyama Adi ke mAdhyama se kamArga prApti ko nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya yogasAdhanA ko kisa kara vizuddha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mAdhyama banAyA jA sakatA hai isakA nidarzana AcAyoM ne ina kRtiyoM meM bar3I saphalatApUrvaka kiyA hai| AcAra sAhitya AcAra sAhitya meM sAgAra aura anagAra ke vratoM aura niyamoM kA vidhAna hai / vaTTakera (lagabhaga 3rI zatI) kA mUlAcAra (1552 gA0 ), zivArya gabhaga tRtIya zatI) kA bhagavai ArAhaNA (2166 gA0 ) aura vasunandI ( 13vIM 2010_04
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________________ 66 zatI) kA uvAsayAjjhayaNaM (546 gA0 ) zaurasenI prAkRta meM race kucha viziSTa grantha haiM jinameM muniyoM aura zrAvakoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA vistRta varNana hai / isI taraha haribhadrasUri ke paMcavatthuga (1714 gA0 ), paMcAsaga (850 gA0 ), sAvayapaNNatti (405 gA0 ) aura sAvayadhammavihi (120 gA0 ), pradyumnasUri kI mUlasiddhi (252 gA0 ), vIrabhadra (saM. 1078) kI ArAhaNApaDAyA (990 gA0 ), devendrasUri kI saDadiNakicca ( 344 gA0 ) Adi jaina mahArASTrI meM race gaye pramukha grantha haiN| inameM muni aura zrAvakoM kI dinacaryA, niyama, upaniyama, darzana, prAyazcita Adi kI vyavasthA batAyI gaI hai| ina granthoM para aneka TIkAyeM bhI milatI haiN| vidhividhAna aura bhaktimUlaka sAhitya prAkRta meM aisA sAhitya bhI upalabdha hotA hai jisameM AcAryoM ne bhakti. pUjA, pratiSThA, yajJa, mantra, tantra, parva, tIrtha Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai kundakunda kI siddhabhakti ( 12 gA0 ) sudabhatti, caritabhatti (10 gA0 ), aNagArabhati ( 23 gA0 ), Ayariyabhatti (10 gA0 ), paMcagurubhatti (7 gA0 ), titthayarabhatti (8 gA.) aura nibbANabhatti (27 gA0 ) vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| yazodevasUri ka paccakkhANasarUva (329 gA0 ), zrIcandrasUri kI aNuTTANavihi, jinavallabhagaNi kI paDikkaNa samAyArI (40 gA0 ), devabhadra kI pamasahavihipayaraNa (188 gA0 aura jinaprabhasUri (vi0 saM0 1363) kI vihimaMgagappavA (3575 gA0 ) isa sanda meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| dhanapAla kA RSabhapaMcAsikA (50 gA0 ), bhadrabAhu ka uvasaggaharasthotta (20gA0 ), nandiSeNa kA ajiyasaMtithuyi, devendrasUri ka zAzvatacaityAstava, dharmaghoSasUri (14vIM zatI) kA bhavastotra, kisI ajJAta ki kA nirvANa kANDa (21 gA0 ) tathA yogendradeva (chaThI zatI) kA nijAtmASTaka prasiddha stotra haiN| ina stotroM meM dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sAtha hI kAvyAtmaka tattva kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| rasAtmakatA to hai hI / paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya jainadharma meM 63 zalAkA mahApuruSa hue haiM jinakA jIvana carita kavi ne apanI lekhanI meM utArA hai| ina kAvyoM kA srota Agama sAhitya hai / ina prabandha kAvya kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| inameM kaviyoM ne dharmopadeza, karmaphala avAntara kathAyeM, stuti, darzana, kAvya aura saMskRti ko samAhita kiyA hai sAdhAraNataH ye sabhI kAvya zAntarasAnuvartI haiN| inameM mahAkAvya ke prAyaH lakSaNa ghaTita hote haiM / lokatattvoM kA bhI samAveza yahA~ huA hai| 2010_04
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________________ paumacariya (8351 gA.) paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM prAcInatama kRti hai jisakI racanA vimalasari ne vi.saM. 530 meM kii| kavi ne yahA~ rAmacarita ko yathArthavAditA kI bhUmikA para khar3e hokara racA hai| usameM unhoMne atArkika aura anargala bAtoM ko sthAna nahIM diyaa| sabhI prakAra ke guNa, alaMkAra, rasa aura chandoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| gupta-vAkATaka yuga kI saMskRti bhI isameM paryApta milatI hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA parimArjita rUpa yahA~ vidyamAna hai| kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| isI taraha bhuvanatuMgasUri kA sItAcarita (465 gA.) bhI ullekhanIya hai| sambhavata: zIlAMkAcArya se bhinna zIlAcArya (vi.saM. 925) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (10800 zloka pramANa), bhadrezvarasUri (12vIM zatI), tathA Amrakavi (10vIM zatI) kA cauppannamahApurisacariya (103 adhikAra), somaprabhAcArya (saM. 1999) kA sumaInAhacariya (9621 zloka pramANa), lakSmaNagaNi (saM. 1199) kA supAsanAhacariya (8000 gA.), nemicandrasUri (saM. 1216) kA supAsanAhacariya (1200 gA.), zrIcandrasUri (saM. 1191) kA munisubbayasAmicariya (10994 gA.) tathA guNacandrasUri (saM. 1139) aura nemicandrasUri (12vIM zatI) ke mahAvIracariya (kramaza: 12025 aura 2385 zloka pramANa) kAvya vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ye grantha prAyaH padyabaddha haiN| kathAvastu kI sajIvatA va caritra citraNa kI mArmikatA yahA~ spaSTataH dikhAI detI hai| dvAdaza cakravartiyoM tathA anya zalAkA puruSoM para bhI prAkRta racanAyeM upalabdha hai| zrIcandrasUri (saM0 1214) kA saNatakumAracariya (8127 zloka pramANa), saMghadAsagaNi aura dharmadAsagaNi (lagabhaga 5vIM zatI) kA vasudevahiNDI (do khaNDa) tathA guNapAlamuni kA jambUcariya (16 uddeza) isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya grantha haiN| ina kAvyoM meM jainadharma, itihAsa aura saMskRti para prakAza DAlane vAle aneka sthala haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda hone vAle anya AcAryoM aura sAdhakoM para bhI prAkRta kAvya race gaye haiN| tilakasUri (saM. 1261) kA pratyekabuddhacarita (6050 zloka pramANa) unameM pramukha hai| isake atirikta kucha aura paurANika kAvya milate haiM jo AcAryoM ke carita para AdhArita haiM jaise hemacandra Adi kI kAlakAcArya kthaa| jainAcAryoM ne aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para katipaya prAkRta kAvya bhI 2010_04
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________________ race haiN| kahIM rAjA, mantrI, athavA zreSThI nAyaka haiM to kahIM santa-mahAtmA ke jIvana ko kAvya ke lie cunA gayA hai| unakI divijaya, saMgha-yAtrAyeM tathA anya prAsaMgika varNanoM meM atizayoktiyA~ bhI jhalakatI haiN| vahA~ kAlpanika citraNa meM ubharakara sAmane Aye haiN| aise sthaloM para itihAsavettA ko pUrI sAvadhAnI ke sAtha sAmagrI kA cayana karanA apekSita hai| hemacandrasUri kA dvAzrayamahAkAvya caulukyavaMzIya nareza kumArapAla ke carita kA aisA hI citraNa karatA hai| isa grantha ko par3hakA bhaTTikAvya, rAjataraMgiNI tathA vikramAMkadevacarita jaise grantha smRti-patha meM Ane lagate haiN| itihAsa ke nirmANa meM prazastiyoM aura abhilekhoM kA bhI mahattva hotA hai| zrIcandrasUri ke munisuvvayasAmicariya (saM0 1193) kI 100 gAthAoMkI prazasti meM saMgha, zAkambharI nareza pRthvIrAja, saurASTra nareza khaMgAra Adi kA varNana hai| sAhitya jahA~ mauna ho jAtA hai vahA~ abhilekha ke rUpa meM bAralI (ajamera / 32 mIla dUra) meM prApta pASANastambha para khudI cAra paMktiyA~ haiM jinameM vIranirvANa saMvat 84 utkIrNa hai| azoka ke lekha isake bAda ke haiN| unameM bhI prAkara ke vividha rUpa dikhAI dete hai| samrAT khAravela kA hAthI gumphA zilAlekha, mathura aura prabhosA se prApta zilAlekha tathA ghaTiyAlA (jodhapura) kA zilAlekha (saMva 918) isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya haiN| mUrti lekha bhI prAkRta meM milate haiN|| nATakoM kA samAveza dRzyakAvya ke rUpa meM hotA hai| isameM saMvAda, saMgIta nRtya aura abhinaya saMnihita hotA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM sAdhAraNata: striyA~ vidUSaka tathA nimnavarga ke kiMkara, dhUrta, viTa, bhUta, pizAca Adi adhikAra pAtra prAkRta hI bolate haiN| pUrNatayA prAkRta meM likhA nATaka abhI taka upalaba nahIM huaa| nemacandrasUri kI saTTakakRti nayamaMjarI avazya milI hai jo karpUramaJjA ke anukaraNa para racI gaI hai| inameM prAkRta ke nATakoM aura sar3akoM ke vibhi rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM vipula kathA sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / unakA mukhya uddezya karma, darzana, saMyama, tapa, cAritra, dAna Adi ke mahata ko spaSTa karanA rahA hai| Agama sAhitya ina kathAoM kA mUla srota hai| Adhuni kathAoM ke samAna yahA~ vastu, pAtra, saMvAda, dezakAla, zailI aura uddezya / rUpa meM kathA ke aMga bhI milate haiN| niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA Adi grancha meM upalabdha kathAyeM uttarakAlIna vikAsa ko iMgita karatI haiN| yahA~ apekSAkRta ___ 2010_04 For Private & Personal Use only
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________________ sarasatA aura spaSTatA adhika dikhAI detI hai| samUce prAkRta sAhitya ko aneka prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM ke akathA, vikathA aura kathA ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN|1 kathA meM lokakalyANa kA hetu garbhita hotA hai isalie vaha upAdeya hai| zeSa tyAjya hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se kathA ke cAra bheda haiM-- AkSepaNI, artha, kAma aura mishrkthaa| dharmakathA ke bhI cAra bheda haiM-- AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI aura nivednii| jainAcAryoM ne isI prakAra ko adhika apanAyA hai|2 pAtroM ke AdhAra para unheM divya, mAnuSa aura mizra kathAoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai|3 tIsarA vargIkaraNa bhASA kI dRSTi se huA hai- saMskRta, prAkRta aura mishr| udyotanasUri ne zailI kI dRSTi se kathA ke pA~ca bheda kiye haiM- sakalakathA, khaNDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA aura sNkiirnnkthaa|5 prAkRta sAhitya meM mizrakathAyeM adhika milatI haiN| ina sabhI kathA granthoM kA paricaya denA yahA~ sarala nhiiN| isalie viziSTa granthoM kA hI yahA~ ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai| kathAsaMgraha jainAcAryoM ne kucha aisI dharmakathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai jo sAhityakAra ke lie sadaiva upajIvya rahA hai| dharmadAsagaNi (10vIM zatI) ke upadezamAlAprakaraNa (542 gA.) meM 310 kathAnakoM kA saMgraha hai| jayasiMhasUri (saM0 1108) kA kahArayaNakosa (12300 zloka pramANa aura 50 kathAyeM) devendragaNi (saM0 1129) kA akkhANayamaNikosa (127 kathAnaka) Adi mahattvapUrNa kathAsaMgraha haiM jinameM dharma ke vibhinna AyAmoM para kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se dRSTAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiN| ye dRSTAnta sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie bahuta upayogI haiN| uparyukta kathAnakoM athavA lokakathAoM kA Azraya lekara kucha svatantra kathA sAhitya kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gayA hai jinameM dharmArAdhanA ke vividha pakSoM kI prastuti milatI hai| udAharaNata: haribhadrasUri (saM0 757-827) kI 'samarAiccakahA' aisA grantha hai jinameM mahArASTrI prAkRta gadya meM 9 prakaraNa haiM aura unameM samarAditya 1. dazavaikAlika, gA. 188; samarAicca kahA, pR. 2. 2. dhavalaTIkA, pustaka 1, pR. 104. 3. lIlAvaIkahA, 36. 4. samarAiccakahA, pR. 2; dazavaikAlika gAthA, 188. 5. kavalayamAlA. pa. 4. 2010_04
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________________ aura girisena ke 9 bhavoM kA sundara varNana hai| isI kavi kA dhUrtAkhyAna (486 gA.) bhI apane DhaMga kI eka nirAlI kRti hai jisameM hAsya aura vyaMgyapUrNa manoraJjava kathAyeM nibaddha haiN| jayarAma kI prAkRta dhammaparikkhA bhI isI zailI meM racI gaI eka uttama kRti hai| yazodhara aura zrIpAla ke kathAnaka kI AcAryoM ko bar3e rucikara pratIra hue| sirivAlakahA (1342 gA.) ko nAgapurIya tapAgaccha ke ratnazekharasUri / saMkalita kiyA aura hemacandra (saM. 1428) ne use lipibaddha kiyaa| isI ve AdhAra para pradyumnasari aura vinayavijaya (saM. 1683) ne prAkRta kathA-racanA kii| sukozala, sukumAla aura jinadatta ke carita bhI lekhakoM ke lie upajIva kathAnaka rahe haiN| katipaya racanAyeM nArI pAtra pradhAna haiN| pAdaliptasUri racita taraMgavaIkahA isa prakAra kI racanA hai| yaha apane mUlarUpa meM upalabdha nahIM para nemicandragaNi isI ko taraMgalolA ke nAma se saMkSipta rUpAntarita kathAoM (1642 gaa.)| prastuta kiyA hai| udyotanasUri (saM. 835) kI kuvalayamAlA (13000 zlova pramANa) mahArASTrI prAkRta meM gadya-padya mayI campU zailI meM likhI gaI isI prakAra kI anupama kRti hai jise hama mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiN| guNapAlamuni (saM. 1264 kA isidattAcariya (1550 granthAgrapramANa), dhanezvarasUri (saM0 1095) va surasuMdarIcariya (4001 gA.), devendrasUri (saM0 1323) kA sudaMsaNAcari (4002 gA.) Adi racanAyeM bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| ina kathA-granthoM meM nAma meM prApta bhAvanAoM kA sundara vizleSaNa milatA hai|| kucha kathA grantha aise bhI race gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha kisI para pUjA athavA stotra se rahA hai| aise granthoM meM zrutapaJcamI ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzi karane vAlA 'nANapaMcamIkahAo' grantha sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai| isameM 10 kathA aura 2804 gAthAyeM haiN| ina kathAoM meM bhavissayattakahA ne uttarakAlIna AcA ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai| isake atirikta ekAdazIvratakathA(137 gA.) A grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiN| lAkSaNika sAhitya lAkSaNika sAhitya se hamArA tAtparya hai--- vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, jyoti nimitta va zilpAdi vidhaayeN| ina sabhI vidhAoM para prAkRta racanAyeM milatI aNuyogadArasutta Adi prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM vyAkaraNa ke kucha siddhAnta parilA hote haiM para Azcarya kI bAta hai ki abhI taka prAkRta bhASA meM racA koI bhI prA 2010_04
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________________ vyAkaraNa upalabdha nahIM huaa| samantabhadra, vIrasena aura devendrasUri ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kA ullekha avazya milatA hai para abhI taka ve prakAza meM nahIM A paaye| sambhava hai, ve grantha prAkRta meM race gaye hoN| saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye, prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM caNDa kA svavRttisahita prAkRta vyAkaraNa (99 athavA 103 sUtra), hemacandrasUri kA siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana (1119 sUtra), trivikrama (13vIM zatI) kA prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana (1036 sUtra ) Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke vyAkaraNaviSayaka niyamoM-upaniyamoM kA sundara varNana milatA hai / 1 71 bhASA kA jJAna prApta karane ke liye koza kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| koza kI dRSTi se niruktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| unameM eka-eka zabda ke bhinna-bhinna arthoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kozakalA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI dRSTi se unako samajhanA Avazyaka hai| hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA (783 gA0 ) meM 397 dezaja zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jo bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa upayogI hai| isake atirikta dhanapAla (saM0 1029) kA pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA (279 gA0), vijayarAjendrasUri (saM0 1660 ) kA abhidhAnarAjendrakoza (cAra lAkha zloka pramANa) aura haragovindadAsa trivikamacanda seTha kA pAiyasaddamahaNNava ( prAkRta - hindI ) koza bhI yahA~ ullekhanIya haiN| saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta karane-karAne ke lie chanda kA prayoga huA hai| naMdiyaDDa (lagabhaga 10vIM zatI) kA gAhAlakkhaNa ( 96gA0 ) ullekhanIya prAkRta chanda grantha hai| gaNita ke kSetra meM mahAvIrAcArya kA gaNitasArasaMgraha tathA bhAskarAcArya kI lIlAvatI prasiddha grantha haiN| ina donoM ke AdhAra se unameM ullikhita viSayoM ko lekara Thakkura pherU (13vIM zatI) ne gaNitasArakaumudI nAmaka grantha rcaa| unake anya grantha haiM-- ratnaparIkSA ( 132 gA0 ), dravyaparIkSA (149 gAthA ) dhAtUtpatti (57 gA0 ), bhUgarbhaprakAza aadi| yahA~ yativRSabha (chaThI zatI) kI tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM lekhaka ne jaina mAnyatAnusAra triloka sambandhI viSaya ko upasthita kiyA hai / yaha aThAraha hajAra zloka pramANa grantha hai| 1. vizeSa dekhiye, Adhunika yuga meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA adhyayana-anusandhAna DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina pR0 239-261. 2010_04
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________________ 72 jyotiSa viSayaka granthoM meM sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi aMgabAhya granthoM ke atirikta Thakkura pherU kA jyotissAra (98 gA.) haribhadrasUri kI laggasuddhi (133 gA.), ratnazekharasUri (15vIM zatI) kI diNasuddhi (144 gA.), hIrakalaza (saM. 1621) kA jyotissAra (900 dohA) Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| nimittazAstra meM bhauma, utpAta, svapna, aMga, antarikSa, svara, lakSaNa, vyaJjana Adi nimittoM kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| kisI ajJAta kavi kA jayAhuDa (378 gA.); dharasena kA joNipAhuDa, RSiputra kA nimittazAstra (187 gA.), durgadeva (saM. 1084) kA riTThasamuccaya (261 gA.) Adi racanAyeM pramukha haiN| aMgavijja eka ajJAtakartRka racanA hai jisameM 60 adhyAyoM meM zubhAzubha nimittoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 9-10vIM zatI ke pUrva kA yaha grantha sAMskRtika sAmagrI se bhara huA hai| karalakkhaNa (61 gA.) bhI kisI ajJAta kavi kI racanA hai jisameM lakSaNa, rekhAoM Adi kA varNana hai| vAstu zilpa zAstra ke rUpa meM Thakkura pherU kA vAstusAra (9280 gA. pratiSThita grantha hai jisameM bhUmiparIkSA, bhUmizodhana Adi para vivecana kiyA gaye hai| isI kavi kI eka anya kRti ratnaparIkSA (132 gA.) hai jisameM padmarAmA muktA, vidruma Adi 16 prakAra ke ratnoM kA utpatti-sthAna, AkAra, varNa, guNa doSa Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| unhIM kI dravyaparIkSA (148 gA.) meM sikkA ke mUlya, taula, nApa Adi para, dhAtUtpatti (57 gA.) meM pItala, tAMbA Adi dhAtuoM para tathA bhUgarbhaprakAza meM tAmra, svarNa Adi dravya vAlI pRthvI kI vizeSatAI para vizad prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ye sabhI grantha vi.saM. 1372-75 ke bI, race gaye haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne usakI hara vidhA ko samRddha kiyA hai| prastuta adhyAya sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa sabhI kA ullekha karanA to sambhava nahIM ho skaa| para ita to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta jaina sAhitya lagabhaga paccIsa sau vA se sAhitya ke hara kSetra meM apane yogadAna se harA-bharA karatA A rahA hai| prAcI sAhitya, itihAsa aura saMskRti kA hara prAGgaNa prAkRta sAhitya kA Rnnii| usane lokabhASA aura lokajIvana ko aMgIkAra kara unakI samasyAoM ke samAdha kI dizA meM AdhyAtmika cetanA ko jAgRta kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, Adhuni sAhitya ke lie bhI vaha upajIvya banA huA hai| premAkhyAna kAvyoM ke vikA meM prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| saMskRta campU a carita kAvya ke preraka prAkRta grantha hI haiN| kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA sarasa pratipAda 2010_04
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________________ bhI yahA~ huA hai| darzana aura siddhAnta se lekara bhASAvijJAna, vyAkaraNa aura itihAsa taka saba kucha prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM nibaddha hai| usake samUce yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana abhI zeSa hai| saMskRta sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA ke samAna saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA aura isa kSetra ko bhI apane punIta yogadAna se alaMkRta kiyaa| yadyapi saMskRta bhASA meM sarvaprathama racanA karane vAle jainAcAryoM meM umAsvAti athavA umAsvAmI kA nAma bar3I zraddhA ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai para hama yahA~ samUce saMskRta jaina sAhitya ko vividha vidhAoM meM vargIkRta kara usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta karanA adhika upayogI samajha rahe haiN| sAtha hI vidhAoM kA jaisA krama prAkRta sAhitya meM hamane rakhA hai vahI krama yahA~ bhI apanA rahe haiN| cUrNi aura TIkA sAhitya cUrNi sAhitya prAya: prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| kucha cUrNiyA~ aisI haiM jinameM saMskRta ke kucha gadyAMza aura padyAMza uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayanAcUrNi AcArAMgacUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, nizIthacUrNi aura bRhatakalpacUrNi aise hI grantha haiM jinameM alpasaMskRta - mizrita prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai / Agama sAhitya para jo TIkAtmaka athavA vivaraNAtmaka grantha likhe gaye haiM ve saMskRta meM haiN| isa prakAra kI pramukha TIkAyeM aura unake TIkAkAra isa prakAra haiM -- jinabhadra (7vIM zatI) haribhadra (8vIM zatI) koTyAcArya (8vIM zatI) zIlAMka (9 - 10vIM zatI) 73 2010_04 vizeSAvazyakabhASya svopajJavRtti AvazyakavRtti dazavaikAlikavRtti jIvAbhigamavRtti prajJApanAvRtti nandivRtti anuyogadvAravRtti vizeSAvazyaka bhASyavivaraNa AcArAMgavivaraNa zloka pramANa 15 3603 22000 13700 12000 "2
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________________ 12850 " 18616 " 3800 " sUtrakRtAMgavivaraNa zAntisUri (11vIM zatI) uttarAdhyayanaTIkA droNasUri (11-12vIM zatI) oghaniyukti vRtti abhayadeva (12vIM zatI) sthAnAMga vRtti / 14250 " samavAyAMga vRtti 3275 " vyAkhyA prajJapti vRtti jJAtA dharmakathA vivaraNa upAsaka dazAMga vRtti anta:kRddazAMgavRtti anuttaraupapAtika dazAvRtti prazna vyAkaraNa vRti vipAka vRtti aupapAtikavRtti malayagiri(11-12vIM zatI) bhagavatIsUtra-dvitIya zatakavRtti 3750 " rAjapraznopAMgaTIkA 3700 jIvAbhigamopAMgaTIkA 16000 prajJApanopAMgaTIkA candraprajJaptyupAMgaTIkA 9500 sUryaprajJaptiTIkA 9500 nandasUtraTIkA 7732 vyavahArasUtravRtti 34000 bRhatpakalpapIThikAvRtti (apUrNa) 4600 AvazyakavRtti (apUrNa) 18000 piNDaniyuktiTIkA 6700 jyotiSkaraNDakaTIkA dharmasaMgrahaNIvRtti karmaprakRtivRtti paMcasaMgrahavRtti 18850 SaDazItivRtti 16000 8000 2000 " 2010_04
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________________ 3780 5000 4600 saptatikAvRtti bRhatsaMgrahaNIvRtti bRhatkSetrasamAsavRtti malayagirizabdAnuzAsana maladhArI hemacandra(12vIM zatI)AvazyakavRttipradeza vyAkhyA anuyogadvAravRtti 5900 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya-vRhatvRtti 28000 " zataka vivaraNa upadeza mAlA sUtra upadezamAlAvRtti jIvasamAsavivaraNa 41500 " bhavabhAvanA sUtra bhavabhAvanA vivaraNa nandi TippaNa nemicandra (1072 I.) uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhATIkA 12000 ' zrIcandrasUri (12vIM zatI) nizIthacUrNi durgapadavyAkhyA nirayAvalikAvRtti jItakalpavRhaccUrNi kSemakIrti (1275 I.) bRhatkalpavRtti mANikyazekharasUri(15vIMzatI)AvazyakaniyuktidIpikA mahezvarasUri (15vIM zatI) AcArAMgadIpikA vimalasUri (1632 I.) uttarAdhyayanavyAkhyA samayasundarasuri (1634 I.) dazavaikAlikadIpikA 3450 " jJAnavimalasUri (18vIM zatI) praznavyAkaraNa vRtti saMghavijayagaNi (1617 I.) kalpasUtra-kalpapradIpikA vinayavijaya upAdhyAya (1639I.) kalpasUtra subodhikA samayasundaragaNi (17vIM zatI) kalpasUtra-kalpalatA 330 0 zAntisAgaragaNi (1650 I.) kalpasUtrakaumudI 42600 " 16255 " 7500 " 3250 " 5400 3707 " 2010_04
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________________ 76 karma sAhitya mUlakarma sAhitya prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai para TIkA sAhitya saMskRta meM bhI milatA hai| zAma kuNDa ne karma prAbhRta aura kaSAya prAbhRta para prAkRta-saMskRta-kannar3a mizrita bhASAoM meM bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA likhI para vaha Aja upalabdha nhiiN| isI prakAra samantabhadra ne bhI karmaprAbhRta para 48000 zloka pramANa sundara saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI, para vaha bhI Aja nahIM miltii| upalabdha TIkAoM meM karmaprAbhRta (SaTkhaNDAgama) para vIrasena dvArA likhI prAkRta-saMskRta-mizrita, dhavalA TIkA ullekhanIya hai jo 72000 zloka pramANa hai| isake bAda unhoMne kaSAyaprAbhRta kI cAra vibhaktiyoM para 20000 zloka pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhI jo pUrI nahIM ho skii| usa adhUre kAma ko jayasena (jinasena) ne 40000 zloka pramANa meM likhakara pUrA kiyaa| kaSAyapAhuDa kI racanA AcArya guNadhara (I. dvitIya zatI) ne tathA karmaprAbhRta (SaTkhaNDAgama) kI racanA puSpadanta-bhUtabali (prathama zatAbdI) ne zaurasenI prAkRta meM kI thii| yahA~ kaSAyaprAbhRta para saMskRta meM likhI gaI vIrasenajinasenakRta jayadhavalA TIkA (zaka saM. 738) hI vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| yaha sATha hajAra zloka pramANa bRhatakAya grantha hai| ye donoM grantha digambara sampradAya se sambaddha haiN| uttarakAlIna paJcasaMgraha Adi karmagrantha inhIM ke AdhAra para likhe gaye haiN| SaDkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa kI bhASA zaurasenI hai jisakA pUrvarUpa hameM azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha (I.pU. 3rI zatI) meM milatA hai| dhavalA TIkA maNipravAla zailI (gadyAtmaka prAkRta tathA kvacit saMskRta) meM likhI gaI hai| usameM prAkRta ke tIna stara milate haiM-- 1. sUtroM kI prAkRta jo prAcInatama zaurasenI ke rUpa meM hai, 2. uddhRta gAthAoM kI prAkRta, aura 3. gadya praakRt| yahA~ zaurasenI prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kI katipaya vizeSatAyeM dRSTavya haiN| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke ye tIna stara usake bhASA vikAsAtmaka rUpa meM paricAyaka haiN| zaurasenI ke mahArASTrI prAkRta kA mizraNa uttarakAla meM milane lagatA hai| daNDI ke anusAra zaurasenI ne hI mahArASTra meM nayA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA jise mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA jAtA hai| vahI utkRSTa prAkRta hai (mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH-kaavyaadrsh)| setubandha Adi mahAkAvya isI bhASA meM likhe gaye (bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pR. 76-77) / zvetAmbara sampradAya kA karma sAhitya usake karmaprakRti, zataka, paJcasaMgraha 1. SaDkhaNDAgama, pustaka 1, prastAvanA, pR. 38. 2010_04
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________________ 77 aura saptatikA nAmaka karmagranthoM para AdhArita hai| karmaprakRti para do saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM-- eka malayagirikRta (12-13vIM zatI) vRtti (8000 zloka pramANa) aura dUsarI yazovijaya (18vIM zatI) kRta vRtti (13000 zloka prmaann)| paJcasaMgraha kI vyAkhyAoM meM do vyAkhyAyeM mahattvapUrNa haiM candrarSi mahattarakRta svopajJavRtti (9000 zloka pramANa) tathA malayagirikRta vRhadavRtti (18850 zloka prmaann)| choTI-moTI aura bhI TIkAyeM prakAzita huI haiN| siddhAnta sAhitya AcArya umAsvAti (vi. 1-2 zatI) prathama AcArya haiM jinhoMne prAkRta meM likhita siddhAnta sAhitya ko saMskRta meM sUtra-baddha kiyaa| unake tattvArtha-sUtra para hI uttarakAla meM sarvArthasiddhi, tattvArtharAjavArtika, tattvArthazlokavArtika Adi aneka vRhatkAya granthoM kI racanA huii| usake bAda AcArya kundakunda ke prAkRta granthoM para saMskRta meM aneka TIkAyeM racI gii| pravacanasAra aura samayasAra para amRtacandra (10vIM zatI) aura jayasena (12vIM zatI) kI TIkAyeM, niyamasAra para padmaprabha maladhArIdeva, paJcAstikAya para amRtacandra, jayasena, jJAnacandra, malliSeNa, prabhAcandra Adi kI TIkAyeM tathA aTThapAhuDa para zrutasAgara, amRtacandra, Adi kI TIkAyeM milatI haiN| jIvaviyAra para pAThaka ratnAkara (vi.saM. 1610), meghanandana (vi.saM. 1610), samayasundara tathA kSamAkalyANa (vi.saM. 1859) ne, jIvasamAsa para hemacandra (6627 zloka pramANa) ne, samayakhittasamAsa para haribhadrasUri, malayagirisUri va ratnazekharasUri ne, pavayaNasAruddhAra para siddhasenasUri (vi.saM. 1248) ne 16500 zloka pramANa aura udayaprabha ne 3203 zloka pramANa, tathA sattarisayaThANapayaraNa para devavijaya (vi.saM. 1370) ne 2100 zloka pramANa TIkAyeM likhI haiN| siddhAnta sAhitya meM TIkAtmaka granthoM kI saMkhyA avazya adhika hai para unameM maulikatA kI kamI nhiiN| kucha maulika grantha bhI haiN| jaise amRtacandrasUri kA puruSArtha siddhayupAya, va tattvArthasAra, mAghanandI (13vIM zatI) kA zAstrasAra samuccaya, tathA jinaharSa (vi.saM. 1502) kA viMzatisthAnakavicArAmRtasaMgraha (2800 zloka parimANa) ullekhanIya haiN| upadezAtmaka sAhitya bhI TIkAtmaka adhika hai| mUlataH ve prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiM para bAda meM una para saMskRta meM TIkAyeM huI haiN| jaise- uvaesamAlA para lagabhaga bIsa saMskRta TIkAyeM haiM jinameM siddharSi (vi.saM. 162) aura ratnaprabhasari (vi.saM. 1238) kI TIkAyeM agragaNya kahI jA sakatI hai| jayazekhara (vi.saM. 2010_04
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________________ 78 1462) kI prabodhacintAmaNi (1911 padya) somadharmagaNI, (vi.saM. 1503) kI upadezasaptatikA (3000 zloka pramANa), ratnamandiragaNI (vi.saM. 1517) kI upadezataraMgiNI, guNabhadra (9vIM zatI) kA AtmAnuzAsana, haribhadrasUri kA dharmabindu, vardhamAna (vi.saM. 1172) kA dharmaratnakaraNDaka, AzAdhara (1239 I.) ke sAgAradharmAmRta aura anagAra dharmAmRta, jayazekhara (vi.saM. 1457) kI samyavatvakaumudI, caritraratnagaNI (vi. saM.. 1499) kA dAnapradIpa, udayadharmagaNI (vi.saM. 1543) kA dharmakalpadrama, amitagati (lagabhaga 1000 I.) ke subhASitaratnasandoha Adi grantha mUlata: saMskRta meM haiN| unapara aneka TIkAyeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| nyAya sAhitya uttarakAla meM siddhAnta ne nyAya ke kSetra meM praveza kiyaa| AcAryoM ne use bhI paripuSTa kiyaa| samantabhadra (2-3rI zatI) kI AptamImAMsA, svayaMbhUstotra aura yuktyanuzAsana isa kSetra ke prAthamika aura viziSTa grantha haiN| AptamImAMsA para akalaMka (720-780 I.) kI aSTazatI, vidyAnadi (775-840 I.) kI aSTasahasrI, aura vasunandi (11-12vIM zatI) kI devAgama vRtti ullekhanIya hai| inake atirikta mallavAdI (350-430 I.) kA nayacakra, pUjyapAda devanandI (paMcama zatI) kI sarvArthasiddhi, siddhasena (6-9vIM zatI) ke sanmatitarka aura nyAyAvatAra, haribhadrasUri (705-775 I.) ke zAstravArtAsamuccaya, SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura anekAnta jayapatAkA, akalaMka (720-780 I.) ke nyAyavinizcaya, laghIyastraya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANa saMgraha, tattvArtha rAjavArtika, aSTazatI, vidyAnandi (775-850 I.) kI pramANa parIkSA, satyazAsana parIkSA, AptaparIkSA, tattvArthazlokavArtika, patraparIkSA, siddharSigaNi (9-10vIM zatI) kI nyAyAvatAraTIkA, mANikyanandi (10-11vIM zatI) kA parIkSAmukha, prabhAcandra (11vIM zatI) ke nyAyakumudacandra aura prameyakamalamArtaNDa, anantavIrya (11vIM zatI) kI prameyaratnamAlA, hemacandra (1089-1172 I.) kI pramANamImAMsA, anyayogavyavacchedikA, vAdidevasUri (12vIM zatI) kA pramANanaya tattvAloka, vAdirAjasUri (12vIM zatI) ke pramANanirNaya aura nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, malliSeNa (13vIM zatI) kI syAdvAdamaMjarI, guNaratna (1343-1418 I.) kI SaDdarzanasamuccayaTIkA Adi grantha jaina nyAya ke AdhArastambha haiN| isa yuga meM anekAntavAda kI sthApanA tArkika DhaMga se kI jA cukI thI tathA pratyakSa aura parokSa kI paribhASAoM ko sthira kara diyA gayA thaa| navyanyAya ke kSetra meM yazovijaya (18vIM zatI) ke nayapradIpa, jJAnabindu, anekAnta vyAvasthA, tarkabhASA, nyAyaloka, nyAyakhaNDakhAdya Adi grantha 2010_04
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________________ 79 bhI ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsa meM ina dArzanika aura nyAya viSayaka granthoM kA eka viziSTa yogadAna hai| inameM tArkika paddhati ke mAdhyama se siddhAntoM ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| yoga sAhitya adhyAtma kI caramAvasthA ko prApta karane kA sundaratama sAdhana hai| saMskRta jaina lekhakoM ne isa para bhI khUba likhA hai| pUjyapAda kA iSTopadeza tathA samAdhizataka prAcInatama racanAyeM hoNgii| unake bAda haribhadrasUri sambhavataH prathama AcArya hoMge jinhoMne aura adhika jaina yoga viSaya granthoM ko saMskRta meM likhane kA upakrama kiyaa| unake pramukha grantha haiM- yogabindu (527 padya) yogadRSTi samuccaya (226 padya) aura brahmasiddhisamuccaya (423 pdy)| isI prakAra hemacandra (12vIM zatI) kA yogazAstra, zubhacandra (13vIM zatI) kA jJAnArNava aura ratnazekharasasUri (15vIM zatI) kA dhyAnadaNDakastuti tathA AzAdhara kA AdhyAtmarahasya Adi grantha saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiN| isI prakAra kI yoga viSayaka aura bhI kRtiyA~ haiN| yoga sAdhanA ke lie anuprekSAoM kA cintana Avazyaka hai| saMskRta meM dvAdazAnuprekSA nAma se tIna grantha milate haiM-- somadevakRta, kalyANakIrtikRta aura ajnyaatkrtRk| muni sundarasUri kA AdhyAtmakalpadruma, yazovijayagaNi kA AdhyAtmasAra aura AdhyAtmopaniSad, rAjamala (vi.saM. 1641) kA AdhyAtmakamalamArtaNDa, somadeva kI adhyAtmataraMgaNI Adi grantha adhyAtma se sambaddha haiN| ina granthoM meM vana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyoM ko saMyamitakara parama vizuddhAvasthA ko kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA nAmaka prAkRta grantha para zubhacandra bhaTTAraka (1556 I.) kI saMskRta TIkA bhI upalabdha hai| AcAra sAhitya prAkRta ke samAna saMskRta meM bhI AcAra sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai| umAsvAti (prathama-dvitIya zatI) kA tattvArthasUtra isa kSetra kI prathama racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| kucha vidvAn prazamaratiprakaraNa ko bhI unhIM kA grantha mAnate haiN| samantabhadra (dvitIya-tRtIya zatI) kA ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, amitagati (vi.saM. 1050), kA zrAvakAcAra, amRtacandrasUri (1000 I.) kA puruSArtha siddhayupAya, somadeva kA upAsakAdhyayana, mAghanandi (vi.saM. 1265) kA zrAvakAcAra, AzAdhara ke sAgara-anagAra dharmAmRta, vIranaMdI (12vIM zatI) kA AcArasAra, somaprabhasUri (12-13vIM zatI) kA sindUra prakaraNa aura zRGgAravairAgyataraMgaNI, devendrasUri (13vIM 2010_04
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________________ 80 zatI) kI saMghAcAravidhi, ratnazekharasUri (vi.saM. 1516) kA AcAra pradIpa (4065 zloka pramANa), rAjamalla ( 17vIM zatI) kRta lATIsaMhitA Adi grantha bhI AcAra viSayaka haiN| bhaktiparaka sAhitya inake atirikta saMskRta meM kucha aise grantha likhe gaye haiM jinakA vizeSa sambandha pUjA-pratiSThA Adi se rahA hai| inakI bhI saMkhyA kama nhiiN| ye grantha bhaktiparaka haiN| pUjyapAda kI bhaktiparaka racanAyeM isa kSetra meM sambhavataH prAcInatama rahI hoMgI jinakI racanA AcArya kundakunda kI bhaktiparaka kRtiyoM ke AdhAra para huii| samantabhadra kA devAgamastotra jinastutizataka va svayaMbhUstotra, siddhasena kI battIsiyA~, akalaMka kA akalaMkastotra, vappibhaTTi ( 743-838 I0) kA caturviMzatijinastotra, dhanaJjaya ( 8- 9 vIM zatI) kA viSApahArastotra, guNabhadra (9vIM zatI) kA AtmAnuzAsana, vidyAnandi ( 8- 9vIM zatI), kA supArzvanAthastotra, amitagati (10vIM zatI) kRta subhASita ratnasaMdoha, vAdirAja (10-11vIM zatI) kRta ekIbhAva stotra, vasunandi ( 11 vIM zatI) kRta jJAnArNava, AzAdhara (12-13vIM zatI) kRta sahasranAmastotra, arhaddAsa (13vIM zatI) kRta bhavyajanakaMThAbharaNa, padmanandi (14vIM zatI) kRta jarIpallIpArzvanAtha stotra, vairAgyazataka, vimalakavi (15vIM zatI) kRta praznottaramAlA, divAkaramuni (15vIM zatI) kRta zRGgAravairAgyataraMgaNI Adi grantha bhaktiparaka haiN| bhaktoM ne ina saMskRta grantho meM apane iSTadeva kI stuti kI hai| lagabhaga pratyeka grantha meM alaMkAroM ne kisI na kisI kI stuti kI hai| jinakA abhI taka saMkalana nahIM ho paayaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM to vIrastuti nAma kA samUcA adhyAya hai| kucha grantha pratiSThAoM se sambaddha hai| "pratiSThAkalpa" nAma ke aise aneka granthoM ke ullekha milate haiM parantu unameM se hemacandra, hastimala aura harivijaya sUri ke hI pratiSThAkalpa abhI taka prakAza meM Aye haiN| inake atirikta vasunandi kA pratiSThAsArasaMgraha va AzAdhara kA pratiSThA sAroddhAra bhI mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| jainadharma meM mantra-tantra kI bhI paramparA rahI hai| sUrimaMtra jinaprabhasUri kA sUrimantrabRhatkalpa vivaraNa, siMhatilakasUri ( 13vIM zatI) kA mantrarAjarahasya, malliSeNa ke bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa, kAmacANDAlinIkalpa, sarasvatIkalpa, vinayacandrasUri kA dIpAlikAkalpa Adi mantra-tantrAtmaka racanAyeM prasiddha hai| paMcamerusiddhacakravidhAna, catuviMzati vidhAna Adi vidhiparaka racanAyeM bhI milatI haiN| vividha tIrthakalpa 2010_04
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________________ 81 ko bhI isI meM sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM jinaprabhasUri ne jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika varNana kiyA hai| ___ paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya kA sambandha jainadharma meM mAnya mahApuruSoM se AtA hai| inameM unake carita, karmaphala, lokatattva, divyatattva, AcAratattva Adi kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ tIrthaGkaroM, caritanAyakoM, sAdhakoM athavA rAjAoM ke jIvana caritra ko kAvyAtmaka AdhAra dekara upasthita kiyA gayA hai| maryAdA puruSottama rAmacandra kA kathAnaka sArvadezika aura sArvakAlika rahA hai| jaina kAvya dhArA meM bhI usakI aneka paramparAyeM sAmane AyIM aura unameM kAvya likhe gye| saMskRta meM likhe kAvyoM meM raviSeNa (vi0saM0 734) kA padmapurANa athavA padmacarita, (18023 zloka), jinadAsa (16vIM zatI), somasena, dharmakIrti, candrakIrti Adi vidvAnoM ke padmapurANa prasiddha hai| mahAbhArata viSayaka paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM jinasena kA harivaMzapurANa (zaka saM0 705), devaprabhasUri (vi0 saM0 1270) kA pANDavacarita, sakalakIrti (15vIM zatI) kA harivaMzapurANa, zubhacandra (vi0saM0 1608), vAdicandra (vi0saM0 1654) va zrIbhUSaNa (vi0 saM0 1657) Adi ke pANDavapurANa pramukha haiN| isa kathA ko jainAcAryoM ne bar3I pragatizIlatA evaM bauddhikatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| tresaThazalAkA mahApuruSoM se sambaddha saMskRta sAhitya parimANa meM kahIM aura adhika hai| jinasena kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra (8vIM zatI) kA uttarapurANa (zaka saM0 770), zrIcandra kA purANasAra (vi0saM0 1080), dAmanandi (11vIM zatI) kA purANasAra saMgraha- muni malliSeNa kA triSaSTimahApurANa (vi0saM0 1104), AzAdhara kA triSaSTismRtizAstra (vi0saM0 1282), hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (vi0 saM0 1228) Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| isI prakAra amRtacandra kA caturvizatijinendra saMkSiptacaritAni (1238 I0), amaracandrasUri kA padmAnanda mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1294), vIranandi kA candraprabhacarita (11vIM zatI), mAnatuMgasUri kA zreyAMsanAthacarita (vi0saM0 1332), vardhamAnasUri kA vAsupUjyacarita (vi0saM0.1299), jJAnasAgara kA vimalanAthacarita (vi0saM0 1517), asaga kA zAntinAthapurANa (zaka saM0 910), mANikyacandrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita' 1. jitaprabhasUri, devasUri, bhAvacandrasUri Adi aneka lekhakoM ke bhI isa nAma se grantha milate haiN| 2010_04
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________________ (vi0saM0 1276), vinayacandra sUri kA mallniAthacarita, munisuvratanAthacarita, kIrtirAja upAdhyAya kA neminAtha mahAkAvya (14vIM zatI), guNavijayagaNi kA neminAthacarita(vi0 saM0 1668), vAdirAjasUri (zaka saM0 947), mANikyacandrasUri, vinayacandrasUri, bhAvadevasUri Adi ke pArzvanAthacarita, asaga kA mahAvIracarita (vi0saM0 1045), sakalakIrti kA vardhamAnacarita Adi grantha bhI uttamakoTi cakravartiyoM para bhI aneka saMskRta kAvya likhe gaye haiN| caubIsa kAmadevoM meM nala bhI eka lokapriya viSaya rahA hai jisa para lagabhaga pandraha kAvya likhe gaye haiN| unake atirikta hanumAna, vasudeva, balirAja, pradyumna nAgakumAra, 2 jIvandhara aura jambUsvAmI para bhI zatAdhika saMskRta kAvyoM kA praNayana huA hai| jIvandhara kA AdhAra lekara kSatracUr3AmaNi, gadyacintAmaNi (vAdIbha siMha), jIvandharacampa (haricandra) tathA jambUsvAmIcarita kA AdhAra lekara paccIsoM grantha likhe gaye haiN| pratyekabuddhoM (karakuNDa, naggaI, nami aura durmukha) para zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika grantha likhe gaye haiN| jabaki digambara paramparA meM kevala karakaNDu ko racanA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| inake atirikta kAvya meM kucha aise bhI mahApuruSoM ke jIvanacaritoM ko apane lekhaka kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai jinakA sambandha mahAvIra, zreNika athavA jaina saMskRti se rahA hai| aise caritoM meM dhanyakumAra, zAlibhadra, pRthvIcandra, Adraka kumAra, jayakumAra, sulocanA, puNDarIka, varAMga, zreNika, abhayakumAra, gautama, mRgAputra, sudarzana, candanA, mRgAvatI, sulasA Adi vyaktiyoM para likhe gaye carita kAvyoM kI saMkhyA zatAdhika hai| AcAryoM ko bhI carita kAvyoM kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu, sthUlabhadra, kAlakAcArya vajrasvAmI, pAdaliptasUri, siddhasena vappibhaTTi, haribhadrasUri, somasundarasUri, sumatisambhava, hIrasaubhAgya, vijayadeva, bhAnucandragaNi, digvijaya, jinakRpAcandrasUri Adi aise hI pramukha AcArya kahe jA sakate haiM jinapara jaina vidvAnoM ne saMskRta kAvya likhe haiN| jainAcAryoM ne aitihAsika mahApuruSoM para bhI saMskRta mahAkAvya kA sRjana kiyA hai isase unake aitihAsika jJAna kA patA calatA hai| hemacandra ke kumArapAla 1. mahAsenAcArya sakalakIrti, zubhacandra, yazodhara Adi ke pradyumnacarita upalabdha haiN| 2. malliSeNa, dharmadhara, dAmanandi Adi ke nAgakumAracarita prApta haiN| 3. kummAputta aura ambaDa ko bhI pratyeka buddhoM se sambaddha kiyA jAtA hai| 2010_04
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________________ aura dvAzraya mahAkAvya (saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita), arisiMha kA sukRta saMkIrtana (vi0saM0 1278), bAlacandrasUri kA vasantavilAsa (vi0saM0 1334), nayacandrasUri kA hammIra mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1440), jinaharSagaNi kA vastupAlacarita (vi0saM0 1497), sarvAnanda kA jagaDUcarita (vi0saM0.1350), prabhAcandra kA prabhAvakacarita (vi0saM0 1334), tathA merutuMgasUri kA prabandha cintAmaNi (vi0saM0 1361), Adi grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina granthoM meM varNita rAjAoM ne jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai| isI prakAra aneka prazastiyA~, paTTAvaliyA~ gurvAvaliyA~, tIrthamAlAyeM, zilAlekha, mUrtilekha Adi bhI saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| kathA sAhitya jainAcAryoM ne sambhavata: kathA granthoM kI sarvAdhika racanA kI hai| yadyapi ye kathAyeM ghaTanA-pradhAna adhika haiM, parantu unameM eka vizeSa lakSya dikhAI detA hai| yaha lakSya hai - AdhyAtmika carama sAdhanA ke utkarSa kI praapti| isa sandarbha meM lekhakoM ne AgamoM meM varNita kathAoM kA Azraya to liyA hI hai, sAtha hI nIti kathAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM laukika kathAoM kA bhI bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| hariSeNa kA bRhatkathA koSa (vi0saM0955), prabhAcandra tathA nemicandra ke kathAkoza, somacandragaNi kA kathA mahAdadhi (vi0saM0 1520), zubhazIlagaNi kA prabandha paJcazatI, sakalakIrti Adi ke vratakathAkoSa, guNaratnasUri kA kathArNava, aneka kaviyoM ke puNyAzrava kathAkoza Adi racanAyeM zreSTha saMskRta kAvya ko prastuta karatI haiN| inameM tatkAlIna pracalita athavA kalpita kathAoM ko jaina dharma kA puTa dekara nibaddha kiyA hai| dharmAbhyudaya, samyaktvakaumudI, dharmakalpadruma, dharmakathA, upadezaprAsAda, saptavyasana kathA Adi kathAtmaka granthoM meM vrata pUjAdi se sambaddha kathAoM kA saMkalana hai| dharmaparIkSA nAma ke bhI aneka kathA grantha isI viSaya se sambaddha milate haiN| siddharSi kI upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA (vi0saM0 962) tathA nAgadeva kA madanaparAjaya (lagabhaga 15vIM zatI) jaise kucha grantha aise bhI prApta hote haiM, jo rUpaka zailI meM karmakathA kahane kA upakrama karate haiN| dharma ke kisI pakSa ko prastuta karane ke lie sAhitya athavA itihAsa se kisI vyakti kA carita uThA liyA gayA aura use apane DhaMga se prastuta kara diyA gyaa| yazodhara kA caritra aisA hI krama hai jo lekhakoM ko bar3A priya lgaa| somadeva (10vIM zatI) ne use yazastilakacampU meM nibaddha kara aura bhI rucikara banA diyaa| dazoM grantha saMskRta sAhitya meM isa kathA kA AdhAra lekara race gaye 2010_04
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________________ 84 haiN| ahiMsA ke mAhAtmya ko yahA~ abhivyakti kiyA gayA hai| lagabhaga bIsa grantha 'zrIpAla carita' ke milate haiM jinameM siddhacakra ke mAhAtmya ko prastuta kiyA gaya hai / bhaviSyadattakathA, maNipaticarita, sukozalacarita, sukumAlacarita, jinadattacarita, guNavarmacarita, campaka zreSThIkathA, dharmadattakathA, ratnapAlakathA, nAgadattakathA, Adi saikar3oM grantha milate haiM jinameM isa prakAra kI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dharma aura saMskRti ko udghATita kiyA gayA hai| kucha aise bhI kathA grantha haiM jinameM mahilA varga ko pAtra banAyA gayA hai| ratnaprabhAcArya (13vIM zatI) kI kuvalayamAlAka thA, jinaratnasUri (vi0 saM0 1340, kI nirvANalIlAvatIkathA, mANikyasUri (15vIM zatI) kI mahAbalamalayasundarI Adi zatAdhika kathAgrantha prasiddha hue haiN| isI prakAra tithi, parva, pUjA, stotra, vrata Adi se sambaddha saikar3oM kathAye haiM jinheM jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA hai| vikramAditya kI katha bhI bahuta lokapriya huI hai| kucha dhUrtAkhyAna aura nItikathAtmaka sAhitya bhI milatA hai / jinase jIvana kI saphalatA ke sUtra sambalita kiye jAte haiN| lalita vAGmaya jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta ke lalita vAGmaya ko bhI bahuta samRddha kiyA hai| unhoMne mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, nItikAvya, sandezakAvya, nATaka Adi aneka vidhAoM para apanI lekhanI calAyI hai / mahAsenasUri kA pradyumnacarita (10vIM zatI), vAgbhaTa kA neminirvANa kAvya (10vIM zatI), vIranandi ( 11vIM zatI) kA candraprabhacarita, asaga kA vardhamAnacarita (10vIM zatI), haricanda kA dharmazarmAbhyudaya (13vIM zatI), jinapAlagaNi (13vIM zatI) kA sanatkumAracarita, abhayadevasUra (vi0 saM0 1278) kA jayantavijaya, vastupAla (13vIM zatI) kA naranArAyaNananda, arhatdAsa (13vIM zatI) ke munisuvrata kAvya, purudevacampU aura bhavyakaNThAbharaNa, jinaprabhasUri kA zreNikacarita (vi0saM0 1356), munibhadrasUri kA zAntinAthacarita ( vi0 saM0 1410), bhUrAmala kA jayodaya mahAkAvya (vi0saM0 1994) Adi mahAkAvya paramparAgata mahAkAvyoM ke lakSaNoM se alaMkRta haiN| unakI bhASA bhI prAJjala aura ojamayI hai| dhanaJjaya (8vIM zatI) kA dvisandhAna mahAkAvya aura meghavijayagaNi kA saptasandhAna mahAkAvya (vi0 saM0 1760), jayazekharasUri kA jainakumAra sambhava (vi0 saM0 1483), dhanapAla (1vIM zatI) kI tilakamaJjarI, vAdIbhasiMha (1015-1150 I0) kI gadya cintAmaNi, somadeva kA yazastilakacampU (vi0 saM0 1016), haricanda kA jIvandharacampa Adi kAvya bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke AbhASaNa 2010_04
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________________ kahe jA sakate haiN| sandeza kAvyoM meM pArzvabhyudaya (jinasenAcArya, 8vIM zatI) nemidUta (vikrama 14vIM zatI), jainameghadUta (merutuMga, 14vIM zatI), zIladUta (caritra sundaragaNi, vi0saM0 1484), pavanadUta (vAdicandra, vi0saM0 1727), cetodUta, meghadUta samasyAlekha, indradUta, candradUta Adi kAvyoM meM gItitattva vastukathA kA Azraya lekara sundara DhaMga se sa~joye gaye haiN| jainastotra sAhitya to aura bhI samRddha haiM usake bhaktAmarastotra kalyANamandira stotra, jinasahasranAma to atyanta prasiddha haiN| nATaka ke kSetra meM bhI jainAcAryoM kA kama yogadAna nhiiN| unhoMne paurANika, aitihAsika, rUpaka aura kAlpanika vidyAoM meM nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| rAmacandra (13vIM zatI) ke satya haricandra, nalavilAsa, mallikAmakaranda, kaumidI mitrANaMda, raghuvilAsa, nirbhayabhIma vyAyoga, rohiNI mRgAMka, rAghavAbhyudaya, yAdavAbhyudaya aura vanamAlA, devacandra kA candravijaya prakaraNa vijayapAla kA draupadI svayaMvara, rAmabhadra kA prabuddharohiNeya, yazapAla kA moharAja parAjaya (13vIM zatI) yazacandra kA mudrita kumudacandra, hastimalla (13-14vIM zatI) ke aMjanA-pavanaMjaya, subhadrAnATikA, vikrAntakaurava, maithilIkalyANa, vAdicandra kA jJAna sUryodaya(vi0saM0 1648) Adi dRzyakAvya eka ora jahA~ nATakIya tattvoM se bhare hue haiM vahIM unameM jaina tattvoM kA bhI paryApta aMkana hai| ina sabhI kAvyoM meM yadyapi zRGgAra Adi rasoM kA yathAsthAna prayoga huA hai para pramukha rUpa se zAnta rasa ne sthAna liyA hai| jayasiMha sUrikRta hammIramardana, ratnazekharasUrikRta prabodhacandrodaya, meghaprabhAcAryakRta madana parAjaya bhI uttama koTi kI nATya kRtiyA~ haiN| lAkSaNika sAhitya lAkSaNika sAhitya ke antargata vyAkaraNa, koza, alaGkAra, chanda, saMgIta, kalA, gaNita, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, zilpa ityAdi vidhAyeM sammilita hotI haiN| jainAcAryoM ne ina vidhAoM ko bhI upekSita nahIM hone diyaa| vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM devanandi (6vIM zatI) kA jainendra vyAkaraNa aura usa para likhI aneka vRttiyA~ pAlyakIrti (9vIM zatI) kA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa aura una para likhI vRttiyA~, hemacandra kA siddhahemacandra zabdAnuzAsana aura usa para likhI aneka vRttiyA~ sarvavidita haiN| unhoMne jainetara sampradAya ke AcAryoM dvArA likhita vyAkaraNa granthoM para bIsoM TIkAyeM likhI haiM jo apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa haiN| guNanandI, somadeva, abhayanandI, pAlyakIrti, guNaratna, bhAvacandra vidya Adi AcArya isa kSetra ke pradhAna paNDita 2010_04
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________________ 86 koza ke kSetra meM dhanaJjaya (11vIM zatI) kI dhanaJjayanAmamAlA aura anekArtha nAmamAlA, hemacandra kI abhidhAna cintAmaNi nAmamAlA aura nighaNTu zeSa tathA una para aneka vRttiyA~, dharasena (13-14vIM zatI) kA vizvalocana koza Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana, vAgbhaTa kA vAgbhaTAlaMkAra (12vIM zatI), narendraprabhasUri kA alaGkAra mahodadhi (vi0saM0 1280), vinayacandrasUri kI kAvya zikSA (13vIM zatI) Adi aneka alaGkArazAstra ullekhanIya haiN| kAvyakalpalatA, nATyadarpaNa, alaGkAra cintAmaNi, alaGkArazAstra, kAvyAlaGkAra sAra Adi aura bhI prasiddha alaGkAra grantha haiN| jyotiSa ke kSetra meM praznapaddhati, bhuvanadIpaka, Arambhasiddhi, bhadrabAhusaMhitA kevalajJAnahorA, yantrarAja, trailokyaprakAza, horAmakaranda, zakunazAstra, meghamAlA, hastakANDa, nAr3IvijJAna, svapnazAstra, kevalajJAna prazna cUr3AmaNi, sAmudrikazAkha, Adi zatAdhika grantha haiN| isI prakAra Ayurveda ke kSetra meM aSTAGgasaMgraha, puSpAyurveda, madana kAma ratna, nAr3I parIkSA, aSTAGgahRdaya vRtti, yoga cintAmaNi, Ayurveda mahodadhi, rasa cintAmaNi, kalyANa kAraka, jvara parAjaya Adi grantha atyanta upayogI haiN| somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRta, haMsadeva kA mRgapakSIzAstra aura durlabharAja kA hastI parIkSA nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta jainasAhitya ke amUlya maNi hai| ina granthoM se jainAcAryoM kA vaidUSya dekhA jA sakatA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya meM janajIvana meM pracalita kathAoM kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| usameM lokopayogI sAhitya ke sRjana para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| purANa, carita, kathA, rAsA, phAgu ityAdi aneka vidhAoM para jainAcAryoM ne apanI sphuTa racanAyeM likhI haiM jinakA saMkSipta ullekha hama nIce kara apabhraMza meM prAcInatama 'purANa' sAhitya meM svayambhU (7vIM-8vIM zatI) kA paumacariu sarvaprathama ullekhanIya hai| unakA riTThaNemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) bhI upalabdha hai| harivaMzapurANa nAma kI anya kRtiyAM bhI milatI haiM jo dhavala (10-11vIM zatI) aura yaza:kIrti (15vIM zatI) dvArA likhI gaI haiN| inake atirikta puSpadanta (10vIM zatI) ke tisaTThimahApurisaguNAlaMkAru (mahApurANa), jasaharacariu aura NAyakumAracariu, dhanapAla dhakkar3a kA. bhavisayattakahA (10vIM zatI), kanakAmara kA karakaNDacariu (10vIM zatI), dhAhila kA paumasiricariu (10vIM zatI), haribhadra kA saNatkumAracariu (10vIM zatI), vIra kA jambUsAmicariu (11vIM 2010_04
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________________ 87 zatI), nayanandi kA sudaMsaNacariu, narasena kA sirivAlacariu, padmakIrti kA pAsaNAhacariu purANa athavA carita kAvya ke sundara nidarzana haiN| apabhraMza ke kucha 'premAkhyAnaka' kAvya haiM jinakA prabhAva hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM para bhalIbhAMti dekhA jA sakatA hai| aise kAvyoM meM sAdhAraNa siddhasena kI vilAsavatIkathA tathA ralha kI jinadattacaupaI vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| 'khaNDa kAvyoM' meM somaprabhasUri kA kumArapAlapratibodha, varadatta kA vajrasvAmIcarita, harideva kA mayaNaparAjayacariu, abdula rahamAna kA sandeza rAsaka, raidhU kA Atmasambodhana kAvya, udayakIrti kI sugandhadazamIkathA, kanakAmara kA karakaNDacariu Adi grantha pramukha haiN| 'rAsa' sAhitya to mukhyata: jainoM kA hI hai| unakI saMkhyA lagabhaga 500 taka paha~ca jaayegii| 'rUpaka' kAvyoM meM mayaNaparAjayacariu, mayaNajujjha, santoSatilakajayamAla, manakarabhArAsa Adi granthoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___apabhraMza meM 'AdhyAtmika' racanAyeM bhI milatI haiN| yogIndu (6vIM zatI) ke paramappayAsu aura yogasAra, rAmasiMha (hemacandra se pUrva) kA pAhuDadohA, suprabhAcArya kA vairAgyasAra, mahacanda kA dohApAhuDa, devasena kA sAvayadhammadohA, Adi grantha isI se sambaddha haiN| saikar3oM grantha to abhI bhI sampAdaka vidvAnoM kI ora nihAra yahA~ prAkRta, saMskRta tathA apabhraMza bhASA meM racita jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa athavA ullekha mAtra kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH sAhitya kI hara vidhAoM meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai| vaha aisA bhI nahIM ki kisI eka kAla athavA kSetra se baMdhA ho| unhoMne to eka ora jahAM saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM likhA hai vahIM dUsarI ora tamila, telagU, kannar3a, hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, baMgalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI prArambha se hI sAhitya-sarjanA kI hai| ina sabakA vizeSa Akalana karanA abhI zeSa hai| lagabhaga ina sabhI bhASAoM aura kSetroM meM jaina sAhityakAra hI Adya praNetA rahe haiN| jainetara sAhityakAroM ko unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva se jo preraNA milI hai vaha bhI unake sAhitya meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| anya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA jaina sAhitya tamila jaina sAhitya I0pU0 kI zatAbdiyoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ke paira kAphI majabUta 2010_04
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________________ ho cuke the| usakI sthiti kA pramANa tamila bhASA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM khojA jA sakatA hai| tolakATipayam tamilabhASA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna vyAkaraNa grantha hai jise kisI jaina vidvAna ne likhA thaa| karala kAvya tamila bhASA meM likhe nIti granthoM kA agraNI rahA hogaa| isake racayitA AcArya kundakunda aparanAma elAcArya mAnejAte haiN| eka anya jaina gantha nAlaDiyAra kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai jo nIti ganthoM meM mahattvapUrNa hai| tamila sAhitya meM pAMca mahAkAvya haiM - zilappadikArama, valayApani, cintAmaNi, kuNDalakezi aura mnnimekhlai| inameM se prathama tIna jaina lekhakoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM aura antima do bauddha lekhakoM kI dena hai| nariviruttama bhI saMsAra kI dazA kA citraNa karane vAlA eka uttama jaina kAvya hai| ina bRhat kAvyoM ke atirikta pAMca laghukAvya bhI haiM jo jaina kaviyoM kI kRtiyA~ haiM - nIlakezi, cUr3AmaNi, yazodhara kAviyam, nAgakumAra kAviyam tathA udayapAna kthai| vAmanamuni kA merUmaMdarapurANakathA, ajJAta kaviyoM ke zrIpurANa aura kaliMguttupparani jaina grantha bhI ullekhanIya haiN| chanda zAstra meM yApyarUMgalamkArikai, vyAkaraNazAstra meM neminAthama aura nannUlU, koza kSetra meM divAkara nighaNTu, piMgala nighaNTu, aura cUr3AmaNi nighaNTu tathA prakIrNa sAhitya meM tirUnUrantAdi aura tirukkalambagam, gaNita sAhitya meM aiMcUvaDi tathA jyotiSa sAhitya meM jinendra mauli grantha tamila bhASA ke sarvamAnya jaina grantha haiN| telagU jaina sAhitya tamila aura kannar3a kSetra meM jainadharma kA praveza usake itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla meM hI ho gayA thaa| taba yaha svAbhAvika hai ki Andhrapradeza meM usase pUrva hI jainadharma pahu~ca gayA hogaa| rAjarAja dvitIya ke samaya meM Andhrapradeza meM vaidika Andolana kA prabhAva yahA~ taka haA ki usa samaya taka ke samUce kalAtmaka aura sAhityika kSetra ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara diyA gyaa| telagU sAhitya ke prAcInatama kavi nannaya bhaTTa ne 11vIM zatI meM isa tathya ko apratyakSa rUpa meM apane mahAbhArata meM svIkAra kiyA hai| zrIzaila pradeza meM jainadharma kA astitva rahA hai| telagU ke samAna malayAlama meM bhI jaina sAhitya kama milatA hai para jo bhI milatA hai vaha kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| kannar3a jaina sAhitya karnATaka pradeza meM jainadharma prArambha se hI lokapriya rahA hai| gaMga, kadamba, rASTrakUTa, cAlukya Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM, sAmantoM, senApatiyoM aura mantriyoM 2010_04
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________________ ko usane prabhAvita kiyA tathA janasAdhAraNa bhI usake lokaraMjaka svarUpa se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rhaa| zravaNavelagolA, podamapura, kopaLa, punADa, humaca Adi prAcIna jaina sthala inake pratIka haiN| yahA~ kI martikalA ke kSetra meM jainadharma kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| pramukha jaina sAhityakAra bhI isI kSetra meM hue haiN| AcArya kundakunda, umAsvAmI yA umAsvAti samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnanda, anantavIrya, prabhAcandra, jinasena, guNabhadra, vIrasena, somadeva Adi AyAoM ke nAma agragaNya haiN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka jainAcAryoM ne kannar3a sAhitya kI racanA kii| mahAkavi kavitAguNArNava pampa (I0 941), kavicakravartI ponna (I0 950), kaviratna ratna (I0 993), vIramArtaNDa cAmuNDarAya (I0 978), gadya-padyavidyAdhara zrIdhara (I0 1049), siddhAntacUr3AmaNi divAkaranandi (I0 1062), zAntinAtha (I0 1068), nAgacandra (I0 1100), kanti (I0 1100), nayasena (I0 1112), rAjAditya (I0 1110), kIrtivarmA (I0 1125), brahmaziva (I0 1130), karNapArya (I0 1140), nAgavarmA (I0 1145), somanAtha (I0 1150), vRttavilAsa (I0 1160), nemicanda (I0 1170), voppaNa (I0 1180) aggala (I0 1189), AcaNNa (I0 1195), bandhuvarmA (I0 1200), pArzvanAtha (I0 1205), janna (I0 1230), guNavarmA (I0 1235), kamalabhAva (I0 1235), mahAvala (I0 1254) Adi kaviyoM ne kannar3a sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kii| vyAkaraNa, gaNita, jyotiSa, Ayurveda Adi sabhI kSetroM meM Adhunika kAla taka jaina lekhaka kanar3a bhASA meM sAhitya-sRjana karate rahe haiN| samUce jaina kannar3a sAhitya kI vistRta rUparekhA denA yahA~ sambhava nhiiN| yaha usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| marAThI jaina sAhitya marAThI sAhitya kA prArambha bhI jaina kaviyoM se huA hai| unhoMne 1661 I. se lekhana kArya adhika Arambha kiyaa| jinadAsa, guNadAsa, megharAja, kAmarAja, sUrijana, guNanandi, puSpasAgara, mahIjandra, mahAkIrti, jinasena, devendrakIrti, kalalappA, bharamApana Adi jaina sAhityakAroM ne marAThI meM sAhitya taiyAra kiyaa| yaha sAhitya adhikAMza rUpa se anuvAda rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai| gujarAtI jaina sAhitya gujarAtI bhASA kA bhI vikAsa apabhraMza se huA hai| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI se apabhraMza aura gaMjarAtI meM pArthakya dikhAI dene lgaa| gujarAta prArambha se hI 2010_04
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________________ 90 jainadharma aura sAhitya-saMskRti kA kendra rahA hai| hemacandra Adi aneka jaina AcArya gujarAta meM hue jinhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM sAhitya-sRjana kiyaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI meM jaina kaviyoM ne rAso, phAgu, bArahamAsA, kakko, vivAhala, caccarI, AkhyAna Adi vidhAoM ko samRddha karanA prArambha kiyaa| isake pUrva udyotanasUri (779 I0) kI kuvalayamAlA tathA dhanapAla kI bhavissayatta kahA prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke prasiddha kAvya haiM jo gujarAtI ke lie upajIvya kahe jA sakate haiN| zAlibhadrasUri (1185 I0) kA bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa prathama prApya gujarAtI kRti hai| usake bAda dhammu kA jambUrAsa, vinayaprabha kA gautamarAsa, pathasUthI kA sirithUlibhadda, rAjazekharasUri kA neminAtha phAgu, prAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya kI zreSTha kRtiyAM haiN| isa kAla meM adhikAMza lekhaka jaina hue haiN| bhaktikAla meM 15vIM zatI meM bhI jaina granthakAra hue haiN| zAlidrarAsa, gautamapRcchA, jambUsvAmI vivAhalo, jAvaDa bhAvaDarAsa, sudarzana zreSThirAsa Adi grantha isI zatI ke haiN| lAvaNyasamaya 16vIM zatI ke pramukha sAhityakAra the| vimalaprabandha bhI isI samaya kI racanA hai| rAsa, caritra, vivAhalo, pavADo Adi anya sAhitya bhI isI samaya likhA gyaa| 17vIM zatI ke jaina sAhitya meM nemivijaya kA zIlavatIrAsa, samaya sundara kA naladamayantIrAsa, Anandaghana kI Ananda caubIsI aura Anandaghana bahottarI pramukha haiN| isI samaya lokavArtA sAhitya tathA rAsa aura prabandha bhI likhe gye| 18-19vIM zatI meM bhI sAdhuoM ne isI prakAra kA sAhitya likhaa| udayaratna, nemivijaya, devacanda, bhAvaprabhasari, jinavijaya, gaMgavijaya, haMsaratna, jJAnasAgara, bhAnuvijaya Adi jainasAhityakAra ullekhanIya haiN| ina sabhI ne gujarAtI bhASA meM vividha sAhitya likhA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya hindI sAhitya kA to prArambha hI jaina sAhityakAroM se huA hai| usakA AdikAla kaba se mAnA jAya yaha vivAda kA viSaya avazya rahA hai para svayambhU aura puSpadanta ko nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA jinake sAhitya meM apabhraMza se haTakara hindI kI nayI pravRttiyA~ dikhAI detI haiN| munirAmasiMha, mahayaMdiNa muni, Ananda tilaka, devasena, nayanandi, hemacanda, ghanapAla, rAmacanda, haribhadrasUri, AmabhaTTa Adi jaina kavi ullekhanIya haiN| karakaNDacariu, sudarzanacariu, neminAhacariu Adi apabhraMza sAhitya bhI isI kAla kA hai| rAso, phAgu, beli, prabandha Adi vidhA bhI yahA~ samRddha huI haiN| zAlibhadrasUri (san 1184) kA bAhubalirAsa, jinadattasUci ke carcarI, kAlasvarUpa phulakam aura upadeza rasAyana sAra, jinapadmasUri (vi0saM 2010_04
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________________ 1257) kA thUlibhaddaphAga, dharmasUri (vi0 saM0 1266) kA jambUsvAmIcaritra, abhayatilaka (vi0saM0 1307) kA mahAvIrarAsa, jinaprabhasUri kA padmAvatI devI caupaI aura ralha kA jinadatta caupaI vizeSa ullekhanIya grantha haiN| hindI sAhitya ke madhyakAla meM bhI jainAcAryoM ne prabandha, carita kathA, purANa, rAsA, rUpaka, stavana, pUjA, caupaI, cUnar3I, phAgu, beli, bArahamAsA Adi sabhI prakAra kA sAhitya sRjana kiyaa| sAhityakAroM meM banArasIdAsa, dyAnatarAya, kuzalalAbha, bhUdharadAsa, daulatarAma, rAyamalla, jayasAgara, upAdhyAya, sakalakIrti, lakSmIvallabha, rUpacanda pANDe, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, vRndAvana, brahmajayasAgara,devIdAsa, ThakurasI Adi zatAdhika jaina kaviyoM ne hindI sAhitya ko samRddha kiyaa| rahasyabhAvanA kI dRSTi se yaha kAla dRSTavya hai|1 isI prakAra baMgalA, ur3iyA, AsamiyA, paMjAbI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI jaina sAhitya kI vibhinna paramparAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| unhoMne apanI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM paryApta yogadAna diyA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhitya kI paramparA lagabhaga 2500 varSa se avirala rUpa se pravAhita hotI A rahI hai| usameM sAmayika gatividhiyA~ aura sAhityika tathA sAmAjika Andolana ke svara bhI mukharita hue haiN| samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lagabhaga hara vidhA ke janmadAtA jainasAhityakAra hI hue haiN| unake yogadAna kA lekhA-jokhA abhI bhI zeSa hai| vidvAnoM ko isa ora vizeSa dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi samUcA jaina sAhitya prakAza meM A jAya to nizcita hI naye mAnoM kI sthApanA aura purAne pratimAnoM kA svarUpa badala jaayegaa| bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yaha avadAna sAMskRtika, dArzanika, bhASika, sAhityika, Adi sabhI kSetroM meM anupama rahA hai| ye sAre kSetra apekSAkRta abhI kama hI adhyayana ke viSaya ho sake haiN| zodhakoM ke lie isameM aparimita kSetra hai| sAtha hI tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie bhI yahA~ sAmagrI prabhUta mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| vistAramaya se yahA~ hama isa viSaya ko virAma de rahe haiN| 1. vizeSa dekhie - madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kAvya meM rahasyabhAvanA, DaoN0 puSpalatA jaina kA shodhprbndh| 2010_04