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________________ * 586 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana prantha : SaSThama khaNDa prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva * DA0 mahAvIrasarana jaina, ema. e., DI. phila., DI. liTa. [snAtakottara hindI evaM bhASA-vijJAna vibhAga, jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya, jabalapura] prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke vividha bhASika rUpoM se hI Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa 10vIM se 12vIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM huaa| yaha bAta alaga hai ki isa vikAsa paramparA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana prastuta karanA eka sImA taka asambhava-sA hai| isa sambandha meM abhI taka jitane kArya sampanna hue haiM unameM adhikAMzataH ajJAta se jJAta kI ora AyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM yaha dhyAna rakhanA jarUrI hai ki jJAta se ajJAta kI ora vaijJAnika DhaMga se unmukha hone para hI ajJAta-anupalabdha rUpoM ko punanirmita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura punarnirmANa ke siddhAntoM para avalambita hokara hI prAkRta se Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM taka kI vikAsa yAtrA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana aMzataH sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja hamAre pAsa prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kI jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai usake AdhAra para Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa kI sArI kar3iyA~ alaga-alaga suspaSTa rUpa se jor3a pAnA duSkara kArya hai / isake nimnalikhita kAraNa haiM (1) hamAre pAsa prAkRtayuga evaM apabhranza yuga ke sAhityika bhASika rUpa hI upalabdha haiM / madhya bhAratIya AryabhASAkAla meM usake sampUrNa kSetra meM vibhinna bhASAoM ke jo vividha kSetrIya evaM vargIya bhASika rUpa bole jAte hoMge, ve upalabdha nahIM haiN| (2) prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke jo sAhityika bhASA rUpa prApta haiM unake kSetrIya prabhedoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| isa sambandha meM vicAraNIya yaha hai ki upalabdha kSetrIya bheda Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM yathA-paMjAbI, hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, baMgalA, asamiyA, ur3iyA Adi kI bhAMti bhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ haiM athavA usa kAla kI kisI eka hI sAhityika prAkRta athavA sAhityika apabhraMza ke vibhinna kSetrIya rUpa haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, prAkRtoM ke upalabdha kSetrIya rUpa bhinna-bhinna bhASAe~ haiM athavA kisI eka hI bhASA ke kSetrIya rUpa haiN| isa dRSTi se jaba hama vividha prAkRta rUpoM para vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki inakA nAmakaraNa vibhinna dUravartI kSetroM ke AdhAra para huA hai tathApi inameM kevala uccAraNa ke dharAtala para thor3e se dhvanyAtmaka antara hI pramukha haiM / mahArASTrI meM svara bAhulyatA hai, dvisvarAntargata vyaMjana kA lopa ho jAtA hai tathA za, Sa, s saMgharSI dhvaniyA~ kAkalya saMgharSI 'ha' meM badala jAtI haiM / zaurasenI meM dvisvarAntargata sthiti meM aghoSa vyaMjanoM kA ghoSIkaraNa ho jAtA hai / mAgadhI prAkRta meM r > la meM tathA mUrdhanya 'e' tathA dantya 's' > tAlavya 'z' meM parivartita ho jAte haiM / ardha-mAgadhI prAkRta meM dantya 's' > mUrdhanya tathA mUrdhanya '' evaM tAlavya 'z'> dantya 's' meM parivartita ho jAte haiM tathA dvisvarAntargata zruti kA Agama ho jAtA hai / pezAcI prAkRta meM saghoSa > aghoSa; ra > la tathA mUrdhanya 'Sa' > z s meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| prAkRtoM ke ye antara athavA inakI viziSTa vizeSatAyeM itanI bhedaka nahIM haiM ki inheM alaga-alaga bhASAoM kA darjA pradAna kiyA jA ske| 00
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________________ prAkRta evaM apabhraza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva 587 . ..mom.00mmmmmmmmmm-o-m ummmmmmm0000000000000001 marAThI, hindI, gujarAtI, baMgalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM kevala thor3e se uccAraNagata bheda hI nahIM haiM apitu inameM bhASAgata bhinnatA bhI hai pArasparika saMracanAtmaka evaM vyavasthAgata antara hai tathA pArasparika avabodhana kA abhAva hai| Aja koI marAThIbhASI marAThI bhASA ke dvArA marAThI se aparicita hindI, baMgalA, gujarAtI Adi kisI Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA ke vyakti ko bhASAtmaka stara para apane vicAroM, saMvedanAoM kA bodha nahIM karA pAtA / bhinna bhASA-bhASI vyakti eka-dUsare ke abhiprAya ko saMketoM, mukhamudrAoM, bhAvabhaMgimAoM ke mAdhyama se bhale hI samajha jAve bhASA ke mAdhyama se nahIM samajha pAte / kintu ardhamAgadhI kA vidvAna mAgadhI athavA zaurasenI athavA mahArASTrI prAkRta ko par3hakara unameM abhivyakta vicAra ko samajha letA hai / isa rUpa meM jo sAhityika prAkRta rUpa upalabdha haiM unakA nAmakaraNa bhale hI sudUravartI kSetroM ke AdhAra para huA ho kintu tattvataH ye usa yuga ke jana-jIvana meM una vividha kSetroM meM bolI jAne vAlI bhinna-bhinna bhASAyeM nahIM haiM aura na hI Aja kI bhAMti ina kSetroM meM likhI jAne vAlI bhinna sAhityika bhASAyeM haiM, pratyuta eka hI mAnava athavA sAhityika prAkRta ke kSetrIya rUpa haiN| aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki dasavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda to bhinna-bhinna bhASAyeM vikasita ho gayI hoM kintu usake pUrva prAkRta yuga meM pUre kSetra meM bhASAtmaka antara na rahe ho / Adhunika yuga meM 'bhAratIya AryabhASA kSetra' meM jitane bhASAtmaka antarAla haiM, usakI apekSA prAkRta yuga meM 'bhAratIya AryabhASA kSetra' meM bhASAtmaka antarAla kama hone kA to prazna hI nahIM uThatA; ye nizcaya hI bahuta adhika rahe hoNge| prAkRta yuga 1 IsvI se 500 IsvI taka hai / Adhunika yuga kI apekSA DeDha-do hajAra sAla pahale to sAmAjika-samparka nizcita hI bahata kama hogA phira bhASAtmaka antarAla ke kama hone kA savAla kahA~ uThatA hai ? sAmAjika samparka jitanA saghana hogA; bhASA vibheda utanA hI kama hogaa| Adhunika yuga meM to vibhinna kAraNoM se sAmAjika sampreSaNIyatA ke sAdhanoM kA prAkRta yuga kI apekSA kaI-kaI gunA adhika vikAsa huA hai| inake atirikta nAgarika jIvana, mahAnagaroM kA sarvabhASAyI svarUpa, yAyAvarI vRtti, zikSA, bhinna-bhASAyI kSetroM meM vaivAhika, vyApArika evaM sAMskRtika sambandha tathA sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM eka kendrIya zAsana Adi vividha tattvoM ke drata vikAsa evaM prasAra ke kAraNa Aja bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke bIca paraspara jitanA AdAna-pradAna ho rahA hai usakI Der3ha do hajAra sAla pahale kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| inake atirikta Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM to arabI, phArasI, aMgrejI Adi videzI bhASAoM kI zabdAvalI, dhvaniyoM evaM vyAkaraNika rUpoM ne sabhI bhASAoM ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| itanA hone para bhI Aja bhI bhinna-bhinna kSetroM kI bhASAoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA nahIM hai| Aja bhAratIya AryabhASA kSetra meM jitanI bhinna bhASAyeM evaM kisI bhASA ke jitane bhinna-bhinna uparUpoM kA prayoga hotA hai| prAkRta yuga meM to usa kSetra meM nizcita rUpa se apekSAkRta adhika saMkhyA meM bhinna bhASAoM tathA unake vibhinna kSetrIya uparUpoM kA prayoga hotA hogA kintu hameM Aja to prAkRta rUpa upalabdha haiM ve eka hI prAkRta ke kSetrIya rUpa hai jinameM bahuta kama antara hai| eka bhASA kI kSetrIya boliyoM meM jitane antara prAyaH hote haiM usase bhI bahuta kama / bhASA kI boliyoM ke antara to sabhI staroM para ho sakate haiM jabaki ina tathAkathita bhinna prAkRtoM meM to kevala uccAraNagata bheda hI upalabdha haiM / vibhinna prAkRtoM ko deza-bhASAoM ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai kintu tAtvika dRSTi se ye deza kI alaga-alaga bhASAyeM na hokara eka hI prAkRta bhASA ke deza-bhASAoM se raMjita rUpa haiN| eka hI mAnaka sAhityika prAkRta ke vividha kSetrIya rUpa haiM jinameM svabhAvataH vividha kSetroM kI uccAraNagata bhinnatAoM kA prabhAva samAhita hai / Adhunika dRSTi se samajhanA cAheM to ye hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI kI bhA~ti bhinna bhASAyeM nahIM hai apitu Adhunika sAhityika hindI bhASA ke ho 'kalakatiyA hindI,' 'bambaiyA hindI,' 'nAgapurI hindI' jaise rUpa haiN| - merI isa pratipattikA kA AdhAra kevala bhASA vaijJAnika nahIM hai| isakI puSTi anya srotoM se bhI sambhava hai| bharata muni ne apane nATyazAstra' meM yaha vidhAna kiyA hai ki nATaka meM cAhe zaurasenI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAve cAhe apanI icchAnusAra kisI bhI dezabhASA kA, kyoMki nATaka meM nAnA dezoM meM utpanna hue kAvya kA prasaMga AtA hai| unhoMne deza-bhASAoM kA varNana karate hue unakI saMkhyA sAta batalAyI hai-(1) mAgadhI, (2) AvaMtI, (3) prAcyA (4) zaurasenI, (5) ardhamAgadhI, (6) bAlhIkA, (7) dAkSiNAtyA / isa vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki bharata muni sAta bhASAoM kI bAteM kara rahe haiM, kintu yadi hama saMdarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vivecanA kareM to pAte haiM ki bharata muni yaha vidhAna kara rahe haiM ki nATakakAra kisI bhI nATaka meM icchAnusAra deza prasaMga ke anurUpa kisI bhI dezabhASA kA prayoga kara sakatA hai| koI bhI nATakakAra apane nATaka meM pAtrAnukUla bhASA nIti kA samarthaka hote hue bhI vividha bhASAoM kA prayoga nahIM karatA, na hI kara
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________________ 588 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : SaSThama khaNDa sakatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki use aisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai jisakA abhinetA ThIka prakAra uccAraNa kara sake aura usa nATaka kA darzaka samAja bhinna-bhinna pAtroM ke bhinna-bhinna samvAdoM ko samajha sake / yadi sampreSaNIyatA hI nahIM hogI to 'rasa' kaise utpanna hogA? yahI kAraNa hai ki samAja ke vividha staroM evaM vibhinna kSetroM ke pAtroM ke svAbhAvika caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga karate samaya eka hI bhASA ke vividha rUpoM tathA usa bhASA ke anya bhASiyoM ke uccAraNa-lahajoM ke dvArA prabhAva utpanna kiyA jAtA hai / koI hindI nATakakAra apane hindI nATaka meM baMgalA bhASI pAtra se baMgalA bhASA meM nahIM bulavAtA apitu usakI hindI ko baMgalA uccAraNa se raMjita kara detA hai| isa dRSTi se sAta dezabhASAyeM alaga-alaga bhASAyeM nahIM haiM, kisI eka hI sAhityika prAkRta ke bhinna dezoM kI bhASAoM se raMjita rUpa haiN| yadi ye dezabhASAyeM alaga-alaga bhASAyeM hI hotI to bharata muni yaha vidhAna na karate ki antaHpuranivAsiyoM ke lie mAgadhI; ceTa rAjaputra evaM seThoM ke lie ardhamAgadhI, vidUSakAdikoM ke liye prAcyA; nAyikA aura sakhiyoM ke lie zaurasenI mizrita AvaMtI; yoddhA, nAgarikoM aura juAriyoM ke lie dAkSiNAtyA aura udIcya, khasoM, zabara, zakoM tathA unhIM ke samAna svabhAva vAloM ke lie unakI dezI bhASA vAlhI kA upayukta hai| jahA~ taka ina tathAkathita bhinna prAkRtoM ke prayoga kA prazna hai zaurasenI prAkRta kA upayoga saMskRta nATakoM meM gadya kI bhASA ke rUpa meM huA hai / mAgadhI prAkRta meM koI svatantra racanA nahIM miltii| saMskRta nATakakAra nimna zreNI ke pAtroM se mAgadhI kA prayoga karAte haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI donoM kI pravRttiyAM paryApta mAtrA meM milatI haiN| mahArASTrI prAkRta ko Adarza prAkRta kahA gayA hai| daNDI ne yadyapi mahArASTrI ko mahArASTra Azrita bhASA kahA hai tathApi satya yaha hai ki yaha kSetra-vizeSa kI prAkRta na hokara zaurasenI prAkRta kA paravartI vikasita rUpa hai| yaha jarUra vivAdAspada hai ki zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kA antara kAlagata hai athavA zailIgata / kAlagata antara mAnanevAloM kA tarka hai ki prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne mahArASTrI kA anuzAsana AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt nibaddha kiyA hai / DA0 manamohana ghoSa ne sthApita kiyA ki prAcIna zaurasenI mahArASTrI kI jananI hai|' DA0 sunItikumAra cATuA ne bhI zaurasenI prAkRta tathA zaurasenI apabhraMza ke bIca kI eka avasthA ko mahArASTrI prAkRta mAnA hai| inakA zailIgata antara mAnane. vAloM meM sTena kono pramukha haiM jinhoMne yaha niyama pratipAdita kiyA ki padya kI mahArASTrI evaM gadya kI zaurasenI hotI hai| zaurasenI meM dvisvarAntargata vyaMjanoM kA ghoSIkaraNa arthAt vyaMjana varga ke prathama vyaMjana ke sthAna para usI varga ke tRtIya vyaMjana kI sthiti pAyI jAtI hai jabaki mahArASTrI meM dvisvarAntargata vyaMjanoM kA lopa hokara svara bAhulya sthiti ho jAtI hai| DA0 manamohana ghoSa ne vikAsa evaM zailI meM tAratamya sthApita kara pratipAdita kiyA ki pahale zaurasenI prAkRta thI jisameM gadya racanA huii| saMskRta ke nATakakAra jaba gadya meM pAtroM se vArtAlApa karAte the to zaurasenI prAkRta kA upayoga karate the kyoMki vaha tatkAlIna janatA ke bhASika rUpoM ke nikaTa thii| bAda meM usakA vikAsa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa meM huaa| jaba kaviyoM ne padyaracanA meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA upayoga kiyA to unhoMne mRdutA ke lie vyaMjanoM kA lopa kara bhASA ko svara bAhalyatA pradAna kara dii| prAkRtoM kI bhAMti hI apabhraMzoM kI bhI sthiti hai apabhraMza zabda ke bhASAgata prayoga kA jo prAcInatama ullekha prApta hai usameM to apabhraza kisI bhASA ke liye prayukta na hokara saMskRta ke vikRta rUpoM ke lie prayukta milatA hai / nATyazAstrakAra ke samaya prAkRtoM ke yuga meM apabhraMza eka bolI thii| kAlAntara meM isa bolI rUpa apabhraza para AdhArita mAnaka apabhraza kA uttarottara vikAsa huA jisakA svarUpa sthira ho gayA / apanI isI sthiti ke kAraNa himAlaya se sindhu taka isakA rUpa ukAra bahulA thaa| prAkRtoM ke sAhityika yuga ke pazcAt ukAra bahulA apabhraMza sAhityika racanA kA mAdhyama banI / AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI taka rAjazekhara ke samaya taka yahI apabhraza samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM paMjAba se gujarAta taka vyavahRta hotI thii| "samasta maru evaM Takka, aura bhAdAnaka meM apabhraMza kA prayoga hotA hai| tathA saurASTra evaM travaNAdi dezoM ke loga saMskRta ko bhI apabhraMza ke mizraNa sahita par3hate haiM jaisI uktiyAM isakI paricAyaka haiN| __ Age calakara isI mAnaka sAhityika apabhraMza rUpa ke vividha kSetroM meM uccAraNa bheda ho gae / nauvIM zatAbdI meM hI rudraTa ne svIkAra kiyA ki apabhraMza ke dezabheda se bahuta se bheda haiN|"
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________________ prAkRta evaM apabhraza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva 586 000-000000000000000000mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.mroman apabhraMza bhASA ke upanAgara, AbhIra evaM grAmya bhedoM ko 'bhUribheda' kahakara arthAt bhUmi kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa eka hI bhASA ke svAbhAvika bheda batalAkara rudraTa ne eka mahatvapUrNa tathya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| IsA kI 12vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza lokabhASA na rahakara sAhitya meM prayukta hone vAlI rur3ha bhASA bana cukI thii| vastutaH 11vIM zatAbdI se to Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke prAcIna bhASArUpoM meM likhita sAhityika grantha milane Arambha ho jAte haiM / isakA yaha artha huA ki bolacAla kI bhASA ke rUpa meM to apabhraMza ke vividha rUpa 600 I0 yA adhika se adhika 1000 I. taka hI vyavahRta hote hoNge| apabhraza ke ina vividha rUpoM kI sAmagrI, jinase vividha Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA, upalabdha nahIM hai| apabhraza ke dezagata bheda usI prakAra athavA usase bhI adhika vidyamAna rahe hoMge jisa prakAra Aja Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke bheda vidyamAna haiN| viSNa dharmottarakAra ke anusAra to sthAna bheda ke AdhAra para apabhraza ke bhedoM kA anta hI nahIM hai|" prAkRta sarvasva se bhI patA calatA hai ki apabhraza ke 27 bheda svIkRta the|2 'prAkRtAnuzAsana' meM bhI nAgara, vAcaDa, upanAgara, paMcAla, vaidarbhI, lATI, aur3I, kaikeyI, gaur3I, Tavaka, barbara, kuntala, pAMDya tathA siMhala Adi apabhrazoM kA ullekha hai| apabhraMza ke vividha rUpa bole jAte the isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai kiMtu ina bhina-bhina rUpoM meM sAhitya upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa inakA paricaya prApta nahIM hai / apabhraza sAhitya kA vikAsa mAlavA, rAjasthAna tathA gujarAta meM hI huaa| inhIM pradezoM kI apabhrazoM ke AdhAra para vikasita sAhityika apabhraza meM sAhityika racanA huii| isI sAhityika apabhraMza kA rUpa Aja surakSita hai jisameM kAlAntara meM pratyeka pradeza ke sAhityakAroM ne sAhitya racanA kii| isa prakAra sAhitya ke rUpa meM jisa mAnaka apabhraMza kA prayoga huA hai usameM prAkRtoM kI bhauti yatkicit sthAnIya medoM kI jhalaka to hai kintu vastutaH ve eka hI sAhityika apabhranza bhASA ke rUpa hai| (3) apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM se niHsata hote samaya Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA jo rUpa bolA jAtA hogA usakI bhI hameM jAnakArI nahIM hai| isa prakAra ke vivaraNa to upalabdha haiM ki kisa apabhraza rUpa se kisa Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kA vikAsa huA hai| isa sambandha meM pAia-sada-mahaNNavo' kA vivaraNa ullekhanIya hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki "mahArASTrI apabhraMza se marAThI aura koMkaNI bhASA; mAgadhI apabhraMza kI pUrvI zAkhA se baMgalA, ur3iyA aura asamiyA bhASA; mAgadhI apabhraMza kI bihArI zAkhA se maithilI, magahI aura bhojapuriyA, addhamAgadhI apabhranza se pUrvIya hindI bhASAyeM arthAt avadhI, baghelI, aura chattIsagar3hI; zaurasenI apabhraMza se bundelI, kannaujI, vrajabhASA, bAMgaru, hindI yA urdU ye pAzcAtya hindI bhASAyeM; nAgara apabhraMza se rAjasthAnI, mAlavI, mevAr3I, jayapurI, mAravAr3I tathA gujarAtI bhASA; pAli se siMhalI aura mAladIvana; TAkko athavA DhAkko se lahaNDI yA pazcimIya paMjAbI; TAkkI apabhraMza (zaurasenI se prabhAvayukta) se pUrvIya paMjAbI; brAcaDa apabhraMza se sindhI bhASA; paizAcI apabhraMza se kAzmIrI bhASA" kA udgama huaa| yadyapi yaha vivaraNa bhI kevala aitihAsika sambandhoM kA dyotana karane ke uddezya se hI prastuta hai phira bhI isa meM yaha dRSTi to milatI hI hai ki apabhraMza meM hI vividha bhASika dhArAyeM thI tathA alaga-alaga dhArA se kisa prakAra Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI kisa pramukha zAkhA-prazAkhoM kA vikAsa huA hai| jisa prakAra hameM apabhraMza kI alaga-alaga bhASAdhArA ke vaiziSTya kI jAnakArI evaM sAmagrI prApta nahIM hai usIprakAra ina dhArAoM se niHsRta hote samaya Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kI kisa zAkhA kA kyA jana pracalita svarUpa thA isakA jJAna nahIM hai| (4) Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM se kucha bhASAoM meM prAcIna sAhitya avazya upalabdha hai / isa sambandha meM bhI do sImAyeM haiM (ka) upalabdha sAhitya saMkrAMtikAla ke prathama caraNa kA na hokara paravartI yuga kA hai / hindI meM gyArahavIM sadI meM rAulavela, ur3iyA meM 1051 I0 meM ananta varmA ke urajama zilAlekha, baMgalA meM 1050 I0 se 1200 I. taka ke cariyAgIti, marAThI evaM gujarAtI meM 12vIM zatAbdI meM kramazaH mukundarAya ke gIta tathA zAlibhadra kRta bharatezvara-bAhubalirAsa milatA hai| paMjAbI meM to 12vIM zatAbdI ke bhI antima caraNa meM bAbA pharIda zakaragaMja kI racanAyeM tathA asamiyA meM 13vIM zatAbdI meM jAkara hema sarasvatI, hari vipra, mAdhava kaMdAle tathA zaMkaradeva kI racanAyeM prApta ho pAtI hai| (kha) isase likhita sAhityika bhASA ke hI svarUpa kA patA cala sakatA hai; janajIvana meM vyavahRta tatkAlIna bhASika rUpoM kA patA nahIM calatA /
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________________ 56. zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : SaSThama khaNDa isa prakAra yaha yadyapi nirvivAda hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa unake prAkRta evaM apabhranza rUpoM se huA kintu upayukta kAraNoM se hama isa vikAsa yotrA kA pUrA lekhA-jokhA prastuta nahIM kara sakate / ataeva prAkRta evaM apabhranza ke sAhityika bhASA rUpoM kI sAmAnya uccAraNagata abhiracanAoM, vyAkaraNika vyavasthAoM evaM saMracanAoM ne Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ko jisa prakAra sAmAnya rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA hai yahA~ kevala usI prabhAva kI carcA prastuta kI jA rahI hai| dhvanyAtmaka (1) prAkRta apabhranza kI dhvanyAtmaka abhiracanA evaM pramukha svara-vyaMjana dhvaniyAM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI kendravartI bhASAoM meM surakSita haiN| isake viparIta sImAvartI AryabhASAoM meM prAkRta apabhraza dhvanyAtmaka abhiracanA se bhinna dhvanyAtmaka vizeSatAoM kA bhI vikAsa huA hai| isa sambandha meM nimnalikhita udAharaNa draSTavya haiM (ka) asamiyA meM dantya evaM mUrdhanya vyaMjanoM kI bhedakatA evaM vaiSamya samApta ho gayA hai / tAlavya vyaMjana dantya saMgharSoM meM tathA dantya saMgharSI 's' kA komala tAlavya saMgharSI ke rUpa meM vikAsa huA hai|| (kha) marAThI meM 'ca' vargIya dhvaniyoM kA vikAsa do rUpoM meM huA hai tathA svaroM kI anunAsikatA kA lopa ho gayA hai| (ga) kendravartI bhASAoM meM pUrva bhAratIya AryabhASA kI paramparAnurUpa mahAprANa dhvaniyoM kA upayoga hotA hai kintu anya bhASAoM meM saghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjanoM evaM hakAra kA bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM uccAraNa hotA hai / isa dRSTi se DA0 sunItikumAra cATuA pUrvI baMgalA meM kaNThanAlIya sparza ke sAtha-sAtha AMzika rUpa meM viziSTa svara vinyAsa kA vyavahAra tathA paMjAbI meM svara vinyAsa parivartana mAnate haiM tathA rAjasthAnI meM ha-kAra kI jagaha kaNThanAlIya sarza dhvani tathA saghoSa mahAprANoM ke Azvasita uccAraNa kI upasthiti se yaha anumAna vyakta karate haiM ki rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI meM isa prakAra kA uccAraNa kama se kama apabhranza kAla kI riktha to avazya hI hai|" (gha) sindhI evaM lahaMdA meM antaHsphoTAtmaka dhvaniyoM kA vikAsa haA hai| (Ga) paMjAbI meM tAna kA vikAsa huA tathA saghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjana tAnayukta alpaprANa vyaMjanoM ke rUpa meM parivartita ho ge| isa sambandha meM DA0 sunItikumAra cATuA ne DA. siddhezvara varmA ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai ki zrati kI dRSTi se paMjAbI meM 'bha, gha, Dha' Adi ke parivartana meM mahAprANatA sunAyI nahIM par3atI; bAda ke svara ke sAtha zvAsa kA kucha parimANa saMlagna rahatA hai, jo usake svara-vinyAsa kI eka viziSTatA mAnA jA sakatA hai| (2) 'kR' kA uccAraNa pAli yuga meM hI samApta ho gayA thA / isakA uccAraNa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM 'ra', 'ri' evaM 'ru' rUpa meM huaa| Aja bhI 'ri' meM 'ra' ke bAda kA 'i' kA uccAraNa agra kI apekSA madhyonmukhI hotA hai| (3) 'Sa' varNa kA mUrdhanya uccAraNa kisI bhI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASA meM nahIM hotaa| (4) apabhranza ke 'e' evaM 'o' ke hrasva uccAraNa Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM surakSita haiN| isI kAraNa 'e' 'ai' 'au' 'auM' kA uccAraNa mUla svaroM ke rUpa meM hone lagA hai| (5) hindI, urdU, sindhI, paMjAbI, ur3iyA, Adi meM mUrdhanya utkSipta 'Da' evaM 'Dha' vikasita ho gayI hai| (6) madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM jina zabdoM meM samIkaraNa ke kAraNa eka vyaMjana kA dvitva rUpa ho gayA thA, apabhranza ke paravartI yuga meM eka vyaMjana zeSa raha gayA tathA usake pUrvavartI akSara ke svara meM kSatipUraka dIrdhIkaraNa ho gyaa| sindhI, paMjAbI evaM hindI kI bAMgaru evaM khar3I bolI ke atirikta sabhI Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM yaha pravRtti surakSita hai / yathA karma>kamma>kammu>kAmukAm (7) apabhranza meM antya svara ke hrasvIkaraNa evaM lopa kI pravRtti milatI hai| 'pAsaNAha cariu se kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiMmahilA-mahila 1 / 10 / 12 / jaMghA>jaMgha 3 / 2 / / gRhiNI>ghariNi 1 / 10 / 4 / gambhIra>gahira 3314 / 2 / pASANa>pAhaNa 2 / 12 / / puMDarIka>puMDariya 17 / 21 / 2 / 00
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________________ prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva 561 . ++++++++++++++++++++++n i m+++++++++++ +++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ bihArI, kAzmIrI, sindhI aura koMkar3I ke atirikta anya Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM bhI yaha pravRtti hai| hindI meM akArAnta zabdoM ko prAyaH vyaMjanAnta rUpa meM uccarita kiyA jAtA hai|" vyAkaraNika (1) vibhakti rUpoM kI saMkhyA meM kamI prAkRta kAla meM hI vibhakti rUpoM kI saMkhyA meM kamI ho gayI thI / vibhinna kArakoM ke lie eka vibhakti tathA eka kAraka ke lie vibhinna vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| eka ora karma, karaNa, apAdAna tathA adhikaraNa ke lie SaSThI vibhakti kA tathA karma evaM karaNa ke lie saptamI vibhakti kA to dUsarI ora apAdAna ke lie tRtIyA tathA saptamI vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga milatA hai| apabhraMza meM vibhakti rUpoM kI saMkhyA meM aura kamI ho gayI / kartA-karma-sambodhana ke lie samAna vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga Arambha ho gayA / isIprakAra eka ora karaNa-adhikaraNa ke lie to dUsarI ora sampradAna-sambandha ke lie samAna vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga hone lagA / udAharaNArtha, apabhraMza ke vibhakti rUpoM ko isa prakAra pradarzita kiyA jA sakatA hai: ekavacana kartA-karma-sambodhana bahuvacana pulliga -a, -A bahuvacana pulliga strIliMga -a.-A, -u -a, -A, -u, -o ekavacana strIliMga pulliga strIliMga -hiM karaNa-adhikaraNa -eNa, Post -ehiM sampradAna-sambandha -Asu -hi -AhaM -ssa apAdAna -ho, -he, -hu -AI ___ -hiM Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM vibhakti rUpoM kI saMkhyA meM kramazaH hrAsa huA hai| jina bhASAoM kI saMzliSTa prakRti abhI bhI vidyamAna hai unameM vibhakti rUpoM kI saMkhyA abhI bhI adhika hai kintu jina bhASAoM ne viyogAtmakatA kI ora tejI se kadama bar3hAyA hai unameM vibhakti pratyayoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama raha gayI hai / isa dRSTi se yadi hama marAThI evaM hindI kA adhyayana kareM to sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| marAThI meM saMjJA zabda ke jahA~ aneka vaibhaktika rUpa vidyamAna haiM-mulAsa (dvitIyA), mulAne (tRtIyA), mulAlA (caturthI), mulAhUna (paMcamI), mulAcA (SaSThI), mulAta (saptamI), mulA (sambodhana) vahA~ dUsarI ora hindI meM pulliga saMjJA zabdoM meM yA to kevala vikArI kAraka bahuvacana ke lie athavA avikArI kAraka bahuvacana, vikArI kAraka ekavacana evaM vikArI kAraka bahuvacana ke lie vibhaktiyA~ lagatI haiM / strIliMga saMjJA zabdoM meM kevala avikArI bahuvacana evaM vikArI bahuvacana ke lie vibhaktiyA~ jur3atI haiM, ekavacana meM prAtipadika hI prayukta hotA hai|" (2) parasoM kA vikAsa apabhraMza meM vibhakti rUpoM kI kamI ke kAraNa arthoM meM aspaSTatA Ane lagI hogii| kArakoM ke arthoM ko vyakta karane ke lie isI kAraNa apabhraza meM zabda ke vaibhaktika rUpa ke pazcAt alaga se zabdoM athavA zabdAMzoM kA prayoga Arambha ho gayA / yadyapi saMskRta meM bhI 'rAmasya kRte' tathA prAkRta meM 'rAmasya kerama gharam' jaise prayoga mila jAte haiM tathApi itanA nizcita hai ki apabhraza meM parasargoM kI sunizcita rUpa se sthiti milatI hai / karaNa ke lie-saha, sauM,
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________________ 562 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : SaSThama khaNDa samANu, sampradAna ke lie tehi, kehi, apAdAna ke lie - lai, hontau, Thina, pAsiu, sambandha ke lie - taNa, taNikerau tathA adhikaraNa ke lie - majjhe majjhi jaise parasargoM kA bahula prayoga apabhraMza sAhitya meM huA hai / Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM parasargoM kA vikAsa huA hai| inake prayoga meM sabhI bhASAoM kI sthiti samAna nahIM hai| Aja bhI kucha mAyAyeM kArakIya arthoM ko parasagoM se nahIM apitu ke vibhaktiyukta rUpoM se yotita kara rahI hai kintu phira bhI parasargo kA prayoga kama yA adhika sabhI Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM hotA hai| jina bhASAoM meM vibhaktiyukta zabda dvArA kAraka kA artha vyakta kiyA jAtA hai unameM bhI alaga-alaga kAraka ke lie alagaalaga vibhakti rUpoM kA sambandha sunizcita nahI hai / yathA: - marAThI meM eka hI kAraka ko vyakta karane ke lie aneka vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga hotA hai tathA eka hI vibhakti aneka kArakoM kA artha vyakta karatI hai / usameM bhI tRtIyA ke ne,-nI, paMcamI ke - Una, -hUna tathA SaSThI meM prayukta - cA, cI, ce, cyA Adi rUpoM ko parasarga koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra baMgalA kI prakRti bhI apekSAkRta saMzliSTa hai kintu vahA~ bhI diyA, dvArA, ke diyA, saMge, har3ate the jaise zabdAMzoM kI sthiti parasagoM kI hI hai / yathA: mana diyA par3ha (mana se par3hI); tomA bArA hAive nA (tumase nahIM hogA) bahU ke diyA gaMdhA (bahU se rasoI banavAo ) AmI baMdhu saMge dekhA karite gala ( maiM mitra se milane gayA ) bAr3I haite caliyA gela (ghara se calA gayA) bAr3I ke caliyA vela ( " (3) bhASA prakRti arddha ayogAtmaka " " gujarAtI meM bhI sampradAna meM 'mATe' tathA saMbaMdha ke lie nA, nI kA prayoga hotA hai| paMjAbI meM bhI saMbaMdha meM 'dA', 'dI', kA prayoga hotA hai / parasargoM ke prayoga ke saMbaMdha meM hindI kI sthiti adhika spaSTa hai / hindI meM saMjJA zabdoM meM kArakIya arthoM ko vizliSTa prakRti ke parasargoM dvArA hI vyakta kiyA jAtA hai / hindI meM parasargo kA vikAsa Arambha se hI adhika huA / hindI ke AdikAlIna sAhitya meM hI vibhinna kArakIya rUpoM ko sampanna karane ke lie parasargoM kA prayoga milatA hai / karttA ke artha meM DA0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI ne caMdabaradAI kI bhASA meM 'ne' kA prayoga svIkAra kiyA hai| kIrtilatA kI bhASA meM karttA ke artha meM --- A, e, o kA prayoga huA hai / " karma ke artha meM 'ko' kA prayoga 11vIM sadI se kIrtilatA" meM 'hi' 'hi' kA prayoga karmakAraka ke artha meM huA hai / karaNa ke artha meM kIrtilatA me 'e' 'ena' 'hi' kA pRthvIrAjarAso" meM ta', 'vAcA', 'se' 'saI', 'sUM', 'sI', tathA khusaro ke kAvya meM 'se' kA prayoga milatA hai / isI prakAra kI sthiti anya kArakIya arthoM ko vyakta karane ke sambandha meM hai / rAulabela meM milane lagatA hai / bIsaladeva rAsa" meM 'nUM' evaM Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI vivecanA karate samaya prAyaH vidvAnoM ne unheM ayogAtmaka bhASAyeM kahA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki 'hindI' ne apabhraMza kI arddha-ayogAtmaka sthiti kI apekSA ayogAtmakatA kI ora adhika vikAsa kiyA hai tathApi mAyA-prakRti kI dRSTi se Aja bhI Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAyeM ayogAtmaka hai| zabda ke vaiktika rUpa bhI milate haiM tathA parasargoM kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| kArakIya rUparacanA meM vibhinna bhASAoM meM vibhaktiyA~ saMzliSTa rUpa meM bhI vyavahRta hotI haiN| udAharaNArtha, sindhI evaM paMjAbI meM apAdAna evaM adhikaraNa kArakoM meM; gujarAtI meM karaNa evaM adhikaraNa meM, marAThI meM karaNa, sampradAna tathA adhikaraNa meM tathA isI prakAra ur3iyA meM adhikaraNa meM vibha ktiyoM kA saMyogAtmaka rUpa draSTavya hai / baMgalA meM bhI sambandhatatva saMzliSTa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / hindI meM bhI sarvanAma rUpoM meM karma sampradAna meM ise, use inheM, unheM, tujhe saMzliSTa hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki hindI meM inake viyogAtmaka rUpa bhI upalabdha hai inako tujhako isI prakAra vartamAna sammAvanArthapa, par3heM par3heM, par3o tathA AzArthaka saMyogAtmakatA kI sthiti dekhI jA sakatI hai / (4) napuMsaka liMga kI sthiti 7 jaise rUpa milate haiM jinakI prakRti yathA- isako, usako, unako, par3hanA, par3hiyegA, par3ho, par3a meM par3ha apabhraMza kAla meM napuMsakaliMga kA lopa ho gayA thaa| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM marAThI evaM gujarAtI
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________________ prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva 563 ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI meM napuMsakaliMga nahIM hai| siMhalI meM prANI tathA aprANIvAcI AdhAra para prANavAna tathA prANahIna do liMga haiM jo dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAoM ke prabhAva ke sUcaka pratIta hote haiM / zeSa meM pulliga evaM strIliMga do liMga haiN| inameM bhI baMgalA evaM ur3iyA meM dezaja zabdoM meM liMga vidhAna zithila hai / jAna bImsa ke anusAra inameM tatsama zabdoM ko chor3akara zeSa zabdoM meM liMga vyavasthA nahIM hai / 27 (5) bahuvacana dyotaka zabdAvalI siMdhI, marAThI tathA pazcimI hindI ke atirikta zeSa anya Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM kartAkAraka ke zabdoM meM bahuvacana kA dyotana vibhaktiyoM se na hokara bahuvacana dyotaka zabdoM athavA zabdAMzoM se vyakta hone lagA hai| udAharaNArtha, baMgalA meM "sakala" yathAkukkura sakala (kutt)| isI prakAra ur3iyA meM "mani" asamiyA meM "bIra" maithilI meM "sama" evaM bhojapurI meM "logani" ityAdi zabda rUpa bahuvacana dyotaka haiN| pazcimI hindI, sindhI, marAThI meM kartAkAraka bahuvacana ke vaibhaktika rUpa upalabdha haiM / yathA sindhI-ekavacana-piu bahuvacana-piura marAThI-ekavacana-rAta bahuvacana-rAtI hindI-ekavacana-lar3akA bahuvacana-lar3ake yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ina bhASAoM meM bhI bahuvacana ko svatantra zabdoM dvArA vyakta karane kI pravRtti bar3ha rahI hai / yathA hindI-ekavacana-rAjA bahuvacana-rAjA loga marAThI-ekavacana-dIrgha bahuvacana-dIrgha jaNa isa prakAra kI pravRtti saMjJA zabdoM kI apekSA sarvanAma rUpa meM adhika hai| yathA-pazcimI hindI-hama log| bhojapurI-hamanIkA / mAgadhI-hamanI / maithilI-hamarA sama / baMgalA-Ami sb| ___ Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI yaha pravRtti madhyayugIna bhASAoM kI vyavasthA se avazya minna hai tathA ayogAtmakatA kI ora unmukha hone kA sUcaka hai / (6) prAkRta evaM apabhraza ke kriyArUpa madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kI kriyA saMracanA kA prabhAva Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM vartamAna athavA vartamAna sambhAvanArtha kAla evaM AjJArthaka rUpoM para par3A hai| apabhraMza meM vartamAna kAla dyotaka uttama puruSa-uM,hu~, madhyama puruSa-hiMha evaM anya puruSa-aha,-hi,-anti vibhaktiyAM thiiN| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM ye pravRttiyA~ isa prakAra haiMpuruSa vacana hindI / gujarAtI ur3iyA / paMjAbI marAThI baMgalA ekavacana uttama puruSa bahuvacana ekavacana madhyama puruSa bahuvacana ekavacana anya puruSa bahuvacana | -eM
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________________ 594 zrI puSkaramami abhinandana grantha : SaSThama khaNDa Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vartamAna AjJArthaka rUpoM kA vikAsa bhI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya kriyArUpoM se huA hai| apabhraza meM bhaviSyakAlika rUpoM kI racanA meM dhAtu meM vibhakti lagane ke pUrva "issa" athavA "iha" pratyaya jur3atA thaa| gujarAtI-karIza, karizaMkaraze Adi rUpoM meM "issa" kA tathA hindI kI braja Adi boliyoM ke-karihauM, karihaiM Adi meM "iha" kA prabhAva vidyamAna hai / (7) kriyA ke kRdantIya rUpoM kA prayoga prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASAkAla meM bhUtakAlika racanA ke kaI prakAra the| laGa 0 se asampanna bhUta, luGa0 se sAmAnyabhUta tathA liT se sampanna bhUtakAla kI racanA hotI thii| udAharaNArtha gam dhAtu ke rUpa agacchat, agamat evaM jagAma banate the| inameM kriyArUpa vidyamAna thaa| prAkRta apabhraMza yuga meM inake badale bhUtakAla bhAve yA karmaNi-kRdanta 'gata" lagAkara banAyA jAne lgaa| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM karmaNi kRdanta rUpa to vidyamAna haiM hI; kRdantIya rUpoM se kAla racanA hone lagI hai| adhikAMza Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM vartamAnakAlika kRdantIya rUpa meM puruSa evaM liMgavAcaka pratyaya lagAkara kAlaracanA hotI hai| yathA-hindI-karatA / gujarAtI-karata / baMgalA-karita / marAThI-karita / ur3iyA-karanta / isI prakAra bhUtakAlika kRdantIya rUpoM se bhI kAlaracanA sampanna hotI hai / apabhraMza meM bhUtakAlika kRdanta rUpa vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa meM pUrNa kriyA ke sthAna meM bhI vyavahRta hone lage the / Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM hindIgayA, gujarAtI-lIdhu jaise rUpa vartamAna hai| - Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM se baMgalA, ur3iyA, asamiyA, bhojapurI, maithilI, marAThI Adi meM bhUtakAlika kRdanta pratyaya "la" jur3atA hai / yathA-baMgalA-gela, hoila, marAThI-geloM, gelAsa, bhojapurI-mAralo, mAralAsa / isa sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki isa bhUtakAlika kRdanta pratyaya kA prayoga paravartI apabhraMza meM huA hai| rAulavela kI bhASA meM isakA prayoga dekhA jA sakatA hai|" (8) kriyAoM meM liMgabheda __apabhraza meM kRdantI rUpoM meM liMgabheda kiyA jAtA thaa| hindI jaisI bhASAoM meM kriyAoM meM liMgabheda kA kAraNa apabhraMza ke kRdantIya rUpoM kA kriyA rUpoM meM prayoga hai| kRdanta rUpoM ko kriyA rUpoM meM apanAne ke kAraNa hindI meM par3hatA; par3hatI; par3hA Adi kriyAoM meM liMgabheda milatA hai| marAThI meM bhI mI jAto (maiM jAtA hai) evaM mI jAte (maiM jAtI hU~) tathA tU jAtosa (tU jAtA hai) evaM tU jAtesa (tU jAtI hai) kriyAoM meM liMgabheda draSTavya hai| (9) saMyukta kAlaracanA evaM saMyukta kiyA nirmANa hindI jaisI bhASAoM meM mUla dhAtuoM meM pratyaya lagAkara kAlaracanA kI apekSA vartamAnakAlika kRdanta evaM bhUtakAlika kRdanta rUpoM ke sAtha sahAyaka kriyAoM ko jor3akara vividha kAloM kI racanA kI jAtI hai| isI prakAra kriyA ke vibhinna arthoM ko vyakta karane ke liye mukhya kriyA rUpa ke sAtha sahakArI kriyAoM ko saMyukta kiyA jAtA hai| madhya-bhAratIya AryabhASAkAla taka isa prakAra kI bhASAyI pravRtti parilakSita nahIM hotii| isa kAraNa vidvAnoM ne Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM saMyukta kAla racanA evaM saMyukta kriyA nirmANa ko dravir3a bhASAoM ke prabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA hai| isa sambandha meM merA yaha abhimata hai ki hindI ne isa paramparA ko paravartI apabhraMza paramparA se svIkAra kiyA hai| saMyukta kAla evaM saMyukta kriyA nirmANa kI pravRtti 'ukta vyakti prakaraNa' evaM 'rAulavela' kI bhASA meM dikhAyI detI hai aura isI kA vikAsa hindI meM huA hai / paravartI apabhranza meM isa prakAra kI vyavasthA bhale hI dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa AyI ho / sandarbha evaM sandarbha sthala1 nATyazAstra 18 / 34-35 / 2 nATyazAstra 1836-40 / 3 mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTa prAkRta viduH| -kAvyAdarza 1 / 34 /
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________________ prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM para prabhAva 565 -womenonsenomenormonsoornimirmirmirmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. 4 Introduction to Karpucmanjari p. 75 University of Calcutta (1948). 5 bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, pR0103 (1963) tRtIya parivaddhita saMskaraNa, dillI 6 Manomohan Ghosh, Maharastri, a late phase of Sauraseni, Journal of the Department of Letters of the Calcutta University, Vol. xxxii. 1933. 7 garIyAnapazabdopadezaH / ekakasya hi zabdasya bahavo'pabhraMzAH / tadyathA gaurityasya zabdasya gAvI gauNI gautA gopotalikA ityevamAdayo bhvo'pbhrNshaaH| -(pAtaMjala, mahAbhASya 11111) / 8 sApabhraMzaprayogAH sakalamarubhUvaSTakku mAdAnakAzca (kAvyamImAMsA, adhyAya 10) hai surASTra pravaNAdyA ye paThanyapita sauSThavam / apabhraMzavadaMzAni te saMskRta vacAMsyapi (kAvyamImAMsA, adhyAya 7) 1. "bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMza (kAvyAlaMkAra 2012) / 11 sa cAnyarUpanAgarAbhIra gAmyatvabhedena tridhoktastannirAsArtha mukta bhUribheda iti / 12 brAcaDI lATa vaidarmAnupanAgara nAgarI baarbraavntypaaNcaalttaaNkkmaalvkaikyaaH| gaur3audravanapAzcAtyapAMDyakauntala sahalA / kaligyaprAcya kArNATikAM ca draaviddgorjraaH| AbhIrau madhyadezIyaH sUkSma bhedavyavasthitAH saptaviMzatyapabhraMzAH vetAlAdi prabhedatAH (prAkRta sarvasva 2) / 13 paNDita haragovindadAsa trikamacanda zeTha, pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo (prAkRta zabda mahArNavaH) kalakattA, prathama AvRtti saMvat 1985 (san 1928 I0) 14 de. bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, pR0 122-132 / 15 bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, pR0 127-128 / 16 pAsaNAhacariu sampAdaka-praphullakumAra modI (san 1965) / 17 DA0 mahAvIrasarana jaina, pariniSThita hindI kA dhvanigrAmika adhyayana, pR020-22 / 18 de0 (1) komalacanda jaina, prAkRta-pravezikA, pR0 55 / (2) paM0 RSikeza bhaTTAcArya, prAkRta grAmara, pR0 128 / 16 DA0 mahAvIra sarana jaina, hindI saMjJA, bhASA, hindI bhASA vizeSAMka / 20 mahAdeva mA0 bAsutakara, marAThI kI kAraka vyavasthA, gaveSaNA, pR0 84, varSa 10, aMka 20 / 21 sarojinI zarmA-hindI aura baMgalA ke parasoM kA vyatirekAtmaka adhyayana, gaveSaNA, pR063-110, varSa 10, aMka 20 22 saM0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI-vIrakAvya, pR0 165 : saM0 2012 / 23 saM0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla-kItilatA 2228, 20218 / 4 / 24 / 24 saM0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI-vIra kAvya, pR0 220 / 25 saM0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla-kIrtilatA 2 / 27, 3178 / 26 vahI-kramazaH 1250; 1246; 4 / 40 / 27 saM0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI, nAmavarasiMha -saMkSipta pRthvIrAja rAso, pR0 25, 31, 32, 108 / 28 saM0 bAlakRSNa rAva -hindI kAvyasaMgraha (khusaro), pR0 27 / 29 John Beams, A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Indian Aryan Languages, p. 177. 30 dekhie DaoN. kailAzacandra bhATiyA, rAulavela meM prayukta kriyAeM, nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, mAlavIya zatI vizeSAMka, pR. 457, varSa 66, aMka 2-3-4 (samvat 2018)