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________________ pramANamImAMsA : eka adhyayana eka vivecana AtmA kA svarUpa guNa caitanya hai| AtmA se bhinna jar3a padArthoM meM yaha lakSaNa prApta nahIM hotA hai| ataH yaha caitanya guNa jar3a padArthoM se AtmA ko bhinna karane vAlA hotA hai| jJAna aura darzana kI pravRtti ko upayoga kahate haiN|' caitanyalakSaNa upayoga rUpa hotA hai / AtmA ke ananta guNoM meM yaha caitanyAtmaka upayoga hI aisA asAdhAraNa guNa hai jisase AtmA lakSita hotA hai / " vastu meM do prakAra ke guNa hote haiM- sAmAnya guNa aura vizeSa guNa / ' sAmAnya guNa kA grAhI darzana aura vizeSa guNa kA grAhI jJAna hai | darzana ko nirAkAropayoga tathA jJAna ko sAkAropayoga bhI kahA jAtA hai| darzana kA kAla viSaya aura viSayI ke sannipAta ke pahale hai * jisameM jJeya kA pratibhAsa nahIM hotA hai / dArzanika graMthoM meM darzana kA kAla viSaya aura viSayI ke sannipAta ke anantara hai / isa kAraNa se hI padArtha ke sAmAnyAvalokana ke rUpa se darzana kI prasiddhi huii| bauddhoM ke dvArA mAnita nirvikalpa jJAna aura naiyAyikAdi sammata nirvikalpa pratyakSa nahIM hai / pramANa kA lakSaNa jJAna ke dvArA vastu kI vizeSa avasthAoM kA jJAna hotA hai / jisa jJAna kA pratibhAsita padArtha ThIka usI rUpa meM mila jAya jisa rUpa meM ki usakA bodha huA hai, vaha jJAna pramANa kahalAtA hai / " jJAna kI taraha darzana vastusparzI na hone ke kAraNa pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jAtA hai / vaha sAmAnya aMza kA bhI mAtra Alokana hI karatA hai, nizcaya nhiiN| jisa jJAna kA pratibhAsita padArtha jaisA kA taisA mila jAtA hai, vaha avisaMvAdI jJAna satya hai aura pramANa hai / 6 yadyapi Agamika kSetra meM jo jJAna mithyAdarzana kA sahacArI hai vaha mithyA hai aura jo jJAna samyagdarzana kA sahabhAvI hai vaha samyak 20 kahalAtA hai, parantu dArzanika paramparA sAhitya ke anusAra pratibhAsita viSaya kA avyabhicArI honA hI pramANatA kI kuMjI hai / " pramIyate yena tatpramANam arthAt jisake dvArA padArthoM kA jJAna ho, use pramANa kahate haiM / aisA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai jo pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa ho, vaha pramANa hai| jAnanA yA pramArUpa kriyA cetana hai, ataH usameM sAdhakatama usI kA guNa jJAna hI ho sakatA hai / indriyasannikarSAdi svayaM acetana haiM, ataeva ajJAna rUpa hone ke kAraNa pramiti meM sAkSAt karaNa nahIM ho sakate / " aMdhakAra kI nivRtti meM dIpaka kI 1. 'upayogalakSaNo jIva:', jaMnasiddhAMtadIpikA, pra0 2 2. 'uddiSTayAsAdhAraNadharmavacanam - lakSaNam pramANamImAMsA, 1/1 3. pramANamImAMsA, 1/1 4. viSayaviSavisampAtAt pUrvAvasthA ityarthaH, dhavalA TI0, 146 5. bRhadravyasaM0 TIkA, gA0 43 6. viSayaviSayisannipAte sati darzanaM bhavati, sarvArthasiddhi, 1/35 7. 'viSayAkAra evAsya pramANaM tena mIyate' pramANasamuccaya, pR0 24 8. prameyaratnamAlA, 6/1 9. 'yatrAvisaMvAdastathA tava pramANatA', siddhivi0, 1/20 10. naMdIsUtra 11. prakarSeNa saMzayAdivyavacchedena mIyate paricchidyate vastutattvaM yena tatpramANaM pramAyAM sAdhakatamam pramANamImAMsA, 1/1 12. 'sannikarSAderajJAnasya prAmANyamanupapannamarthAntaravat', laghI0 svavRtti, 1/3 jaina darzana mImAMsA zrI zrIcanda corar3iyA , 105
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________________ taraha ajJAnanivRtti meM pramANa hI sAdhakatama hotA hai / jAnAti kriyA jAnane rUpa kriyA jJAna guNa kI paryAya hai, ata: usameM avyavahita kAraNa jJAna hI ho sakatA hai| hitaprApti aura ahitaparihAra karane meM samartha pramANa hI ho sakatA hai| svarUpa kI dRSTi se pratyeka jJAna avisaMvAdI hotA hai, cAhe saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya rUpa meM kyoM na ho| yaha niyama nahIM hai ki jJAna ghaTapaTAdi padArthoM kI taraha ajJAta rUpa meM utpanna ho jAya aura pIche mana Adi ke dvArA usakA grahaNa ho| yadi jJAna apane svarUpa ko na jAne to usake dvArA padArtha kA bodha bhI nahIM ho sktaa| ataH saMzayAdi jJAnoM meM bhI jJAnAMza kA anubhava apane Apa usI jJAna ke dvArA hotA hai| jo jJAna svarUpa kA hI pratibhAsa karane meM asamartha hai, vaha para kA avabodhaka kaise ho sakatA hai|' svarUpa kI dRSTi se sabhI jJAna pramANa haiM / pramANatA aura apramANatA kA vibhAga bAhya artha kI prApti aura aprApti se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| svarUpa kI dRSTi se na koI jJAna pramANa hai aura na pramANAbhAsa / ' AcAryoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa meM svaparAvabhAsaka viSaya diyA hai| usa tatvajJAna ko bhI pramANa kahA hai jo eka sAtha sabakA avabhAsaka hotA hai| jJAna cAhe apUrva padArtha ko jAne yA gRhIta artha ko, vaha svArthavyavasAyAtmaka hone se pramANa hI hai| katipaya AcAryoM ne avisaMvAda ko pramANatA kA AdhAra mAnA hai| uttarakAlIna jaina AcAryoM ne pramANa kA lakSaNa-samyagjJAna aura samyagarthanirNaya kiyA hai arthAt jisake dvArA padArtha kA yathArtha rUpa se nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai, use pramANa kahate haiN| yathArtha jJAna pramANa hai / jJAna aura pramANa kA vyApya-vyApaka saMbaMdha hai| jJAna vyApaka hai aura pramANa vyApya hai| jJAna yathArtha aura ayathArtha donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| samyak nirNAyaka jJAna yathArtha hotA hai aura saMzaya, viparyaya Adi jJAna ayathArtha / pramANa kevala yathArtha-jJAna hotA hai / vastu kA saMzayAdi se rahita jo nizcita jJAna hotA hai, vaha pramANa hai| pramANa sAmAnya lakSaNa kI tArkika paramparA ke upalabdha itihAsa meM kaNAda kA sthAna prathama hai| unhoMne aduSTamavidhA kahakara pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa kAraNa-zuddhi-mUlaka sUcita kiyA hai| AcArya vAtsyAyana ne upalabdhihetutva ko pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa kahA hai| saMbhavataH unhoMne upalabdhi rUpa phala kI ora dRSTi na rakhakara aisA kahA ho / vAcaspati mizra ne artha pada kA saMbaMdha jor3akara pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa sUcita kiyaa| pramANa sAmAnya kA yaha lakSaNa bAda ke sabhI nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM mAnya hai| uparyukta pramANa-sAmAnya kI paribhASA meM svaparaprakAzatva kI carcA kA vivecana nahIM milatA, na samyaka rUpa se jAnane kI kriyA kA ullekha hai| ata: pramANa-sAmAnya lakSaNa samyak prakAra se ghaTita nahIM hotA hai| ___ yadyapi prabhAkara (mImAMsaka) ne anubhUti mAtra ko hI pramANa mAnA hai tathA kumArila bhaTTa ne anadhigatArthagantu ko pramANa mAnA hai|" parantu isa lakSaNa se bhI svaparaprakAzatva kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| 1. 'hitAhitaprAptiparihArasamartha hi pramANaM tato jJAnameva tat', parIkSAmukha, 1/2 2. "bhAvaprameyApekSAyAM prmaannaabhaasnilvaa| bahiprameyApekSAyAM pramANaM tannibhaM ca te // ', AptamImAMsA, 73 3. "prameyaM nAnyathA gRha NAtIti yathArthatvamasya', bhikSunyAya0, 1/11 4. 'sarva jAnaM svApekSayA pramANameva, na pramANAbhAsam / bahirapikSayA tu kiMcit pramANa, kiMcit pramANAbhAsam // ', pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra, 1/16 5. 'pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAvijitam', nyAyAvatA0, zlo01 _ 'svaparAvabhAsakaM yathA pramANaM bhuvi buddhilakSaNam', bR0 svayaM0, 63 6. 'pramANAvisaMvAdijJAnaM anadhigatArthAdhigamalakSaNam', aSTasahastrI, pR0 17 7. 'samyagjJAnaM pramANa', nyAya dIpikA ___ 'samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam', pramANamImAMsA, 1/2 8. nyAyabhASya, 1/1/3 6. tAtparya0, pR021 10. nyAyaku0,4/1/15 11. 'svArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam', tattvArthazloka0, 1/10/77 12. 'anubhUtizca pramANam', bRhatI, 1/1/5 . 13. 'anadhigatArthastu pramANam iti bhaTTamImAMsakA AhuH', si0 caMdro0, 20 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ bauddha dazana meM pramANa sAmAnya ke lakSaNa svasaMvitti, pravRttisAmarthya, avisaMvAditva Adi upalabdha hote haiM, parantu pramANa ke isa lakSaNa se samyak rUpa se nirNaya nahIM hotA hai arthAt svaparaprakAzatva nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi bauddhoM dvArA mAnita jo pramANa kA lakSaNa svasaMvitti kiyA gayA hai, usakA eka yA dUsare rUpa meM anya dArzanikoM para prabhAva avazya pdd'aa| jainetara darzanoM meM sirpha bauddhadarzana meM hI svasaMvedana vicAra kA praveza huaa| vastuta: bauddha darzana kI isa paribhASA se jJAnasAmAnya meM svaparaprakAzatva kA saMketa avazya upalabdha huaa| bauddha darzana meM pramA ke karaNa ke rUpa meM sArUpya, tadAkAratA ko svIkRta kiyA hai| parantu arthAkAritA jJAna ke sAtha anvaya aura vyatireka na hone se pramA ke karaNa ke rUpa meM prayojaka nahIM ho sktii| arthAbhAva meM bhI usa vastu kA jJAna huA dekhA jAtA hai| sIpa meM cAMdI kA pratibhAsa karane vAlA jJAna pratibhAsa ke anusAra bAhyArtha kI prApti na hone ke kAraNa pramANa koTi meM nahIM DAlA jA sktaa| saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya-ye jJAna bhI to aMtatogatvA padArthAkAra hI hote haiN| saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya-inake dvArA vastu kA yathArtha rUpa se nirNaya nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, ata: AcAryoM ne inheM pramANa se bahiSkRta kiyA hai| pramANa ke anya lakSaNoM meM pAye jAne vAle nizcita, bAdhavajita, aduSTakAraNajanyatva, lokasammatatva, avyabhicArI aura vyavasAyAtmaka vizeSaNa samyagjJAnaM pramANaM-isa eka hI vizeSa pada se gRhIta ho jAte haiN| jainendra vyAkaraNa meM kahA hai- sAdhakatamaM karaNaM, isa paribhASA ke anusAra pramANa zabda karaNa sAdhana hai, ataH kartA-pramAtA, karmaprameya aura kriyA-pramiti pramANa nahIM hote| yadyapi vahI AtmA pramitikriyA meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa pramAtA kahalAtA hai aura vaha phira bhI paryAya kI dRSTi se yadi pramiti kriyA meM sAdhakatama ho to pramANa kahalAtA hai| AcAryoM ne pramiti, pramANa aura pramAtA ko dravyadRSTi se abhinna mAnA hai| pramANa zabda kA karaNArthaka jJAna pada zabda ke sAtha sAmAnAdhikaraNya bhI siddha ho jAtA hai|" indriyAdi sAmagrI jJAna kI utpatti meM to sAkSAt kAraNa hotI hai parantu arthopalabdhi (pramA) meM sAdhakatama karaNajJAna hI hotA hai| jJAna ko utpanna kiye binA vaha sIdhe arthopalabdhi nahIM karA sktii| pramA bhAbasAdhana hai aura vaha pramANa kA phala hai jabaki jJAna karaNa sAdhana aura svayaM karaNabhUta pramANa hai| yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI ne jainasiddhAMtadIpikA meM kahA hai-yathArthanirNAyijJAnaM pramANam arthAt jisake dvArA padArtha kA samyak rUpa se nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai use pramANa kahate haiM / ataH samyagjJAna hI ekAMta rUpa se pramANa ho sakatA hai| yadyapi digambara sampradAya ke katipaya AcAryoM ne dhArAvAhika aura gRhItagrAhI jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnA hai parantu zvetAmbara sampradAya kA kahanA hai ki jJAna kI pramANatA kA AdhAra avisaMvAda yA samyagjJAna hai, vaha cAhe gRhItagrAhI ho cAhe agRhiitgraahii| Arthika tAtparya meM matabheda na hone ke kAraNa bhI digambara-zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke pramANa ke lakSaNa meM zAbdika bheda hai| saMbhavataH yaha bheda kisI aMza meM vicAra vikAsa kA sUcaka aura tatkAlIna bhinna sAhitya ke abhyAsa kA pariNAma hai| 1. 'svasaMvittiH phalaM cAva tadrUpAdarthanizcayaH / viSayAkAra evAsya pramANaM tena mIyate / ', pramANasaM0, 1/10 2. 'svaparavyavasAyijJAnaM pramANam', pramANanaya0, 1/2 3. 'pramANa tu sArUpya, yogyatA vA / ', tattvArthazlokavAtika, 13/44 4. 'tadanvayavyatirekAnubhAvAcca, parIkSAmukha, pra01 5. 'anubhayanobhayakoTisparzIpratyayaH saMzaya:', pramANamImAMsA, 1/5 6. aSTasahasrI 7. 'tatra nirNaya: saMzayAunadhyavasAyAvikalpakatvarahitaM jJAnam / tato nirNaya-padenAjJAnarUpasyendriyasannivarSAdaH, jJAnarUpasyApi saMzayAdeH prmaanntvnissedhH|', pramANamImAMsA, 1/2 8. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 6.jainasiddhAMtadIpikA, pra06 10. nyAya dIpikA, pra01 11. vahIM 12. 'tasyAzAnarUpasya prameyArthavat svaparaparicchitto sAdhakatamatvAbhAvata: pramANatvAyogAt tatparicchittau sAdhakatamatvasya ajJAnavirodhinA jJAnena vyAptatvAt', . prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR08 'pramANaM svArthanirNItisvabhAva jJAnam', sanmatiTIkA, pR0 518 13. saMzayAdirAhityeNa yathArthanirNIyate ityevaM zIlaM jJAnaM pramANam', jaina siddhAMtadIpikA, pR06 14. 'gRhItamagRhItaM vA yadi svArtha vyavasyati / tanna loke na zAstreSu vijahAti pramANatAm / ', tattvArthazlo0, 1/10/78 jaina darzana mImAMsA 107
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________________ AcArya hemacaMdra ne purAne AcAryoM dvArA mAnita sva, apUrva, anadhigata Adi sabako na rakhakara samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam kahA hai| AcArya vidyAnaMda ne abhyAsa ke sthAna meM vyavasAya athavA nirNIti pada rakhakara vizeSa artha samAviSTa kiyA hai| yaha samaMtabhadra ke lakSaNa kA zabdAntara mAtra mAlUma hotA hai| eka hI prameya meM aneka pramANoM kI pravRtti ko pramANasaMplava kahate haiM / bauddhoM kA kahanA hai ki jisa vivakSita padArtha se koI eka pratyakSa jJAna utpanna huA hai, vaha padArtha dUsare kSaNa meM niyamataH naSTa ho jAtA hai, ata: kisI bhI artha meM ho, jJAna kI pravRtti kA avasara hI nahIM hai| para unakA yaha kahanA yathocita nahIM hai| padArtha ekAMta rUpa se kSaNika nahIM ho sakatA hai| use kathaMcit nitya aura sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka kahA jAtA hai / yahI pramANa kA viSaya hotA hai / padArtha anaMtadharmAtmaka hotA hai| vastu ke katipaya aMzoM ke nizcita hone para agahIta aMzoM ko jAnane ke lie pramANAMtara ko avakAza hI rahatA hai / ata: anizcita aMza ke nizcaya meM athavA nizcitAMza meM upayoga vizeSa ho jAne para hI pramANasaMplava mAnA jAtA hai| naiyAyika kA kahanA hai ki yadi indriyAdi kAraNa kalApa milate haiM to pramANa kI pravRtti avazya hI hogii| unhoMne pratyeka avasthA meM pramANasaMplava svIkRta kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM avagraha-IhA-avAya-dhAraNA jJAnoM ke dhruva aura adhra va bheda bhI kiye gye| nityAnitya padArtha meM sajAtIya yA vijAtIya pramANoM kI pravRtti aura saMvAda ke AdhAra para unakI pramANatA ko svIkAra karate hI haiN| vizeSa pariccheda ke abhAva meM bhI yadi saMvAda hai to bhI pramANatA avazya hI hogii| yadyapi katipaya sthaloM para gRhItagrAhI jJAna ko pramANAbhAsa meM aMtarbhUta kiyA hai| pramANa ke lakSaNa meM digambara AcAryoM ne apUrvArtha pada yA anadhigata vizeSaNa diyA hai, isa kAraNa ise pramANAbhAsa meM rakhA hai| vAstava meM pramANa kA lakSaNa samyagartha kA nirNaya karanA hai, apUrvArthagrAhitva nhiiN| padArtha ke nityAnitya hone ke kAraNa usameM aneka pramANoM kI pravRtti hone meM kisI bhI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM hotii| pramANa kA prAmANya pramANa satya hotA hai, isameM koI dvaidha nahIM, phira bhI satya kI kasauTI sabakI eka nahIM hai| jJAna kI satyatA yA prAmANya ke niyAmaka tattva bhinna-bhinna mAne jAte haiN| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra baha yAthArthya hai| yAthArthya kA artha hai-jJAna kI tathya ke sAtha sNgti| AcArya vidyAnaMda abAdhita tatva, bAdhaka pramANa ke abhAva yA kathanoM ke pArasparika sAmaJjasya ko prAmANya kA niyAmaka mAnate haiN| jJAna taba taka satya nahIM hotA, jaba taka vaha phaladAyaka pariNAmoM dvArA prAmANika nahIM bana sakatA / yaha bhI sArvadika satya nahIM hai / isake binA bhI tathya ke sAtha jJAna kI saMgati hotI hai| kvacit 'yaha satya kI kasauTI banatA hai' isalie yaha amAnya bhI nahIM hai| prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti parataH hotI hai| jJAnotpAdaka sAmagrI meM milane vAle guNa aura doSa kramazaH prAmANya aura aprAmANya ke nimitta banate haiM / artha kA pariccheda pramANa aura apramANa donoM meM hotA hai / kintu apramANa (saMzaya-viparyaya) meM artha-pariccheda yathArtha nahIM hotA aura pramANa meM vaha yathArtha hotA hai| viSaya kI paricita dazA meM jJAna kI svataH prAmANikatA hotI hai, viSaya kI aparicita dazA meM prAmANya kA nizcaya parataH hotA hai| astu, prAmANya kA nizcaya svataH aura parataH hotA hai, yaha vibhAga viSaya (grAhya vastu) kI apekSA se hai|" jJAna ke svarUpa grahaNa kI apekSA usakA prAmANya nizcaya apane Apa hotA hai| __ astu, pramANa jisa padArtha ko jisa rUpa meM jAnatA hai, usakA usI rUpa meM prApta honA arthAt pratibhAsa viSaya kA avyabhicArI honA 1. 'tasmAdanupacaritavisavAditvaM pramANasya lakSaNamicchatA nirNayaH pramANameSTavya iti / ', pramANamImAMsA, 18 2. 'pramANasya viSayo dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu', pramANamImAMsA, 1/30 3. 'upayogavizeSAbhAve pramANasaMplavasyAnabhyupagamAt / ', aSTasahasrI, pR04 4. 'grahISyamANagrAhiNa iva gRhItagrAhiNo'pi nAprAmANyam / ', pramANamImAMsA, 1/4 5. jainasiddhAMtadIpikA, pR06 6. tattvArthazlokavAtika, pR0 175 7. 'prameyaM nAnyathA gRhNAtIti yathArthatvamasya / ', bhikSunyAyakaNikA, 1/11 8. tattvArthazlokavAtikAlaMkAra, pR0 175 6.pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, 1/20 10. 'ayaJca vibhAga: viSayApekSayA, svarUpe tu sarvatra svata eva prAmANya nizcayaH', jJAnabindu 11. 'tatprAmANyaM svata: paratazca', parIkSAmukha, pra01 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ prAmANya kahalAtA hai| prAmANya ho yA aprAmANya, usakI utpatti para se hotI hai| jJapti kI abhyAsa dazA meM svata: aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parata: hotI hai / jina sthAnoM kA hameM paricaya hai una jalAzayAdi meM hone vAlA jJAna apane Apa apanI pramANatA aura apramANatA ko sUcita karatA hai| isake viparIta aparicita sthAnoM meM hone vAle jalajJAna kI pramANatA kA jJAna 'panahAriyoM kA pAnI bharakara lAnA, meMDhakoM kA zabda karanA athavA kamala kI gaMdha AnA, Adi jala ke avinAbhAvI svataHpramANabhUta jJAnoM se hI hotA hai|' yadyapi mImAMsA darzana kA pramANa kI utpatti ke viSaya meM yaha abhiprAya hai ki jina kAraNoM se jJAna utpanna hotA hai usase atirikta kisI anya kAraNa kI pramANatA kI utpatti meM apekSA nahIM hotii| para unakA yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki koI bhI sAmAnya apane vizeSoM meM hI prApta ho sakatA hai| doSavAn kAraNoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa aprAmANya parata: mAnane kI taraha Apako guNavAn kAraNoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa prAmANya ko bhI parataH mAnanA cAhie / prAmANya ho athavA aprAmANya, unakI utpatti parataH hI hogii| sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai ki sAMkhya prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM ko svataH tathA bauddha aprAmANya ko svataH aura prAmANya ko parataH mAnatA hai / para unake mUla granthoM meM ina pakSoM kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| AcArya zAMtarakSita ne bauddhoM kA pakSa aniyamavAda ke rUpa meM rakhA hai arthAt jo prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM ko avasthA vizeSa meM svataH aura avasthA vizeSa meM parata: mAnane kA hai, sAMkhya darzana meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| naiyAyika donoM ko parataH mAnate haiM / ve kahate haiM ki veda kI pramANatA IzvarakartRka hone se parataH hai, para unakA yaha aikAMtika dRSTikoNa ThIka nahIM hai| pramANatA yA apramANatA sarvaprathama to parata: hI gRhIta hotI hai| guNa aura doSa-donoM hI vastu ke dharma haiN| yadi kAca kAmalAdi doSa haiM to nirmalatA cakSu kA guNa hai / ata: guNa aura doSa rUpa kAraNoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa pramANatA aura apramANatAdonoM hI parataH mAnanI caahie| jJapti ke viSaya meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki ve abhyAsa dazA meM svata: aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parata: hotI hai| yadyapi darzanazAstroM meM prAmANya aura aprAmANya ke svataH-parataH kI carcA bahuta prasiddha hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki isa carcA kA udgama mUla vedoM ko mAnane tathA na mAnane vAloM ke pakSa meM huaa| prArambha meM yaha carcA zabdapramANa taka hI sImita rhii| phira vaha tArkika pradeza meM Ane para vyApaka bana gaI aura sarvajJAna ke viSaya meM prAmANya kiMvA aprAmANya ke svataH-parataH kA vicAra prAraMbha ho gyaa| yadyapi bauddha jJAna kI utpatti meM samanantara Adi cAra pratyaya mAnate haiM / 12 sautrAntika bauddhoM kA yaha siddhAMta hai ki jo jJAna kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, vaha jJAna kA viSaya nahIM ho sktaa| naiyAyika tathA vaizeSika indriya aura padArtha ke sannikarSa se jJAna kI utpatti svIkAra karate haiM / 5 ataH unake mata se bhI sannikarSa ke ghaTaka rUpa meM padArtha jJAna kA kAraNa ho jAtA hai|6 1. nyAyadIpikA 2. 'tadubhayamutpattau parata eva jJaptau tu svata: paratazceti', pramANanaya0, 1/21 3. prameyaratnamAlA, 1/13 4. 'svata: sarvapramANAnAM prAmANyamiti gamyatAm / na hi svato'satI zakti: kartumanyena zakyate // ', zlokavA0, 2/47 5. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pa038 6. 'pramANatvApramANatve svata: sAMkhyAH samAzritAH', sarvada0, pR0 276 7. 'saugatAzcarama svataH', sarvada0, pR0279 8. 'bahi bauddha reSAM caturNAmekatamo'pipakSo'bhISToniyamapakSasyeSTatvAt / tathAhi-ubhayamapyetat kicit svataH kiMcit parata: iti pUrvamupavaNitam / ataeva pakSaca tuSTayopanyAso'syayukta: / paMcamasyA'niyamapakSasya sNcyaat|', tatvasaMgraha pa0, kA0 3123 6. pramAyAH parataMtratvAt, nyAyakusumAMjali, 2/1 10. 'prAmANyanizcayaH svataH parataH vA', pramANamImAMsA, 1/8 tathAhi vijJAnasya tAvatprAmANyaM svato vA nizcIyate parato vA',-tAtparya, 1/1/1 11. 'autpattikastu zabdasyArthe na saMbaMdhastasya jJAnamupadezo'vyati rekAzcArthe'nupalabdhe tatpramANaM bAdarAyaNasyAnapekSatvAta', jaimi0, sUtra 1-1-4 'sarva vijJAnaviSayamidaM tAvatpratIyatAm / pramANatvApramANatve svata: ki parato'thavA', zlokavA0, coda0, zloka 33 12. 'tasmAt tatpramANam anapekSatvAt / na ha yevaM sati pratyayAntaramapekSitavyam puruSAntaraM vApi, svayaM pratyayo hyasau', zAbara bhA0, 1/1/5; bRhatI, 1/1/5 13. 'catvAraH pratyayA hetuzcAlambanamanantaram / tathaivAdhipateyaM ca pratyayo nAsti pNcm|', mAdhyamikakArikA, 1/2 14. 'nAkAraNa viSayaH', bodhicaryA0, pR0398 15. nyAyadIpikA, pR01 16. 'tata: subhASitam-indriyamanasi kAraNaM vijJAnasya artho viSayaH', laghIyastraya sva0, zloka 54 jaina darzana mImAMsA 106
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________________ jaina dArzanika granthoM kA adhyayana karane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki sarvaprathama akalaMkadeva ne ukta vicAroM kI AlocanA karate hue jJAna ke prati mana aura indriya kI kAraNatA kA siddhAMta sthira kiyaa| bAda meM sabhI jaina dArzanika isa mAnyatA ko puSTa karate rahe / ' jJAna artha kA kArya nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki jJAna to mAtra itanA hI jAnatA hai ki yaha amuka artha hai / vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA ki 'maiM isa artha se utpanna huA haiN|' jJAna kA artha ke sAtha anvaya aura vyatireka ghaTita nahIM hotA taba usake sAtha kAryakAraNabhAva sthira nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaba jJAna atIta aura anAgata padArthoM ko, jo ki jJAna-kAla meM avidyamAna haiM, jAnatA hai taba artha kI jJAna ke prati kAraNatA apane Apa nissAra siddha ho jAtI hai / sannikarSa meM praviSTa artha ke sAtha jJAna kA kAryakAraNabhAva taba nizcita ho sakegA jaba sannikarSa, AtmA, mana aura indriya Adi kisI eka jJAna ke viSaya hoN| vastuta: anya kAraNoM se utpanna buddhi ke dvArA sannikarSa kA nizcaya hotA hai / atIndriya jJAna meM tathA cakSurindriya meM sannikarSa kA abhAva hai| isa taraha jaba vaha vidyamAna rahate hue bhI apratyakSa hai taba usakI jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNatA kaise mAnI jAya? dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jJAna amUrta hai, ataH vaha mUrta artha ke pratibimba ko dhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| bauddhoM ke dvArA mAnita tadutpatti, tadAkAratA aura tadadhyavasAya jJAna meM viSaya pratiniyata nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki zukla zaMkha meM hone vAle pItAkAra jJAna se utpanna dvitIya jJAna meM anukala adhyavasAya dekhA jAtA hai para niyAmakatA nhiiN| vastutaH artha meM dIpaka aura ghaTa ke prakAzya-prakAzaka bhAva kI taraha jJa ya-jJApakabhAva mAnanA hI ucita hai| akalaMkadeva ne chedanakriyA ke kartA aura karma kI taraha jJaya aura jJAna meM bhI jJApya-jJApaka bhAva kahA hai| karma yukta malina AtmA kA jJAna apanI vizuddhi ke anusAra taratama rUpa se prakAzamAna hotA hai aura apanI kSayopazamarUpa yogyatA ke anusAra padArthoM ko jAnatA hai / ataH artha ko jJAna meM sAdhakatama kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra Aloka jJAna kA viSaya hai, parantu kAraNa nhiiN| Aloka ke abhAva meM andhakAra jJAna hotA huA dekhA jAtA hai| rAtriJcara ullU Adi ko Aloka ke abhAva meM jJAna hotA hai, sadbhAva meM nahIM / aMdhakAra bhI jJAna kA viSaya hai| sAdhAraNata: yaha niyama hai ki jo jisa jJAna kA viSaya hotA hai, vaha usa jJAna kA kAraNa nahIM hotA-jaise aMdhakAra / " viSaya kI dRSTi se jJAnoM kA vibhAjana aura nAmakaraNa bhI nahIM kiyA jAtA / parantu indriya aura mana rUpa kAraNoM se utpanna hone se jJAna kA vibhAjana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH artha Adi ko kisI bhI dRSTi se jJAna meM kAraNa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai|12 pramANa kA phala dArzanika kSetra meM pramANa ke phala kI carcA bhI eka khAsa sthAna rakhatI hai| vaidika, bauddha, jaina sabhI paraMparAoM meM jJAna kA phala avidyAnAza yA vastu-viSayaka adhigama kahA hai / upaniSadoM, piTakoM, AgamoM meM aneka sthala para jJAna-samyagjJAna ke phala kA kathana hai| jaba tarka kA yuga AyA taba pramANa ke phala kA vicAra sAkSAt dRSTi tathA paraMparA dRSTi se huaa| aba yaha dekhanA hai ki pramANa kA phala aura pramANa kA pArasparika bheda hai yA abheda / bauddha darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki pramANa aura pramANaphala-donoM eka hI haiN| pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa meM pramANa (jJAna) hI phala hai, kyoMki vaha adhigama rUpa hai arthAt jJAnagata viSaya 1. 'tadindriyAtIndriyamanimittam', tattvArthasUtra, 1/14 2. laghI0, zloka 53 3. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR01 4. laghI. sva0, zloka 55; pramANamImAMsA, 1/25 5. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 6. laghI0 sva0, zloka 58 7. bhinnakAla kathaM grAhyamiti ced grAhyatAM biduH / hetutvamevAyuktijJA jJAnAkArArpaNakSamam // ', pramANavA0, 2/247 8. 'natvarthAjanyatve jJAnasya kathaM pratikarmavyavasthA', pramANamImAMsA, 1/25 6. 'svahetujanito'rthaH paricchedya svato yathA / ___ tathA jJAnaM svahetUtthaM paricchedyAtmakaM svataH / ', laghI0 sva0, zloka 46 10. 'tadutpattimantareNANvAvaraNakSayopazamalakSaNayA yogyatayaiva pratiniyatArthaprakAzakatvopapatte: tadutpattAvapica yogyatAvazyAzrayaNIyAH', pramANamImAMsA, 1/25 11. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 12. malayagiri : naMdIsUtra-TIkA 13. 'so'vidyAgranthiviratIha saumya', muNDako0, 2/1/10; sAMkhyakA0, 67-68 __tameta upacati-yadA ca jJAtvA so dhamma saccAni abhisayessati / tadA apijjayasamA upasantau carisyanti', vizuddhi0, pR0544 14. 'ubhayatra tadeva jJAnaM pramANaphalamadhigamarUpatvAt', nyAyapraveza, pR07 110 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana prantha
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________________ sArUpya pramANa hai aura viSayAdhigati phala / ' vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra) bauddhoM kA kahanA hai ki jJAnagata svasaMvedana phala hai aura jJAnagata tathAvidha yogyatA hI pramANa hai|' pramANa aura phala ko jJAnagata dharma mAnA hai aura unameM bheda na mAne jAne ke kAraNa ve abhinna kahe gaye haiM, kyoMki jJAna se bhinna heya aura upAdeya rUpa jJAna kA phala vAstava meM pramAtA kA phala hai, jJAna kA nhiiN| parantu unakA yaha kahanA samyak nahIM hai, kyoMki jo padArtha jisa padArtha se sarvathA abhinna hotA hai, vaha usI padArtha ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai / bauddha loga pramANa aura pramANa ke phala meM kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha mAnakara pramANa ko kAraNa aura pramANa ke phala ko kArya kahate haiN| yaha kArya-kAraNa-bhAva pramANa aura usake phala ko sarvathA abhinna mAnane meM nahIM bntaa| darzanazAstra kA yaha niyama hai ki kAraNa kArya ke pahale, kArya kAraNa ke bAda hotA hai| tattvataH bauddha logoM dvArA mAnita kSaNikavAda meM kArya-kAraNa-bhAva bana hI nahIM sakatA hai| kisI bhI dRSTi se pramANa aura pramANa kA phala sarvathA abhinna nahIM ho sakate / nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka Adi phala ko pramANa se bhinna hI mAnate haiN| phala ke svarUpa se viSaya meM vaizeSika, naiyAyika aura mImAMsaka sabhI kA maMtavya prAyaH eka samAna hai| sarvathA ekAMta bheda kA pakSa bhI ThIka nahIM hai, kyoMki pramANa aura usakA phala alaga-alaga nahIM haiM, kAraNa ki eka hI pramAtA pramANa aura usakA phala rUpa hokara padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| ataH pramANa aura pramANa ke phala se kathaMcit abhinna hai, kyoMki pramANa rUpa pariNata AtmA hI phala rUpa kahI jAtI hai| AtmA ko chor3akara dUsarI jagaha phala kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| yadi pramANa aura usake phala meM kathaMcit abheda na mAnA jAya to eka manuSya ke pramANa kA phala dUsare manuSya ko milanA cAhie aura isa taraha pramANa aura usake phala kI koI bhI vyavasthA nahIM ho sktii| jaina darzana meM cUMki eka hI AtmA pramANa aura phala donoM rUpa se pariNati karatA hai, ataH pramANa aura phala abhinna mAne gaye haiM tathA kArya aura kAraNa rUpa se kSaNa bheda aura paryAya bheda hone ke kAraNa ye bhinna haiN|'' bhedAbhedaviSayaka carcA meM jaina darzana anekAMta dRSTi kA hI upayoga karatA hai| sarvathA abheda meM - unameM eka vyavasthApya, dUsarA vyavasthApaka, eka pramANa aura dUsarA phala---yaha bheda vyavahAra ho nahIM sktaa| jise pramANa utpanna hotA hai, usIkA ajJAna haTatA hai, vahI hita ko chor3atA hai, hita kA upAdAna karatA hai aura upekSA karatA hai| isa taraha eka pramAtA (AtmA) kI dRSTi se pramANa aura phala meM kathaMcit abheda ho sakatA hai| pramA ke sAdhakatama jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiM tathA vyApAra pramiti hai| isa prakAra paryAya kI dRSTi se unameM bheda hai| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pramANa aura phala meM kathaMcit abheda, kathaMcit bheda hai|" naiyAyika, vaizeSika, mImAMsaka, sAMkhya Adi indriyavyApAra ke bAda hone vAle sannikarSa se lekara hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhi taka ke kramika phaloM kI paraMparA ko phala kahate hue bhI usa paraMparA se pUrva-pUrva phala ko uttara-uttara phala kI apekSA se pramANa bhI kahate haiN| indriya ko to ve pramANa hI mAnate haiM, phala nhiiN| jaba pramANa kA kArya ajJAna kI nivRtti karanA hai taba usa kArya ke lie indriya, indriyavyApAra aura sannikarSa, jo ki acetana haiM, kaise upayukta ho sakate haiM / 5 1. 'ubhayaveti pratyakSe'numAnaM ca tadeva jJAnaM pratyakSAnumAnalakSaNaM phalaM kAryam', nyAyapravezavRtti, pR036 2. 'viSayAdhigatazca prmaannphlmissyte| svabitti vA pramANaM tu sArUpyaM yogyatApi vA / / ', tatvasaM0 1344 3. pramANasamuccaya, 1/8; nyAyabidu TIkA, 1/21 4. 'pramANaM kAraNaM phalaM kAryamiti', syAdvAdamaMjarI 5. 'dviSThasaMbaMdhasaMvittikarUpapravedanAt / dvayoH svarUpagrahaNe sati saMbaMdhavedanam // ', syAdavAdamaMjarI 6. zlokavA0, pratyakSa, zlo0 74-75 7. nyAyabhA0, 1/1/3; praza0 kandalI, pR0 168-86 8. aSTasahasrI, pR0 283-84 6. 'phalamarthaprakAzaH', pramANamImAMsA, 1/34 10. 'karmonmukho jJAnavyApAraH phalam / kartR vyApAramullikhana bodhaH pramANam', pramANamImAMsA, 1/35-36 11. jaina siddhAMtadIpikA, pR06 12. 'ekajJAnagatatvena pramANaphalayorabhedo vyavasthApyavyavasthApakabhAbAttu bheda iti bhedAbhedarUpaH syAdvAdamabAdhitamanupatati', pramANamImAMsA, 1/37 13. 'yaH pramimIte sa eva nivRttAjJAno jahAtyAdatta upekSete ceti pratIteH', parIkSAmukha, 5/3 14. 'karaNarUpatvAt kriyArUpatvAcca pramANaphalayorbheda: / abhede pramANaphalabhedavyavahArAnupapatteH pramANameva vA phalameva vA bhavet', pramANamImAMsA, 1/41 15. aSTasahasrI, aSTazatI 'jaina darzana mImAMsA 111
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________________ jaina paraMparA meM sabase pahale tArkika siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra haiM, jinhoMne laukika dRSTi se pramANa ke phala kA vicAra rkhaa|' pramANa kA sAkSAt phala ajJAnanivRtti hI hai, vyavahita arthAt paraMparAphala hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhi hai| AcArya vidyAnaMda ne ajJAnanivRtti aura svaparavyavasiti rUpa pramANa ke phala kI ora saMketa kiyA--jisakA anusaraNa prabhAcaMdrAcArya ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM aura devasUri ne syAdvAdaratnAkara meM kiyaa| yaha smaraNa rahe ki kevalajJAna kA phala kevala upekSA hI hai| kevalajJAnI vItarAgI hai, ataH usameM rAgadveSa-mUlaka heya upAdeya buddhi nahIM ho sktii| matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyavajJAna meM-hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA tInoM buddhiyAM phala rUpa hotI haiN| avagraha, IhA, avAya, dhAraNA aura hAnAdi buddhi---isa dhArA meM avagraha kevala pramANa hI hai aura hAnAdi buddhi kevala phala hI, parantu IhA se dhAraNAparyaMta jJAna pUrva kI apekSA phala hokara bhI apane uttarakArya kI apekSA pramANa bhI ho jAte haiM / eka hI AtmA kA jJAnavyApAra jaba jJeyonmukha hotA hai taba vaha pramANa kahA jAtA hai aura jaba usake dvArA ajJAnanivRtti yA arthaprakAza hotA hai taba vaha phala kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra pramANa kA phala (pramiti) pramANa se kathaMcit bhinna hai, kathaMcit abhinna hai| sAmagrI prAmANyavAda meM kArakasAkalya yA indriyavRtti pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha acetana aura ajJAnarUpa hai| ajJAnarUpa vyApAra pramA meM sAdhakatama na hone ke kAraNa pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| saMsAra parama-duHkha rUpa hai, isameM eka duHkha nahIM sabakucha duHkha hI duHkha hai| prathamataH yaha jIva nigoda meM eka zvAsa meM aThAraha-aThAraha bAra janma letA hai / sAdhAraNa nAmakarma ke udaya se yaha zarIra meM anantakAla ke lie janma letA hai| yaha zarIra anantAnanta jIvoM kA hotA hai, ataH ve anantAnanta jIva eka sAtha janma lete haiM aura eka sAtha hI marate haiM / saMsAra meM jIva kI hitakAraka vastu koI nahIM hai, isIlie isa jagat se udAsIna hokara jo AtmaciMtana meM lage rahate haiM vahI sukhI haiM / jJAna ko Atma-ciMtana meM lagAnA hI zreya hai aura yahI parama niHzreyasa (mokSa) kA sAdhana hai| vastutaH samyagjJAna hI samyakcAritra kI prApti kA sAdhana hai aura svAnubhUtirUpa jJAna hI samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa hai / sArasamuccaya meM kahA bhI gayA hai svahitaM tu bhavejjJAnaM cAritraM barzanaM tthaa| tapaHsaMrakSaNaM caiva sarvavidbhistaducyate // 156 // he Atman ! tumhArA hita samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, sabhyazcAritra va tapaHsaMrakSaNa hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki AtmA kA hita kevala ratnatrayarUpa dharma hI hai / ata: isameM hI ruci rakhanI cAhie, jisase ki jIva mokSa prApta kara ske| (AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja kRta upadezasArasaMgraha, bhAga 3, dillI, vi0 saM0 2013 se uddhRta) 1. AptamImAMsA, kA0 102; nyAyA0, kA028 2. 'abyavahitameva-ajJAnanivRttirvA', pramANamImAMsA, 1/38 3. parIkSAmukha, pra05, sU0 1-2 4. tattvArthazloka0, pR0 168, pramANaparIkSA, pR076 5. 'pramANasya phalaM sAjJAdajJAna vinivartanam / kevalasya sukhopekSe zeSasyAdAnahAnadhI // ', nyAyA0, 28 6. 'avagrahAdInAM vA kramopajanadharmANAM pUrva pUrva pramANamuttaramuttaraM phalam', pramANamImAMsA, 1/36 7. 'siddha yanna parApekSyaM siddhau svprruupyoH| tatpramANa tato nAnyadapi kAlamacetanam / ', siddhivinizcaya 8. 'avyabhicAriNImasaMdigdhAmarthopalabdhiM vidadhatI bodhAbodhasvabhAvA sAmagrI pramANam', nyAyamaM0, pR0 12 6. nyAyavinizcaya TIkA, li0 pR0 30 112 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha .