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________________ rAjasthAnakA yuga-saMsthApaka kathA - kAvyanirmAtA haribhadra ( sva 0 ) DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, ema0 e0, pI-eca0DI0, DI0 liT, jyotiSAcArya , yuga pradhAna hone ke kAraNa haribhadrakI khyAti unakI agaNita sAhityika kRtiyoMpara Azrita hai / rAjasthAnakA yaha bahuta hI medhAvI aura vicAraka lekhaka haiM / inake dharma, darzana, nyAya, kathA - sAhitya, yoga evaM sAdhanAdi sambandhI vicitra viSayoMpara gambhIra pAMDityapUrNa grantha upalabdha haiM / yaha AzcaryakI bAta hai| ki 'samarAicca kahA' aura 'dhUrttAkhyAna' jaise sarasa, manoraMjaka AkhyAna pradhAna granthoMkA racayitA 'anekAntajayapatAkA' jaise kliSTa nyAya granthakA racayitA hai| eka ora hRdayakI sarasatA TapakatI haiM, to dUsarI ora mastiSkakI praur3hatA / haribhadrakI racanAoM ke adhyayanase jJAta hotA hai ki ye bahumukhI pratibhAzAlI advitIya vidvAn the / inake vyaktitvameM darzana, sAhitya, purANa, kathA, dharma AdikA saMmizraNa huA hai / inake granthoMke adhyayanase jJAta hotA hai ki inakA janma citrakUTa- cittaura rAjasthAna meM huA thA / ye janmase brAhmaNa the aura apane advitIya pAMDityake kAraNa vahA~ke rAjA jitArike rAjapurohita the / dIkSAgrahaNa karaneke pazcAt inhoMne rAjasthAna, gujarAta Adi sthAnoMmeM paribhramaNa kiyA / AcArya haribhadrake jIvanapravAhako badalanevAlI ghaTanA unake dharmaparivartanakI hai / inakI yaha pratijJA thI -- 'jisakA vacana na samajha~gA, usakA ziSya ho jAU~gA / stambhako lekara nagarameM daur3ane lagA / hAthIne aneka logoMko lie eka jaina upAzrayameM praviSTa hue / yahA~ yAkinI mahattarA nAmakI sAdhvIko karate hue sunA / eka dina rAjAkA madonmatta hAthI AlAnakucala diyA / haribhadra isI hAthIse bacane ke nimnalikhita gAthAkA pATha cakkIdugaM haripaNagaM cakkINa kesavo cakkI / kesava cakkI kesava du cakkI kesava cakkI ya // isa gAthAkA artha unakI samajhameM nahIM AyA aura unhoMne sAdhvIse isakA artha pUchA / sAdhvIne unheM gacchapati AcArya jinabhadra ke pAsa bheja diyA / AcAryase artha sunakara ve vahIM dIkSita ho gaye aura bAdameM apanI vidvattA aura zreSTha AcArake kAraNa paTTadhara AcArya hue| jisa yAkinI mahattarAke nimittase haribhadrane dharmaparivartana kiyA thA usako unhoMne apanI dharmamAtAke samAna pUjya mAnA hai aura apaneko yAkinIsUnu kahA hai / yAkobIne 'samarAicca kahA' kI prastAvanA meM likhA hai-- 'AcArya haribhadrako jaina dharmakA gambhIra jJAna rakhakara bhI anyAnya darzanoMkA bhI itanA vizAla aura tattvagrAhI jJAna thA, jo usa kAlameM eka brAhmaNako hI paramparAgata zikSAke rUpameM prApta honA svAbhAvika thA, anyako nahIM / samaya haribhadrake samayapara vicAra karaneke pUrva yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jaina sAhitya paramparAmeM itihAsa aura purAtattva : 167
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________________ haribhadra nAmake kitane vyakti hue aura inameM 'samarAicca kahA'ke lekhaka kathAkAra kaunase haribhadra haiM ? IsvI sankI caudahavIM zatAbdI takake upalabdha jaina sAhityameM haribhadra nAmake ATha AcAryoMkA ullekha milatA hai| ina ATha AcAryoM meM 'samarAiccakahA' aura 'dhUrtAkhyAna' prAkRta kathA-kAvyake lekhaka AcArya haribhadra sabase prAcIna haiN| ye 'bhavavirahasUri' aura 'virahAMkakavi' ina do vizeSaNoMse prakhyAta the| ___ 'kuvalaya mAlA ke racayitA udyotana sUrine (700 zaka) inheM apanA pramANa aura nyAya par3hAnevAlA guru kahA hai| 'upamitabhavaprapaMca kathA' ke racayitA siddharSi (906 I0) ne "dharmabodhakaro guru ke rUpameM smaraNa kiyA hai| mani jinavijayajIne apane prabandhameM likhA hai-"etatkathanamavalambyaiva rAjazekhareNa prabandhakoSe munisundareNa upadezaratnAkare, ratnazekhareNa ca zrAddhapratikramaNasUtravRttau, siddhaSiharibhadraziSyatvena varNitaH / evaM paDIvAlagagacchIyAyAmakasyAM prAkRtapaddhAvalyAmapi siddharSiharibhadrayoH samasamayattitvalikhitaM samupalabhyate"3 isase spaSTa hai ki bhavaviraha haribhadra bahuta prasiddha haiN| inhoMne svayaM apane Apako yAminI mahattarAkA putra jinamatAnusArI, jinadattAcAryakA ziSya kahA hai| haribhadrake samayake sambandhameM nimnalikhita cAra mAnyatAeM prasiddha haiN| (1) paramparA prApta mAnyatA-isake anusAra haribhadrakA svargArohaNakAla vikrama saM0 585 arthAt I0 san 527 mAnA jAtA rahA hai| (2) muni jinavijayajIkI mAnyatA-antaH aura bAhya pramANoMke AdhArapara inhoMne I0 san 700 taka AcArya haribhadrakA kAla nirNaya kiyA hai| (3) pro0 ke0 bI0 AbhyaMkarakI mAnyatA-isa mAnyatAmeM AcArya haribhadrakA samaya vikrama saMvat 800-950 taka mAnA hai| (4) paMDita mahendrakumArajIkI mAnyatA-siddhivinizcayakI prastAvanAmeM paMDita mahendrakumArajIne AcArya haribhadra kA samaya I0 san 720 se 810 taka mAnA hai| muni jinavijayajIne AcArya haribhadrake dvArA ullikhita vidvAnoMkI nAmAvalI dI hai| isa nAmAvalImeM samayakI dRSTise pramukha haiM dharmakIrti, (600-650), dharmapAla (635 I0), vAkyapadIyake racayitA bhartRhari (600-650 I0), kumArila (620 lagabhaga 700 I0 taka), zubhagupta (640 se 700 I. taka) aura zAntarakSita (I0 705-732) / isa nAmAvalIse jJAta hotA hai ki haribhadrakA samaya I0 san 700 ke pahale nahIM honA cAhiye / haribhadrake pUrva samayakI sImA I0 san 7 0 ke Asa-pAsa hai| vikrama saMvat 585 kI pUrva sImA 1. anekAnta jayapatAkA, bhAga 2, bhUmikA, pR0 30, 2. jo icchai bhava-virahaM bhavavirahaM ko Na vaMdae sueSaM samaya-sama-satyaguruNosamaramiyaMkA kahA jassa // kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 6, pR04, 3. haribhadrAcAryasya samayanirNayaH, pR0 7, 4. Avazyaka sUtra TIkA prazasti bhAga 5. paMcasae paNasIe....."dhammarao deu murukhasu / pradyumna carita, vicA0 gA0 532. 6. haribhadrasya samayanirNayaH 10 17 7. viMzavizikAkI prastAvanA 168 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| vicAra sAra prakaraNa meM AI huI "paMcasae paNasIe" gAthAkA artha eca0 e0 zAhane batAyA hai ki yahA~ vikraya saMvat ke sthAnapara gupta saMvatkA grahaNa honA cAhie / gupta saMvat 585 kA artha I0 san 785 hai / isa prakAra haribhadrakA svargArohaNa kAla I0 san 785 ke lagabhaga AtA hai / yativRSabhakI tiloyapaNNatta ke anusAra vIra nirvANa 461 varSa vyatIta honepara zaka narendra (vikramAditya) utpanna huA / isa vaMzake rAjyakAlakA mAna 241 varSa hai aura guptoMke rAjyakAlakA pramANa 255 varSa hai | ataH I0 san 185 yA 186 varSake lagabhaga gupta saMvatkA Arambha huA hogA / isa gaNa nAke AdhArapara muni jinavijayajIne I0 san 770 yA 771 ke AsapAsa haribhadrakA samaya mAnA hai / haribhadra samayakI uttarI sImAkA nirdhAraNa 'kuvalayamAlA' ke racayitA udyotana sUrike ullekha dvArA hotA | inhoMne 'kuvalayamAlA' kI prazasti meM isa granthakI samApti zaka saMvat 700 batalAyI hai aura apane gurukA nAma haribhadra kahA hai / " upamitibhava prapaJca kathAke racayitA siddharSine apanI kathAkI prazasti meM AcArya haribhadrako apanA guru batAyA hai / viSaM vinidhUya kuvAsanAmayaM vyacIcarad yaH kRpayA madAzaye / acintyavIryeNa suvAsanAsudhAM namo'stu tasmai haribhadrasUraye // arthAt --- haribhadra sUrine siddharSike kuvAsanAmaya mithyAtva rUpI viSakA nAza kara unheM atyanta zaktizAlI suvAsanAmaya jJAna pradAna kiyA thA, tathA unhIM ke liye caitya vandana sUtrakI lalitavistarA nAmaka vRttikI racanA kI thI / 'upamitibhava prapaMca kathA' ke ullekhoM ke dekhanese jJAta hotA hai ki haribhadra sUri siddharSike sAkSAt guru nahIM the, balki paramparayA guru the / pro0 AbhyaMkarane inheM sAkSAt guru svIkAra kiyA hai / parantu muni jinavijayajIne prazastike 'anAgataM' zabdake AdhArapara paramparA guru mAnA hai / inakA anumAna hai ki AcArya haribhadra viracita 'lalita vistarA vRtti' ke adhyayana se siddharSikA kuvAsanAmaya viSa dUra huA thA / isI kAraNa unhoMne ukta vRttike racayitAko 'dharmabodhaka guru' ke rUpameM smaraNa kiyA hai / ataeva spaSTa hai ki pro0 AbhyaMkarane haribhadrako siddharSikA sAkSAt guru mAnakara unakA samaya vikrama saMvat 800-950 mAnA hai, vaha prAmANika nahIM hai aura na unakA yaha kathana hI yathArtha hai ki 'kuvalayamAlA' meM ullikhita zaka saMvat hI gupta saMvat hai / vastutaH AcArya haribhadra zaMkarAcArya ke pUrvavartI haiM / sAmAnyataH sabhI vidvAn zaMkarAcAryakA samaya IsvI san 788se820 I0 taka mAnate haiM / haribhadrane apane se pUrvavartI prAyaH sabhI dArzanikoMkA ullekha kiyA hai / zaMkarAcAryane jaina darzana ke syAdvAda siddhAnta saptabhaMgI nyAyakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / inake nAmakA ullekha athavA inake dvArA kiye gaye khaNDanameM pradatta tarkoMkA prattyuttara sarvatomukhI pratibhAvAn haribhadrane nahIM diyA / isakA spaSTa artha hai ki AcArya haribhadra zaMkarAcAryake udbhava ke pahale hI svargastha ho cuke the / pro0 abhyaMkarane haribhadrake Upara zaMkarAcAryakA prabhAva batalAyA hai aura unheM zaMkarAcAryakA pazcAt 1. so siddhateNa guru juttI - satthehi jassa haribhaddo / bahu sattha- gaMtha vitthara patthAriya-payaDa samvattho // kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 430pU0 282 2. haribhadrAcAryasya samayanirNayaH pR0 6 para uddhRta / itihAsa aura purAtattva : 169 22
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________________ vartI vidvAn mAnanekA prastAva kiyA hai / para haribhadrake darzana sambandhI granthoMkA Alor3ana karanepara ukta kathana nissAra pratIta hotA hai / svargIya nyAyAcArya paMDita mahendrakumArajIne haribhadrake SaDdarzana samuccaya (zloka 30 ) meM jayantabhaTTakI nyAyamaMjarIke - garbhita garjitAraMbha nirbhinnagirigahvarA / rolambagavalavyAlatamAlama lina tviSaH // tvaM gattaDillatAsaMga pizaMgI gavigrahA / vRSTi vyabhicarantIha naivaM prAyAH payomucaH ||2 isa padyake dvitIya pAdako jaisAkA taisA sammilita kara liyA gayA hai aura nyAyamaMjarIkA racanAkAla I0 san 800 ke lagabhaga hai / ataeva haribhadra ke samaya kI sImA 810 IsvI taka rakhanI hogI, tabhI ve jayantakI nyAyamaMjarIko dekha sake hogeM / haribhadrakA jIvana lagabhaga 90 varSoMkA thA / ataH unakI pUrvAvadhi I0 san 720 ke lagabhaga honI cAhiye | 3 isa matapara vicAra karanese do ApattiyA~ upasthita hotI haiM / pahalI to yaha hai ki jayanta hI nyAyamaMjarIke ukta zlokake racayitA haiM, yaha siddha nahIM hotA / yataH unake grantha meM anyAnya AcArya aura granthoM ke uddharaNa vartamAna haiM / jAyasavAla zodhasaMsthAnake nidezaka zrI anantalAla ThAkura ne nyAyamaMjarI sambandhI apane zodha- nibandha meM siddha kiyA hai ki vAcaspati mizra ke guru trilocana the aura unhoMne eka nyAyamaMjarIkI racanA kI thI / sambhavataH jayantane bhI ukta zloka vahIMse liyA ho athavA anya kisI pUrvAcAryakA aisA koI dUsarA nyAya grantha rahA ho jisase AcArya haribhrada sUri aura jayantabhaTTa ina donoMne ukta zloka liyA ho yaha sambhAvanA taba aura bhI bar3ha jAtI hai jaba kucha prakAzita tathyoMse jayantakI nyAyamaMjarIkA racanAkAla I0 san 800 ke sthAnapara I0 san 890 AtA hai / " jayanta apanI nyAya maMjarI meM rAjA avanti varmana ( I0 856 -883) ke samakAlIna dhvanikAra aura rAjA zaMkara varmana ( I0 san 883 - 902) dvArA avaidha ghoSita kI gayI 'nIlAmbara vRtti'kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina pramANoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jarmana vidvAn DA0 hekarane yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki zaMkaravarmanake rAjyakAla meM lagabhaga 890 I0ke Asa-pAsa jaba jayantabhaTTane nyAya maMjarIkI racanA kI hogI, taba vaha 60 varSake vRddha puruSa ho cuke hoMge 14 uparyukta tathyoMke prakAzameM svargIya paMDita mahendrakumArajIkA yaha mata ki jayantakI nyAya maMjarIkI racanA lagabhaga 800 I0 ke Asa-pAsa huI hogI; apramANita siddha ho jAtA hai aura isa avasthAmeM AcAryaM haribhadrake kAlakI uttarAvadhi prAmANika nahIM ThaharatI / ataeva hamArA mata hai ki 'SaDdarzana samuccaya' meM grahaNa 1. viMzati vizikA prastAvanA / 2. nyAyamaMjarI vijayanagara saMskaraNa, pR0 129 / 3. siddhivinizcayaTIkAkI prastAvanA, pR0 53-54 / 4 vihAra risarca sosAiTI, janarala san 1955, caturtha khaMDameM zrI ThAkurakA nibandha | 5. nyAya maMjarI sTaDIja nAmaka nibandha pUnA oriyanTalisTa (janavarI aprila 1957) pR0 77 para DA0 eca0 bharaharI dvArA likhita lekha tathA usa para pAdaTippaNa kramAMka 2 / 170 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ kiye gaye padyakA srota jayantakI 'nyAyamaMjarI' nahIM anya koI grantha hai, jahA~se ukta donoM AcAryoMne padyako grahaNa kiyA hai| - haribhadrake samaya nirNayameM 'nayacakra' ke racayitA mallavAdIke samayakA AdhAra bhI grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / 'anekAntajayapatAkA' kI TIkAmeM mallavAdIkA nirdeza AyA hai| AcArya zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra ne likhA hai-"mAlUma hotA hai ki mallavAdIne apane nayacakrameM pada-padapara 'vAkyapadoya' granthakA upayoga hI nahIM kiyA, balki usake kartA bhartRharikA nAmollekha evaM usake matakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| ina bhartRharikA samaya itihAsameM cInI yAtrI itsigake yAtrA vivaraNAdike anusAra I. san 600 se 650 taka mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki itsigane jaba san 692meM apanA yAtrAvRttAnta likhA, taba bhartRharikA dehAvasAna hue 40 varSa bIta cuke the| aisI avasthAmeM mallavAdIkA samaya I. sana kI sAtavIM zatAbdI yA usake pazcAt hI mAnA jaayegaa|" DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidyane nyAyAvatArakI prastAvanAmeM mallavAdIke samaya kA nirdhAraNakara yaha sujhAva diyA hai ki haribhadrakA samaya vikrama saMvat 884ke bAda nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya jugalakizora mukhtArane haribhadrake samaya para vicAra karate hue likhA hai-"AcArya haribhadrake samaya, saMyata jIvana aura unake sAhityika kAryoMkI vizAlatAko dekhate hue unakI AyukA anumAna 100 varSake lagabhaga lagAyA jA sakatA hai aura ve mallavAdIke samakAlIna honeke sAtha-sAtha 'kuvalayamAlAkI racanAke kitane hI varSa bAda taka jIvita raha sakate haiN|" __ uparyukta samasta vicAroMke prakAzameM hamArA apanA abhimata yaha hai ki jaba taka haribhadrake Upara zaMkarAcAryakA prabhAva siddha nahIM ho jAtA hai taba taka AcArya haribhadrasUrikA samaya zaMkarAcAryake bAda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH muni jinavijayajIne haribhadrasUrikA samaya I0 san 770 mAnA hai, vaha bhI pUrNataH grAhya nahIM hai / isa matake mAna lenese udyotanasUrike sAtha unake guru ziSyake sambandhakA nirvAha ho jAtA hai, para mallavAdIke sAtha sambandha ghaTita nahIM ho paataa| ataeva inakA samaya I0 san 730 se I0 san 830 taka mAna lenepara bhI udyotanasUrike sAtha guru-ziSyakA sambandha siddha honeke sAtha-sAtha mallavAdIke sambandhakA bhI nirvAha ho jAtA hai| racanAe~ haribhadrakI racanAe~ mukhyataH do vargomeM vibhakta kI jA sakatI haiN| 1. Agama granthoM aura pUrvAcAryoMkI kRtiyoM para TIkAe~ / 2. svaracita grantha (ka) sopajJa TIkA sahita (kha) sopajJa TIkA rahita / haribhadrake granthoMkI saMkhyA 1440 yA 1444 batAyI gayI hai| aba taka inake lagabhaga 50 grantha upalabdha ho cuke haiM / hameM inakI kathA kAvya pratibhA para prakAza DAlanA hai| ataeva samarAicca kahA, dhUrtAkhyAna evaM unakI TIkAoMmeM upalabdha laghukathAoM para hI vicAra karanA hai| nizcayataH rAjasthAnakA yaha kathAkAvya racayitA apanI isa vidhAmeM saMskRtake gadyakAra vANabhaTTase raMcamAtra bhI kama nahIM hai| yadi ise hama rAjasthAnakA vANabhadra kaheM to kucha bhI atizayokti nhiiN| prAkRta kathAkAvyako nayA sthApatya. nayI vicAra 1. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, pR0 551-552 / 2, jaina sAhitya itihAsa para vizada prakAza, pR0 553 kA pAda TippaNa / itihAsa aura purAtattva : 171
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________________ dhArA aura nayA rUpa deneke kAraNa apane kSetrameM haribhadra advitIya haiN| haribhadrane sthApatyoMko nayA gaThana diyA hai| taraMgavatImeM pUrvajanmakI smRtiyA~ aura karma vikAsa kevala kathAko preraNA dete haiM, para 'samarAicca kahA meM pUrva janmoMkI paramparAkA spaSTIkaraNa, zubhAzubha kRtakoM ke phala aura zrotAoM yA pAThakoMke samakSa kucha naitika siddhAnta bhI upasthita kiye gaye haiM / haribhadrake sthApatyakI maulikatA haribhadra maulika kathAkAvyake racayitA haiN| inhoMne sarvaprathama kAvyake rUpa meM kathAvastukI yojanA kI hai / inakI 'Tekanika' vANabhaTTake tulya hai| kalAke vibhinna tathyoM tathA upakaraNoMkI yojanA anubhUti aura lakSyakI ekatAnatAke rUpameM kI hai / jaise koI citrakAra apanI anubhUtiko rekhAoM aura vibhinna raMgoMke AnupAtika saMyogase abhivyakta karatA hai, amUrta anubhUtiko mUrtarUpa detA hai, usI prakAra kathAkAvyakA racayitA bhI bhAvoMko vahana karane ke lie vibhinna vAtAvaraNoM meM pAtroMkI avatAraNA karatA hai| Azaya yaha hai ki nizcita lakSya athavA ekAnta pramANakI pUrtike lie racanAmeM eka vidhAnAtmaka prakriyA upasthita karanI par3atI hai, jisase kathAkAvya racayitAkA sthApatya mahanIya bana jAtA hai| haribhadra aise prathama kathAkAra haiM, jinhoMne saundaryakA samAveza karate samaya vastu aura zilpa donoMko samAna mahattva diyA hai| inakI apekSA prakAza bhaMgI abhivyaktikI vakratA adhika Avazyaka hai / ataH bhAva vicAra to yuga yA vyakti vizeSakA nahIM hotA, vaha sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika hI hotA hai| nayA yuga aura naye sraSTA use jisa kuzalatAse niyojita karate haiM vahI unakI maulikatA hotI hai / alaMkArazAstriyoMne bhI bhAvase adhika mahattva usake prakAzanako diyA hai| prakAzana prakriyAko zailIkA nAma diyA jAtA hai / ata: jisameM anubhUti aura lakSyake sAtha kathAvastu kI yojanA, caritraavatAraNA, parivezakalpanA, evaM bhAva saghanatAkA yathocita samavAya jitane adhika rUpameM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha kathAkAvya nirmAtA utanA hI adhika maulika mAnA jAtA hai| haribhadrane 'samarAiccakahA meM maulikatA aura kAvyAtmakatAkA samAveza karane ke lie alaMkRta varNanoMke sAtha kathotthapraroha, pUrvadIpti praNAlI, kAlamizraNa aura anyApadezikatAkA samAveza kiyA hai| kathotthaprarohase tAtparya kathAoMke saghana jAlase hai. jisa prakAra keleke stambhakI parata eka para dUsarI aura dUsarIpara Adi kramase rahatI haiM, usI prakAra eka kathApara usakI uddezyakI siddhi aura spaSTatAke lie dUsarI kathA aura dUsarIke lie tIsarI kathA Adi kramameM kathAe~ niyojita kI jAtI haiN| haribhadrane vaTaprarohake samAna upasthita kathAoMmeM saMketAtmakatA aura pratIkAtmakatAkI yojanA kI hai| parivezoM yA pariveza-maMDaloMkA niyojana bhI jIvana aura jagatake vistArako nAyaka aura khalanAyakake carita gaThanake rUpameM upasthita kiyA hai| racanAmeM sampUrNa itivRttako isa prakAra suvicArita DhaMgase niyojita kiyA hai, ki pratyeka khaNDa athavA pariccheda apane parivezameM prAyaH sampUrNa-sA pratIta hotA hai aura kathAkI samaSTi yojanA-pravAhako utkarSonmukha karatI hai| eka deza aura kAlakI parimitike bhItara aura kucha paristhitiyoMkI saMgatimeM mAnava jIvanake tathyoM kI abhivyaJjanA kI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra vRtta kaI aMzoMmeM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai aura una aMzoMkI pUrI paridhimeM vRttakI samagratA prakaTa ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra kathotthaprarohake AdhArapara itivRttake samasta rahasya udghATita ho jAte haiN| kathAkArakI maulikatA vahIM samajhI jAtI hai, jahAM vaha kathAsUtroMko eka khUTIpara TA~ga detA hai| haribhadra ne apanI 'bIjadharmA' kathAoMmeM kAvyatvakA niyojana pUrvadIpti praNAlI dvArA kiyA hai| isa 172 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ praNAlI meM pUrvajanmake kriyAkalApoMkI jAti smaraNa dvArA smRti karAkara kathAoM meM rasamatA utpanna kI jAtI hai| isa sthApatyakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kathAkAra ghaTanAoM kA varNana karate-karate akasmAt kathAprasaMgake sUtrako kisI vigata ghaTanAke sUtrase jor3a detA hai; jisase kathAkI gati vikAsakI ora agrasara hotI hai / Adhunika kathAkAvya meM ise 'phlaizabaika' paddhatikA nAma diyA gayA hai / haribhadrane ghaTanAoMko yA kisI pramukha ghaTanAke mArmika varNanako kathAke gatimAna sUtrake sAtha chor3a diyA hai pazcAt pichale sUtrako uThAkara kisI eka jIvana athavA aneka janmAntaroMkI ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa dilAkara kathAke gatimAna sUtrameM aisA dhakkA lagAtA hai, jisase kathA jAla lambe maidAnameM lur3hakatI huI phuTabaoNla ke samAna tejI se bar3ha jAtA hai| haribhadra isa sUtrako dehalI dIpaka nyAyase prastuta karate haiM, jisase pUrva aura paravartI samasta ghaTanAe~ Alokita hokara rasamaya bana jAtI haiM / haribhadrane kisI bAta yA tathyako svayaM na kahakara vyaMgya yA anubhUti dvArA hI prakaTa kiyA hai / vyaMgyakI pradhAnatA rahaneke kAraNa 'samarAiccakahA' aura 'dhUrvAkhyAna' ina donoMmeM camatkArake sAtha kathArasa prApta hotA hai| kathAMza rahane para vyaMgya sahRdaya pAThakako apanI ora AkRSTa karatA hai| isa zilpa dvArA haribhadrane apanI kRtiyoMkA nirmANa isa prakAra kiyA hai jisase anya tatvoMke rahanepara bhI pratipAdya vyaMgya banakara prastuta huA hai| samudra yAtrAmeM tUphAna se jahAjakA chinna-bhinna ho jAnA aura nAyaka aura upanAyakakA kisI lakar3I yA paTake sahAre samudra pAra kara jAnA eka pratIka hai| yaha pratIka ArambhameM vipatti, pazcAt sammilana - sukhakI abhivyaJjanA karatA hai| 'samarAiccakahA' meM anyApadezika zailIkA sarvAdhika prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prathamabhavameM rAjA guNasenakI apane mahalake nIce murdA nikalanese virakti dikhalAyI gaI hai / yahA~ lekhakane saMketa dvArA hI rAjAko upadeza diyA hai / saMsArakI asAratAkA aTTahAsa indrajAlake samAna aindriya viSayoMkI nazvaratA evaM pratyeka prANIkI anivArya mRtyuko sUcanA bhI haribhadrane vyaMgya dvArA hI dI hai| haribhadrane kArya kAraNa paddhatikI yojanA bhI isI zailI meM kI hai / 'samarAiccakahA' kI AdhArabhUta pravRtti pratizodha bhAvanA hai / pradhAna kathAmeM yaha pratizodhakI bhAvanA vibhinna rUpoMmeM vyakta huI hai / lekhakane ise nidAna kathA bhI kahA hai| agnizarmA aura guNasena ye donoM nAyaka aura pratinAyaka haiN| guNasena nAyaka hai aura agnisena pratinAyaka ina donoMke janma-janmAntarakI yaha kathA naubhavoM taka calatI hai aura guNasenake naubhavoMkI kathA hI isa kRtike nau adhyAya haiN| pratyeka bhavakI kathA kisI vizeSasthAna kAla aura kriyAkI bhUmikAmeM apanA paTa parivartana karatI hai| jisa prakAra nATakameM pardA girakara yA uThakara sampUrNa vAtAvaraNako badala detA hai, usI prakAra isa kathAkRtimeM eka janmakI kathA agale janmakI kayAke Ane para apanA vAtAvaraNa kAla aura sthAnako parivartita kara detI hai| sAmAnyataH pratyeka bhavakI kathA svataMtra hai| apane meM usakI prabhAvAnviti nukIlI hai| kathAko prakAzamAna cinagAriyA~ apane bhavameM jvalana kArya karatI huI, agale bhavako Alokita karatI hai| pratyeka bhavakI kathAmeM svataMtra rUpase eka prakArakI navInatA aura sphUrtikA anubhava hotA hai| kathAkI Adyanta gatizIla snigdhatA aura utkarSa apane meM svataMtra hai| sthUla jAti aura dhArmika sAdhanAkI jIvana prakriyAko kalAke AvaraNa meM rakha jIvanake bAharI aura bhItarI satyoMkI avatAraNAkA prayAsa prathama bhavakI kathAkA pradhAna svara hai| sahanazIlatA aura sadbhAvanAke balase hI vyakti ke vyaktitvakA vikAsa hotA hai| dhArmika parivezake mahatvapUrNa dAyitva ke prati isa kathAkA rUpa vinyAsa do tatvoMse saMghaTita hai| karma-janmAntarake saMskAra aura hInatvako bhAvanAke kAraNa itihAsa aura purAtattva : 173
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________________ apane vikAroMko itara vyaktiyoMpara AkSipta krnaa| agnizarmA apane bacapanake saMskAra aura usa samaya meM utpanna huI hInatvakI bhAvanAke kAraNa guNasena dvArA pAraNAke bhUla jAnese kruddha ho nidAna bAMdhatA hai| guNasenakA vyaktitva guNAtmaka guNavRddhike rUpameM aura agnizarmAkA vyaktitva bhAgAtmaka bhAgavRddhi ke rUpameM gatimAna aura saMgharSazIla hai / ina donoM vyaktitvoMne kathAnakakI rUpa racanAmeM aisI aneka mor3eM utpanna kI haiM, jinase kArya vyApArakI ekatA, paripUrNatA evaM prArambha, madhya aura antakI kathA yojanAko aneka rUpa aura saMtulana milate gaye haiN| yaha kathA kisI vyakti vizeSakA itivRtta mAtra hI nahIM, kintu jIvanta caritroMkI sRSTiko mAnavatAkI ora le jAne vAlI hai| dhArmika kathAnakake caukhaTemeM sajIva caritroMko phiTakara kathAko prANavanta banAyA gayA hai / deza-kAlake anurUpa pAtroMke dhArmika aura sAmAjika saMskAra ghaTanAko pradhAna nahIM hote dete - pradhAnatA prApta hotI hai, unakI caritra niSThAko / ghaTanApradhAna kathAoM meM jo sahaja Akasmika aura kAryako anizcita gatimattA A jAtI hai, usase nizcita hI yaha kathA saMkramita nahIM hai| sabhI ghaTanAe~ kathya haiM aura jIvanakI eka nizcita zailI meM ve vyaktike bhItara aura bAhara ghaTita hotI hai / ghaTanAoMke dvArA mAnava prakRtikA vizleSaNa aura usake dvArA tatkAlIna sAmanta vargIya janasamAja evaM usakI ruci tathA pravRttiyoMkA prakaTIkaraNa ina kathAko deza-kAlakI cetanAse abhibhUta karatA hai / isake atirikta guNasenakI samasta bhAvanAoMmeM usakA mAnasa citrita huA hai| krodha, ghRNA Adi maulika AdhArabhUta vRttiyoMko unakI rUpa vyApti aura saMsthitimeM rakhanA haribhadrakI sUkSma saMvedanAtmaka pakar3akA paricAyaka hai| dhArmika jIvana meM bhAgIdAra bananekI cetanA guNasenakI vaiyaktika nahIM sArvajanIna hai| haribhadane caritrasRSTi, ghaTanAkrama aura uddezya ina tInoMkA eka sAtha nirvAha kiyA hai| agnizarmAkA hInatva bhAvakI anubhUtike kAraNa virakta ho jAnA aura vasaMta purake udyAna meM tapasviyoMke bIca tApasovRtti dhAraNa kara ugra tapazcaraNa karanA tathA guNasenakA rAjA ho jAne ke pazcAt Ananda vihAra ke lie vasaMtapUrameM nirmita vimAnachandaka rAjaprAsAdameM jAnA aura yahA~ agnizarmAko bhojanake lie nimaMtrita karanA tathA bhojana sampAdanameM Akasmika antarAya A jAnA; Adi kathAsUtra ukta tInoMko samAnarUpase gatizIla banAte haiM / isa kathAmeM do pratirodhI caritroMkA avAstavika virodhamUlaka adhyayana bar3I sundaratAse huA hai| guNasena cir3hAnese agnizarmA tapasvI banatA hai, punaH guNasena ghaTanA kramase agnizarmAke samparka meM AtA hai / aneka bAra AhArakA nimaMtraNa detA hai| paristhitiyoMse bAdhya hokara apane saMkalpameM guNasena asaphala ho jAtA hai| usake manameM aneka prakArakA pazcAttApa hotA hai| vaha apane pramAdako dhikkAratA hai| AtmaglAni usake manameM utpanna hotI hai, kulapatise jAkara kSamA-yAcanA karatA hai / para antataH agnizarmA use apane pUrva apamAnake kramakI kar3I hI mAnatA hai| IrSyA vidveSa aura pratizodhase tApasI jIvanako kaluSita kara guNasena se badalA lene kA saMkalpa karatA hai / yahA~se guNasenake caritrameM ArohaNa aura agnizarmA ke caritra meM avarohaNakI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai / caritroMke birodhamUlaka tulanAtmaka vikAsakA yaha krama kathAmeM atyanta manovaijJAnika DhaMga se niyojita huA hai| , caritra sthApatyakA ujjvala nidarzana agnizarmAkA caritra hai| ataH agnizarmAkA tIna bAra bhojanake AmantraNa meM bhojana na milanepara zAnta raha jAnA, use sAdhu avazya bnaataa| vaha paralokakA zreSTha adhikArI hotA, para use uttejita dikhalAye binA kathAmeM upacAra vakratA nahIM A sakatI thii| kathA meM kAvyatvakA saMyojana karane ke lie usameM pratizodhakI bhAvanAkA utpanna karanA nitAnta Avazyaka thA / sAdhAraNa svarakA mAnava jo mAtra sammAnakI AkAMkSAse tapasvI banatA hai, tapasvI honepara bhI pUrva virodhiyoMke pratizodhakoM 174 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ bhAvanA nihita rahatI hai| usakA uttejita honA aura pratizodhake lie saMkalpa kara lenA usake cAritragata guNa hI mAne jaaeNge| dvitIyAdi sabhI bhavoMmeM kathAnaka aura usakA vinyAsa RjurUpa meM huA hai| kathAkA kArya eka vizeSa prakArakA rasabodha karAnA mAnA jAya, to yaha kathA jIvanake yathArtha svAbhAvika pahaluoMke citraNa dvArA hameM vizvAsayukta rasagrahaNakI sAmagrI denI hai| dvitIya bhavakI kathAkA prArambha prema prasaMgakI gopanIya mudrAse hotA hai / isa sampUrNa kathA bhAgameM 'ahaM' bhAvakA samyak citraNa kiyA gayA hai| antarkathAke rUpameM amaragupta AdikI kathAeM bhI AI hai| tRtIya bhavameM jvAlinI aura zikhIko kathAke preraNA aura piNDa bhAva mUlataH jIvake usI dhAtu viparyaya aura nidAnake calate haiM, jo ina dhArmika kathAoMmeM sarvatra anusyUta hai / madhyako kathA ajitakI hai jo isI marmakI ghaTanAoMkI paripATIke dvArA uddhArita karatI hai| kathA isa marmase prakAzita hokara punaH vApasa lauTa AtI hai aura Age bar3hatI hai / Age bar3hanepara virodhake tattva Ate haiM / aura isa taraha galpa-vRkSake mUlase lekara skandha aura zAkhAoM takake antardvandvakA phira zamana hotA hai| caturtha bhavameM dhana aura dhanazrIkI kathA hai| isakA Arambha gAhasthika jIvanake ramya-dRzyase hotA hai / kathA-nAyaka dhanakA janma hotA hai aura vayaska hone para apane pUrva bhavake saMskAroMse Abaddha dhanazrIko dekhate hI vaha use apanA praNaya arpita kara detA hai| dhanazrI nidAna kAluSyake kAraNa akAraNa hI usase dveSa karane lagatI hai / kathAkArane isa prakAra eka ora vizuddha AkarSaNa aura dUsarI ora vizuddha vikarSaNakA dvandva dikhalAkara kathAkA vikAsa dvandvAtmaka gatise dikhalAyA hai| paJcama bhavameM jaya aura vijayakI kathA aMkita hai| isa bhavakI kathAmeM mUla kathAkI apekSA avAntara kathA adhika vistRta hai| sanatakumArakI avAntara kathAne hI mUla kathAkA sthAna le liyA hai / vRNA, dveSa AdikI abhivyaJjanA atyanta saphala hai| kAvyakI dRSTi se isa bhavakI kathAvastumeM zRMgAra aura karuNa rasakA samAveza bahuta hI sundara rUpameM huA hai / SaSTha bhavameM dharaNa aura lakSmIkI kathA varNita hai / gaNasenakI AtmA dharaNake rUpa meM aura agnizarmAkI lakSmIke rUpa meM janma grahaNa karatI hai| ghaTanA bahulatA, kutUhala aura nATakIya krama-vikAsakI dRSTise yaha kathA bar3I rocaka aura AlAdajanaka hai| kathAkI vAstavika raJjana kSamatA usake kathAnaka guphanameM hai| svAbhAvikatA aura prabhAvAnviti isa kathAke vizeSa guNa haiN| pAtroMmeM gati aura cAritrika cetanAkA sahaja samanvaya isakI joradAra kathA-vidyAko pramANita karatA hai| ghaTanAoMkI sambaddha zRGkhalA aura svAbhAvika kramase unakA ThIka-ThIka nirvAha ghaTanAoM ke mAdhnamase nAnA bhAvoMkA rasAtmaka anubhava karAne vAle prasaMgoMkA samAveza isa kathAko ghaTanA, caritra, bhAva aura uddezyakI ekatA pradAna karatA hai / saptama bhavameM sena aura viSNukumArakI kathA nibaddha hai| utthAnikAke pazcAt kathAkA prArambha eka Azcarya aura kautUhalajanaka ghaTanAse hotA hai| citrakhacita mayUrakA apane raMga-biraMge pA~va phailAkara nRtya karane laganA aura mUlyavAna hArakA ugalanA, atyanta Azcaryacakita karanevAlI ghaTanA hai| haribhadrane prabandhavakratAkA samAveza isa bhavakI kathAmeM kiyA hai| guNasenakA jIvasenakumAra, uttarottara pUtAtmA hotA jAtA hai| aura agnizarmAkA jIva viSeNakumAra uttarottara kaluSita karma karaneke kAraNa durgatikA pAtra banatA jAtA hai| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 175
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________________ isa prakAra guNasenakI AtmAkA paryApta zuddhIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| pratidvandvI agnizarmA vAnamantara nAmakA vidyAdhara hotA hai| aura guNasena guNacandra nAmakA rAjaputra / prathama bhavakI kathAmeM jina pravRttiyoMkA vikAsa prArambha huA thA ve pravRttiyA~ i huA thA ve pravRttiyA~ isa aSTama bhavakI kathAmeM kramazaH pUrNatAkI ora bar3hatI haiN| navama bhavakI kathA pravRtti aura nivRttike dvandvako kathA hai| samarAdityakA jahA~ taka caritra hai, vahA~ taka saMsAra nivatti hai| aura giriSeNakA jahA~ taka caritra hai, saMsArako pravRtti hai| samarAdityakA caritra vaha sarala rekhA hai, jisapara samAdhi, dhyAna aura bhAvanAkA tribhuja nirmita kiyA jAtA hai| giriSaNakA caritra vaha pASANa sthala hai, jisapara zatrutA, akAraNa IrSyA, hiMsA, pratizodha, aura nidAnakI zilAe~ khacita hokara parvatakA gurutara rUpa pradAna karatI haiN| isa prakAra haribhadrane kathA, upakathA aura avAntara kathAke saMghaTana dvArA apane kathAtantrako sazakta banAyA hai| caritra, kAvya-rasa aura kathA-tattvakA apUrva saMyojana huA hai| __ bhAratIya vyaMgya kAvyakA anupama ratna dhUkhyiAna hai| mAnava meM jo bimba yA pratimAe~ sannihita rahatI hai, unhIMke AdhArapara vaha apane ArAdhya yA upAsya, devI devatAoMke svarUpa gar3hatA hai| ina nirdhArita svarUpoMko abhivyaJjanA dene ke lie purANa evaM nijandharI kathAoMkA sRjana hotA hai / haribhadrane apane isa kathA kAvyameM purANoM aura rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, jaise mahAkAvyoMmeM pAyI jAne vAlI asaMkhya kathAoM aura dantakathAoMkI aprAkRtika, avaijJAnika aura abauddhika mAnyatAoM tathA pravRttiyoMkA kathAke mAdhyama se nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki asambhava aura durghaTa bAtoMkI kalpanAe~ jIvanakI bhUkha nahIM miTA sakatI haiN| sAMskRtika kSudhAkI zAntike lie sambhava aura tarkapUrNa vicAra hI upayogI hote haiM / ataeva haribhadrane vyaMgya aura sujhAvoMke mAdhyamase asaMbhava aura managaDhanta bAtoMko tyAga karanekA saMketa diyA hai / kRtikA kathAnaka sarala hai / pA~ca dhUtoMkI kathA gumphita hai| pratyeka dhUrta, asaMbhava abauddhika aura kAlpanika kathA kahatA hai, jisakA samarthana dUsarA dhUrta sAthI paurANika udAharaNoM dvArA karatA hai| kathAoMmeM Adise anta taka kutUhala aura vyaMga vyApta hai / haribhadra laghukathAkAra bhI haiN| vyaktike mAnasameM nAnA prakArake bimba-imeja rahate hai| inameM kucha vyaMgyoM ke Atmagata bimba bhI hote haiM jo ghaTanAoM dvArA bAhara vyakta hote haiN| prema, krodha, ghRNA, Adike nizcita bimba hamAre mAnasameM vidyamAna haiN| hama inheM bhASAke rUpameM jaba bAhara prakaTa karate haiM to ye bimba laghukathA banakara prakaTa hote haiM / kalAkAra ukta prakriyA dvArA hI laghukathAoMkA nirmANa karatA hai| isake liye use kalpanA, satarkatA, vAstavika nirIkSaNa, abhiprAya grahaNa, evaM maulika sRjanAtmaka zaktikI AvazyakatA hotI hai / vastutaH haribhadra aise kathAkAra hai jinhoMne bRhat kathA-kAvyoMke sAtha-sAtha laghu-kathAoMkA bhI nirmANa kiyA hai| jIvana aura jagatse ghaTanAe~ evaM paristhitiyA~ cunakara adbhuta zilpakA pradarzana kiyA hai / haribhadrakI zatAdhika laghu-kathAoMko mAnava pravRttiyoMke AdhArapara nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye kathAe~ 'dazavakAlika vRtti' aura 'upadeza pada meM pAyI jAtI haiM... 1. kArya aura ghaTanA pradhAna, 2. caritra pradhAna, 3. bhAvanA aura vRtti pradhAna, 4. vyaMgya-pradhAna, 5. buddhi-camatkAra pradhAna, 6. pratIkAtmaka, 7. manoraMjanAtmaka, 8. nIti yA upadezAtmaka, 9. saundarya bodhaka, 10. prema-mUlaka, isa prakAra haribhadra rAjasthAnake aise kathA-kAvyanirmAtA hai, jinase kathA-kAvyake naye yugakA Arambha hotA hai| isa yugako hama saMghAta yuga kaha sakate haiM / haribhadrane kathAoMke saMbhAra aura saMgaThanameM eka nayI dizA 176 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ upasthita kI hai / zilpa aura kathya donoM hI dRSTiyoMse ve mahanIya haiN| unake pada-cihnoMkA anusaraNa kuvalayamAlA, surasundarI cariyaM, nirvANalIlAvatI AdimeM pAyA jAtA hai| ataeva hama haribhadrako yuga-saMsthApaka yugapravartaka kathA-kAvyanirmAtA mAna sakate haiN| vastutaH ve bahumukhI pratibhAvAn kathArasa aura kAvya rasakI saMgama pradhAna racanAoMke lekhaka hai| ise hama rAjasthAnakA saubhAgya hI mAneMge ki usane bANabhaTTakI samakakSatA karane vAlA adbhuta kathA-kAvya nirmAtA utpanna kiyaa| maiM haribhadrake caraNa-cihnoMse pavitra huI mahArANA pratApakI vIra bhUmi rAjasthAnako zata-zata praNAma karatA huuN| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 177