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________________ prAcIna brajamaMDalameM jainadharmakA vikAsa zrI prabhudayAla mItala, mathurA jaina tIrthaMkaroMkA sambandha-jaina dharmake 24 tIrthaMkaroMmeMse kaIkA ghaniSTha sambandha zarasena janapada arthAt prAcIna vrajamaMDalase rahA hai| jinasena kRta 'mahApurANa' meM jaina dharma kI eka prAcIna anuzrutikA ullekha huA hai| usake anusAra Adi tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhanAthake Adezase indrane isa bhUtalapara jina 52 dezoMkA nirmANa kiyA thA, unameM eka zUrasena bhI thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAthakA mathurA se vizeSa sambandha rahA thA, jisake upalakSameM kuverA devIne yahA~para eka stUpakA nirmANa kiyA thaa| sameM supArzvanAthajIkA bimba pratiSThita thaa| vaha stUpa jaina dharmake itihAsameM bar3A prasiddha rahA hai| caudahaveM tIrthakara anantanAthajIko smRti meM bhI eka stupake banAye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAthajI jaina mAnyatAke anusAra vAsudeva kRSNake bhAI the, jo zUrasena janapadake prAcIna zauripura rAjya ( vartamAna baTezvara, jilA AgarA ) ke yAdava rAjA samudravijayake putra the| unake kAraNa zUrasena pradeza aura kRSNakA janmasthAna mathurA nagara jainadharmake tIrthasthAna mAne jAne lage the| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAthajI aura antima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara evaM jainadharma ke pratiSThAtA mahAvIrajIkA mathurAmeM vihAra haA thaa| jisa kAlameM bhagavAn mahAvIrajI mathurA padhAre the, usa samaya yahA~ke rAjA uditodaya athavA bhIdAma, rAjakumAra kaMvala aura zaMvala, nagara seTha jinadattake putra arhadAsa tathA anya rAjakIya puruSa evaM pratiSThita nAgarika jainadharmameM dIkSita hae the / unake kAraNa sAdhAraNa janatAmeM bhI jainadharmakA pracAra hone lagA thaa| jambUsvAmIkA sAdhanA-sthala-bhagavAn mahAvIrake praziSya sudharma svAmIse pravrajyA lekara jambU svAmIne mathurAke caurAsI nAmaka sthalapara tapasyA kI thii| 2. varSa taka munivRtti dhAraNa kara tapasyA karanese ve kaivalyajJAnI hae the| 44 varSa taka kaivalyajJAnI rahane ke uparAnta unheM siddha pada prApta huA thaa| isa prakAra 80 varSakI AyumeM unhoMne mokSa lAbha kiyaa| jambU svAmI jainadharmake antima kevalI mAne gaye haiN| unakI tapasyA aura mokSa-prAptikA kendra honese mathurAkA caurAsI nAmaka sthala jainadharmakA 'siddha kSetra' mAnA jAtA hai| jambU svAmI ke prabhAvase sadgRhasthoMke atirikta dasyuoMke jIvanameM bhI dhArmikatAkA udaya huA thaa| usa samayake kaI bhayaMkara cora apane bahusaMkhyaka sAthiyoMke sAtha duSpravRttiyoMko chor3akara tapa aura dhyAnameM lIna hue the| mathurAke tapovanameM ukta dasyuoMko bhI sAdhu-vRtti dvArA paramagati prApta huI thii| kAlAntarameM jaba caurAsImeM jambU svAmIke caraNa-cihna sahita mandira banA, taba unake samIpa una tapasvI dasyuoMkI smRtimeM bhI aneka stUpa banavAye gaye the / deva nirmita stUpa-sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAthajI kI smRtimeM kuverA devIne mathurAmeM jisa stUpakA nirmANa kiyA thA, vaha atyanta prAcIna kAlase hI jainadharmake itihAsa meM prasiddha rahA hai| 'mathurApurI kalpa' se jJAta hotA hai ki teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAthajIke samaya meM use IMToMse punanimita kiyA gayA thaa| vaha jainadharmakA sabase prAcIna stUpa thA, jo kamase kama tIna sahatra pUrva banAyA gayA thaa| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 25
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________________ Adhunika kAlake aneka videzI purAtattva vettAoMne mathurAke kaMkAlI TIlAkI khudAI kI thii| usameM jainadharmase sambandhita bar3I mahattvapUrNa vAstu-sAmagrI prApta huii| usa sAmagrI meM kuSANa kAlIna eka mUrtikI abhilikhita pIThikA hai, jo isa samaya lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya ( saMkhyA je0 20 ) meM hai| usa pIThikAke abhilekhase jJAta hotA hai ki kuSANa saM071 ( san 157 I0 ) meM koTTiya gaNakI vaira zAkhAke AcArya vRddhahastike Adezase zrAvikA dinAne ukta ahaMta pratimAko deva nirmita 'vodva stUpa meM pratiSThApita kiyA thA / isa abhilekhase siddha hotA hai ki kuverA devoke stUpakA nAma 'vodva stupa' thA aura yaha mathurAke usa sthalapara banAyA gayA thA, jise aba kaMkAlI TolA kahate haiN| dUsarI zatAbdI meM hI vaha stUpa itanA prAcIna ho gayA thA ki usake nirmANa-kAla aura nirmAtAke sambandhameM kisI ko kucha jJAna nahIM thaa| phalataH usa kAlameM upe deva nirmita stUpa kahA jAne lagA thaa| ukta stUpake sambandhameM mAnyatA hai ki pahale eka mUla stupa thA, bAdameM pAMca bana gye| kAlAntarameM aneka choTe-bar3e stupa banAye gaye, jinakI saMkhyA 500 se bhI adhika ho gayI thii| una stUpoMke sAtha-sAtha jainadharma ke aneka devAlaya aura caitya bhI vahA~ para samaya-samaya para nirmita hote rahe the| una stUpoM aura devAlayoMmeM vividha tIrthaMkaroMkI pratimAe~ pratiSThita kI gaI thiiN| una sabake kAraNa vaha sthala mathurA maMDalameM hI nahIM, varan samasta bhAratavarSa meM jainadharmakA sabase mahattvapUrNa kendra ho gayA thaa| isakA pramANa vahA~ke utkhananameM prApta saikar3oM mUrtiyA~ aura vAstu-kalAvazeSa hai / jainadharmase sambandhita itanI adhika aura itane mahattvakI purAtAttvika sAmagrI kisI anya sthAnase prApta nahIM huI hai| jaina mUrtiyoM ke sAtha hI sAtha kucha mUrtiyA~ bauddha aura hindU dharmose sambandhita bhI milI haiM, jo usa kAlake jainiyoMkI dhArmika udAratA aura sahiSNutAkI sUcaka haiM / aisA jAna par3atA hai, usa sthalake bhAratavyApI mahattvake kAraNa anya dharmavAloMne bhI apane devAlaya vahA~ banAye the| jainadharmameM tIrtha-sthaloMke do bheda mAne gaye haiM, jinheM 1-siddha kSetra aura 2-atizaya kSetra kahA gayA hai| kisI tIrthaMkara athavA mahAtmAke siddha pada yA nirvANa-prAptike sthalako 'siddha kSetra' kahate haiM, aura kisI devatAkI atizayatA athavA mandiroMkI bahulatAkA sthAna 'atizaya kSetra' kahalAtA hai| isa prakArake bheda digambara sampradAyake tIrthoM meM hI mAne jAte haiM, zvetAmbara sampradAyameM ye bheda nahIM hote haiM / digambara sampradAyake ukta tIrtha-bhedake anusAra mathurA siddha kSetra bhI hai aura atizaya kSetra bhii| 'siddha kSetra' isaliye ki yahA~ke 'caurAsI' nAmaka sthala para jambU svAmIne siddha pada evaM nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| yaha 'atizaya kSetra isaliye hai ki yahA~ ke kaMkAlI TIleke jaina kendra meM deva nirmita stUpa ke sAtha-sAtha stUpoM, devAlayoM aura caityoMkI anupama atizayatA thii| kaMkAlI TIlAke utkhananameM sarvazrI kaniMghama, hADiMga, grAusa, bargesa aura phyUra jaise vikhyAta videzI purAtattvajJoMne yoga diyA thA / vahA~se jo mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta huI thI, usameMse adhikAMza lakhanaU saMgrAhalayameM hai / usakA alpa bhAga mathurA saMgrahAlayameM hai, aura zeSa bhAga bhArata tathA videzoMmeM bikharA huA hai / isakA paricayAtmaka vivaraNa DaoN0 viseNTa smithakI pustaka, lakhanaU saMgrahAlayake vivaraNa aura DaoN0 vogala kRta mathurA saMgrahAlayake sUcIpatrase jAnA jA sakatA hai / kaMkAlI TIlA prAyaH 1500 varga phITakA eka Ubar3a-khAbar3a sthala hai| isake eka kinAre para kaMkAlI nAmakI devIkA eka choTAsA maMdira banA huA hai, jisake nAmase isa samaya yaha sthala prasiddha hai| isakI khudAI meM 47 phITa vyAsakA IToMkA eka stupa aura do jaina devAlayoMke avazeSa mile hai| isameMse jo saikar3oM 26 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ mUrtiyA~, vAstu khaMDa aura kalAvazeSa mile haiM, una sabakA paricaya denA saMbhava nahIM hai| isa saMbaMdhameM pUrvokta vivaraNa pustikAoMse jAnA jA sakatA hai| matiyoM meM jo sarvAdhika mahattvakI haiM. unakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastata hai| kaMdhoM taka jaTA phailAe hue Adi tIrthakara RSabhanAthajIkI mUrti, balabhadra-vAsudevake sAtha aMkita 22 veM tIrthaMkara neminAthajIkI mUrti, aura sarpa-phaNoMse AcchAdita 23 veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAthajIkI mUrti to apane viziSTa cihnoMse pahicAna lI gaI haiN| inake atirikta anya tIrthakaroMkI jo bahusaMkhyaka mUrtiyAM haiM, ve viziSTa cihnoMke abhAvameM nahIM pahicAnI jA sakatI haiN| jina mUrtiyoMpara unake nAma aMkita haiM, unheM pahicAna liyA gayA hai| ye tIrthaMkara mUrtiyAM kaivalya-prAptike liye daMDavat khar3I huI aura dhyAnAvasthita avasthA meM baiThI huIina donoM mudrAoMmeM milI haiN| jaina deviyoMkI mUrtiyoM meM sarvAdhika mahattvakI sarasvatI pratimA hai, jo lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya ( saM0 je0 24 ) meM hai / yaha abhilikhita hai, aura abataka milI huI sarasvatIkI mUrtiyoMmeM sabase prAcIna hai| dUsarI Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAthakI yakSiNI cakra zvarI devIkI pratimA hai, jo dasavIM zatIkI hai, aura isa samaya mathurA saMgrahAlayameM pradarzita hai| inake atirikta sarvatobhadra arthAta caturmukhI martiyAM bhI haiN| inameMse aneka mUrtiyoMpara unake nirmANa-kAla aura nirmAtAoMke nAma aMkita haiN| inase jaina mUrti kalAke vikAsako bhalI bhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai / mUrtiyoMse bhI adhika mahattvake ve AyAga paTa haiM, jo jaina mUrtiyoM ke nirmANake pUrvakI sthitike paricAyaka hai| jaba jainadharmameM mUrtiyoMkA pracalana nahIM huA thA, taba zilAkhaMDoMpara jainadharmake mAMgalika cihnoMkA aMkanakara unheM tIrthaMkaroMke pratIka rUpameM pUjAke liye pratiSThita kiyA jAtA thA / ukta zilAkhaMDoMko 'AyAga paTa' kahate haiN| isa prakArake kaI paTa kaMkAlI kI khudAImeM mile haiM, jo lakhanaU aura matha rAke saMgrahAlayoMmeM pradarzita haiM / ukta pUjanIya paToMke atirikta aneka kalAtmaka paTa bhI kaMkAlIse mile haiM / unameM sabase prAcIna paTa zugakAla ( dUsarI zatI pUrva ) ke haiM / aise eka zilApaTameM bhagavAn RSabhanAthajIke samakSa nIlAMjanA apsarAke nRtyakA dRzya aMkita hai| yaha prAcIna bhAratIya nRtyakI mudrAkA aMkana hai, ke vigata kalAtmaka vaibhavako prakaTa karatA hai| zaga kAlIna eka anya zilApaTa kisI dhArmika sthalakA toraNa hai| isake eka ora yAtrAkA dRzya hai, aura dUsarI ora suparNoM tathA kinnaroM dvArA stUpa ke pUjanakA dRzya hai| aneka paToMpara sudariyoMkI vibhinna ceSTAoM aura mudrAoMke dRzya aMkita hai / inase prAcIna jainadharmakI kalAtmaka abhirucikA bhalI-bhAMti paricaya milatA hai| matharAmaMDalake ve donoM jaina kendra-1. jamba svAmIkA nirvANa-sthala aura 2. devanirmita stUpa tathA usake samIpa bane hae bahasaMkhyaka devAlayoMse samRddha kaMkAlI TIlA-apane nirmANakAlase aneka zatAbdiyoM pazcAt taka samasta jainiyoMke liye samAna rUpa se zraddhAspada the| magadha janapada aura dAkSiNAtya kSetroMke jainasaMgha kAlAMtarameM digaMbara aura zvetAMbara nAmaka do saMpradAyoMmeM vibhAjita ho gaye the, kintu prAcIna vrajamaMDalakA jainasaMgha usa bheda-bhAvase achUtA rahA, aura yahA~ ke deva-sthAna sabhI saMpradAya vAloMke liye pUjanIya bane rahe the| prAcIna brajamaMDalameM jainadharmakI ina mahattvapUrNa upalabdhiyoMke sAtha hI sAtha isa bhU-bhAgameM samaya-samaya para aisI aneka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAe~ bhI huI hai, jinhoMne jainadharmake itihAsameM gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta kiyA hai| yahA~ para aisI katipaya ghaTanAoMkA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| 'sarasvatI'-Andolana aura 'jina vANI' kA lekhana-jainadharma ke mUla siddhAMta bhagavAn mahAvIra itihAsa aura purAtattva : 27
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________________ dvArA kathita ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASAmeM haiM, jinheM 'jina-vANI' athavA 'Agama' kahA jAtA hai| vaidika saMhitAoMkI bhA~ti jaina Agama bhI pahale zrata rUpa meM the| samrATa azokane bauddhadharmake pracArArtha apane sAmrAjya ke vividha sthAnoMmeM jo dharma-lekha likhavAye the, unase jainadharmake vidvAnoMko bhI AgamoMko likhita rUpameM surakSita karaneko AvazyakatA pratIta hone lagI; kiMtu jainAcAryoke prabala virodhake kAraNa unheM lipibaddha nahIM kiyA jA sakA thaa| jaba kaI zatAbdiyoM taka anya sthAnoMke jainAcArya AgamoMko lipibaddha nahIM kara sake, taba mathurAmaMDalake jaina vidvAnoMne ukta praznako uThAyA, aura 'sarasvatI AMdolana' dvArA isa viSayakA netRtva kiyA thaa| vidyA buddhi aura jJAna-vijJAnakI adhiSThAtrI devIkA nAma sarasvatI hai| ise brAhmI, bhAratI, bhASA aura gIrvANavANI bhI kahate haiN| yadyapi sarasvatIkI mUla kalpanA prAcIna hai, tathApi isake svarUpakA vikAsa aura pUjanakA pracAra jainadharmakI dena hai| mathurAke jaina vidvAnoMko yaha zreya prApta hai ki unhoMne paraMparAgata zruta evaM kaMThastha 'jina vANI' ko likhita rUpa pradAna karane ke liye 'sarasvatI AMdolana' calAyA thA, aura mathurAke mUrti-kalAkAroMne sarvaprathama pustakadhAriNI sarasvatI devIkI pratimAe~ nirmitakara usa AMdolanako mutta rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| ukta AMdolana kA yaha pariNAma huA ki jina-vANIko lipibaddha karane kA virodha kramaza: kama hotA gyaa| pahile digaMbara vidvAnoMne Agama jJAnako saMkalita kara lipibaddha kiyA, bAdameM zvetAMbara vidvAn bhI usake liye sahamata ho gaye / yadyapi isa kAryameM kaI zatAbdiyoM taka UhApoha hotA rahA thaa| 'mAthurI-vAcanA'-digaMbara vidvAnoM dvArA AgamoMke saMkalana aura lekhanase utpanna sthitipara vicAra karaneke liye saM 370 vi0 ke lagabhaga mathurAmeM zvetAMbara yatiyoMkA eka sammelana huA, jisakI adhyakSatA Arya skaMdilane kI thii| usa sammelanameM AgamoMkA pATha nizcita kara unakI vyAkhyA kI gaI, jise 'mAthurI vAcanA' kahA jAtA hai| usI samaya AgamoMko lipibaddha karanepara bhI vicAra kiyA gayA, kitu bhArI matabheda hone ke kAraNa tatsaMbaMdhI nirNaya sthagita karanA pdd'aa| bAdameM vikramakI chaThI zatAbdIke AraMbhameM surASTra ke vallabhI nagara meM devadhigaNI kSamA-zramaNako adhyakSatAmeM zvetAMbara mAnyatAke AgamoMko sarvaprathama saMkalita evaM lipibaddha kiyA gayA thaa| zvetAMbara sAdhu jinaprabha sUri kRta 'mathurApurI kalpa'meM likhA hai, jaba zUrasena pradezameM zavarSIya bhASaNa durbhikSa par3A thA, taba Arya skaMdilane saMghako ekatra kara AgamoMkA anuyoga kiyA thaa| mathurAke prAcIna devanirmita stUpa meM eka pakSake upavAsa dvArA devatAkI ArAdhanAkara jinaprabha zramaNane dImakoMse khAye hue truTita 'mahAnizItha sUtra' kI pUrti kI thii| sAhitya-praNayana-jainadharmakA prAcIna sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRtameM hai, jise 'jaina prAkRta' kahA jAtA hai| bAdakA sAhitya saMskRta, apabhraMza aura prAMtIya bhASAoM meM racA haA upalabdha hai / prAcIna sAhitya meM pramukha sthAna AgamoMkA hai| unake pazcAt purANoMkA mahattva mAnA jAtA hai| purANoMmeM jaina tIrthaMkaroMkI mahimAkA varNana kiyA gayA hai| unake sAtha rAma aura kRSNakA bhI ullekha haA hai; kiMtu unake caritra jaina vidvAnoM ne vaiSNava vidvAnoMkI apekSA kucha bhinna dRSTikoNase likhe haiM / vAsudeva kRSNako tIrthaMkara neminAthajIkA bhAI mAnA gayA hai, ataH kRSNake pitA vasudeva, bhAI balabhadra aura putra pradyumnake caritra likhane meM jaina vidvAnoMne bar3I ruci prakaTa kI hai| aise graMthoMmeM jinasenAcArya kRta 'harivaMza purANa' vizeSa rUpase ullekhanIya hai| yaha 66 sargokA vizAla graMtha hai / isakI racanA saM0 840 meM huI thii| isake AraMbhika sargomeM anya tIrthaMkaroMkA saMkSipta kathanakara 18 veM sarga se 61 sarga taka tIrthaMkara neminAthajIkA aura unake sAtha vasudeva, vAsudeva, kRSNa, balabhadra tathA pradyumnakA atyaMta vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| sabake aMtameM bhagavAna mahAvIrakA caritra varNita hai| 28 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ usa kAlake graMthoMmeMse jo graMtha brajamaMDalameM race gaye the, unakA prAmANika vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| 'aisA anumAna hai saMskRta, zaurasenI prAkRta aura zaurasenI apabhraMzameM kucha graMtha avazya race gaye hoMge, jo kAlake pravAhameM naSTa ho gye| kAlAMtarameM jo gratha vrajabhASAmeM race gaye the, ve aba bhI vidyamAna haiM, aura unase vrajamaMDala ke jaina vidvAnoMkI sAhitya-sAdhanApara acchA prakAza par3atA hai| haNoM kA AkramaNa-maurya-zuga kAlake pahilese lekara gupta zAsana ke bAda taka, arthAt eka sahasrase adhika kAla taka prAcIna vrajamaMDala meM jainadharmase saMbaMdhita imArateM prAyaH akSuNNa rahI thiiN| usa kAlameM jaina dharmakI uttarottara unnati karatA rahA thaa| gupta zAsanake aMtima kAlameM jaba asabhya hUNoMne prAcIna brajamaMDala para AkramaNa kiyA, taba unhoMne yahA~kI anya imAratoMke sAtha hI sAtha jaina imAratoMko bhI bar3I hAni paha~cAI thii| yahA~kA suprasiddha deva nirmita stUpa usa kAlameM kSatigrasta ho gayA thA, aura anya stUpa evaM maMdira-devAlaya bhI naSTaprAya ho gaye the| devasthAnoMkA jIrNoddhAra aura dhArmika sthitimeM sudhAra hUNoMke AkramaNase prAcIna vrajamaMDalakI jo imArateM kSatigrasta ho gaI thIM, unake jIrNoddhArakA zreya jina zraddhAlu mahAnubhAvoMko hai, unameM vappabhaTTi sarikA nAma ullekhanIya hai / 'vividha tIrthakalpa' se jJAta hotA hai ki vappabhaTTi sUrine apane ziSya gvAliyara nareza AmarAjase saM0 826 vi0 meM mathurA tIrthakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| usI samaya IMToMse banA prAcIna 'devanirmita stUpa', jo usa samaya jIrNAvasthAmeM thA, pattharoMse punanirmita kiyA gayA aura usameM bha0 pArzvanAthajIke jinAlaya evaM bha0 mahAvIrajIke bimba kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| vappaTTi sUrine mathurAmeM eka maMdirakA nirmANa bhI karAyA thA, jo yahA~para zvetAMbara saMpradAyakA sarvaprathama devAlaya thaa| . bauddhadharmake prabhAvahIna aura phira samApta ho jAnepara matharAmaMDala meM jo dharma acchI sthitimeM ho gaye the, unameM jainadharma bhI thaa| 10 vIM, 11 vIM aura 12 vIM zatAbdiyoMmeM yahA~para jainadharmakI paryApta unnati honeke pramANa milate haiN| usa kAlameM mathurA sthita kaMkAlI TIlAke jaina kendra meM aneka maMdira-devAlayoMkA nirmANa haA thA aura unameM tIrthaMkaroMkI mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita kI gaI thiiN| usa kAlakI aneka lekhAMkita jaina mUrtiyA~ kaMkAlI TIlekI khudAImeM prApta huI haiM / mathurAke atirikta prAcIna zauripura (baTezvara, jilA AgarA) bhI usa kAla meM jainadharmakA eka acchA kendra ho gayA thA aura vahA~ pracura saMkhyA meM jaina maMdiroMkA nirmANa huA thaa| mahamUda gaz2anavIke AkramaNakA duSpariNAma-saM0 1074 meM jaba mahamUda gaz2anavIne mathurApara bhISaNa AkramaNa kiyA thA, taba yahA~ke dhArmika sthAnoMkI bar3I hAni huI thii| kaMkAlI TIlAkA suprasiddha 'devanirmita stupa' bhI usI kAlameM AkramaNakAriyoMne naSTa kara diyA thA, kyoMki usakA ullekha phira nahIM milatA hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai, ukta prAcIna stUpake atirikta kaMkAlI TIlAke anya jaina devasthAnoMkI bahata adhika kSati nahIM huI thI, kyoMki usase kucha samaya pUrva hI vahA~ pratiSThita kI gaI jaina pratimAe~ akSaNNa rUpameM upalabdha huI haiM / saMbhava hai, jaina zrAvakoM dvArA usa samaya ve kisI surakSita sthAnapara pahu~cA dI gaI hoM, aura bAdameM sthiti ThIka honepara unheM pratiSThita kiyA gayA ho / mahamUda gaz2anavIke AkramaNa kAlase dillIke sultAnoMkA zAsana AraMbha hone taka arthAt 11 vIM se 13 vo zatiyoM taka mathurAmaMDalapara rAjapUta rAjAoMkA zAsanAdhikAra thaa| usa kAlameM yahA~ jainadharmakI sthiti kucha ThIka rahI thii| usake pazcAta vaiSNava saMpradAyoM kA adhika pracAra honese jainadharma zithila hone lagA thaa| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 29
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________________ jaina tIrthoM kI yAtrA-vaiSNava saMpradAyoMkA adhika pracAra honese isa kAlameM jainadharmakA prabhAva to ghaTa gayA thA, kiMtu jaina devasthAnoM ke prati janatAkI zraddhA banI rahI thii| vaiSNava saMpradAyoMkA kendra bananese pahile mathurA nagara jainadharma kA prasiddha kendra thaa| zvetAMbara aura digaMbara donoM saMpradAyoMke jaina sAdhu aura zrAvakagaNa matharA tIrthakI yAtrA karane Ate the| aise aneka tIrtha-yAtriyoMkA ullekha jainadharmake vividha graMthoMmeM huA hai| suprasiddha zodhaka vidvAna zrI agaracaMdajI nAhaTAne ukta ullekhoMkA saMkalanakara isa viSayapara acchA prakAza DAlA hai| unake lekhase jJAta hotA hai ki prathama zatIse satarahavIM zatI taka jaina yAtriyoMke AnekA krama calatA rahA thaa| mathurA tIrthakI yAtrA karanevAle jaina yAtriyoMmeM sarvaprathama maNidhArI jinacaMdra sUrikA nAma ullekhanIya hai| 'yuga pradhAna gurvAvalI' ke anusAra ukta sUrijIne saM0 1214-17 ke kAla meM mathurA tIrthakI yAtrA kI thI / ukta gurvAvalameM kharatara gacchake 14 zatAbdI AcArya jinacaMdra sUrike netRtvameM ThAkura acala dvArA saMgaThita eka bar3e saMgha dvArA bhI yAtrA kiye jAne kA ullekha haA hai| vaha yAtrI-saMgha saM0 1374 meM mathurA AyA thaa| usane mathurAke supA-rva aura mahAvIra tIrthokI yAtrA kI thii| muhammada tugalakake zAsana kAla ( saM0 1382-saM0 1408 ) meM karNATakake eka digaMbara munikI mathurA yAtrAkA ullekha milatA hai| usI kAlameM samarAzAhane zAhI pharamAna prAptakara eka bar3e yAtrI-saMghakA saMcAlana kiyA thaa| usI saMghake sAtha yAtrA karate hue gujarAtake zvetAMbara muni jinaprabha sUri saM0 1385 ke lagabhaga mathurA padhAre the| unhoMne yahA~ke jaina devAlayoMke darzana aura jaina sthaloMkI yAtrA karane ke sAtha hI sAtha vrajake vividha tIrthokI bhI yAtrA kI thii| ukta yAtrAke anaMtara jinaprabha sUrine saM0 1388 meM 'vividha tIrtha kalpa' nAmaka eka bar3e graMthakI racanA prAkRta bhASAmeM kI thI, usameM unhoMne jaina tIrthokA vizada varNana kiyA hai| isa graMthakA eka bhAga 'mathurApurI kalpa' meM hai, jisameM matharA tIrthase saMbaMdhita jaina anuzratiyoMkA ullekha haA hai| isake sAtha hI usameM mathurAmaMDalase saMbaMdhita kucha anya jJAtavya bAteM bhI likhI gaI haiN| unase yahA~kI tatkAlIna dhArmika sthitipara acchA prakAza par3atA hai| kRSNa-bhaktike pracAra aura sulatAnoMkI nItikA prabhAva-jaba vrajamaMDalake kRSNa-bhakti kA vyApaka pracAra haA, taba yahA~ke bahasaMkhyaka jainI jainadharmako chor3akara kRSNa-bhaktike vividha saMpradAyoMke anuyAyI ho gaye the / nAbhA jI kRta 'bhaktamAla' aura vallabha saMpradAyI 'vArtA' meM aise aneka jainiyoMke nAma milate haiN| jainadharmakI usa parivartita paristhitimeM vrajamaMDalake jaina stUpa-maMdira, devAlaya Adi upekSita avasthAmeM jIrNa-zIrNa hone lage the| phira dillI ke tatkAlIna musalamAna sulatAna apane majahabI tAssubake kAraNa bArabAra AkramaNa kara unheM kSati pahu~cAyA karate the| seTha samarAzAha jaise dhanI vyakti samaya-samaya para unakI marammata karAte the, kintu ve bAra-bAra kSatigrasta kara diye jAte the| isa prakAra mugala samrATa akabarake zAsanakAlase pahile mathurA tIrthakA mahattva jaina dharmako dRSTise kama ho gayA thA, aura vahA~ke jaina deva-sthAnoMkI sthiti zocanIya ho gayI thii| kRSNa-bhaktike vAtAvaraNameM racita jaina graMtha-zrIkRSNake putra pradyumnake saMbaMdha jaina mAnyatAkA sarvaprathama vrajabhASA graMtha sudhAra agravAla kRta 'pradyumna carita' hai| yaha eka sundara prabaMdha kAvya hai 'brajabhASAke adyAvadhi prApta graMthoMmeM sabase prAcIna' hone ke sAtha hI sAtha yaha hindI jaina graMthake rUpameM bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA racanA-kAla 14vIM zatAbdI hai / isa graMthake pazcAt jo hindI jaina racanAe~ prakAza meM AI. unameM se 1. 'vraja bhAratI', varSa 11, aMka 2 meM prakAzita-'mathurAke jaina stUpAdikI yaatraa|' 30 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ adhikatara mugala samrATa akabarake zAsanakAlakI, athavA usake bAdakI haiN| unameM bhI adhikAMza akabarakI rAjadhAnI AgarA athavA usake nikaTavartI sthAnoMmeM racI gaI thiiN| akabara kAlIna sthiti-mugala samrATa akabarakA zAsanakAla vrajamaMDalake liye bar3A hitakara aura yahA~ke dharma-sampradAyoMke liye bar3A sahAyaka siddha huA thaa| usase jaina dharmAvalambI bhI pracuratAse lAbhAnvita hue the| usa kAlake pahile vrajamaMDalameM mathurA aura baTezvara ( prAcIna zauripura ) aura unake samIpastha gvAliyara jaina dharmake kendra the / akabarake zAsanakAlameM usakI rAjadhAnI AgarA nagara jainadharmakA nayA aura atyanta zaktizAlI kendra bana gayA thaa| mathurA, baTezvara aura gvAliyarakA to dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika mahattva thA; kintu AgarA rAjanaitika kAraNoMse jaina kendra banA thaa| samrATa akabara sabhI dharma-sampradAyoMke prati udAra the| ve sabakI bAtoMko dhyAnapUrvaka sunate the, aura unameMse unheM jo upayogI jJAta hotIM, unheM grahaNa karate the| ve jainadharmake muniyoMko bhI AmaMtrita kara unakA pravacana sunA krte| unhoMne anya vidvAnoMke atirikta gujarAtake vikhyAta zvetAMbarAcArya hIravijaya sUriko bar3e AdarapUrvaka phatehapura sIkarI bulAyA thA, aura ve prAyaH unake dharmopadeza sunA karate the| isa kAraNa mathurA-AgarA Adi samasta vrajamaMDalameM base hue jainiyoMmeM Atma-gauravakA bhAva jAgrata huA thaa| ve maMdiradevAlayoMke nava-nirmANa athavA jIrNoddhArake liye bhI taba prayatnazIla hone lage the| AcArya hIravijaya sUri jI svayaM mathurA padhAre the| unakI yAtrAkA varNana 'hIra saubhAgya kAvya' ke 14veM sargameM huA thaa| usameM likhA hai, sUri jIne mathurAmeM vihArakara vahAM pArzvanAtha aura jambUsvAmI ke sthaloM tathA 527 stUpoMkI yAtrA kI thii| akabarake zAsanakAlase AgarA nagara jainadharmakA pramukha sAhityika kendra ho gayA thaa| vahA~ke aneka vidvAnoM, kaviyoM aura lekhakoMne bahusaMkhyaka graMthoMkI racanA kara jainadharmakI sAhityika samRddhi karaneke sAtha . hI sAtha vrajabhASA sAhityako bhI gauravAnvita kiyA thaa| sAha ToDara aura maMtrIzvara karmacaMda-akabarake zAsanakAlameM ve donoM pratiSThita jaina-bhakta mathurA tIrthakI yAtrA karane gaye the| sAhU ToDara bhaTAniyA ( jilA kola, vartamAna alIgar3ha ) ke nivAsI garga gotrIya agravAla jaina pAsA sAhake putra the| ve akabarI zAsana ke eka pratiSThita rAjapuruSa honeke sAtha hI sAtha dhanADhya seTha bhI the| unhoMne pracura dhana lagAkara mathurAmaMDalake bhagna jaina stUpoM aura maMdiroMke jIrNoddhArakA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA thaa| vaha dhArmika kArya saM0 1630 kI jyeSTha zukla 12 budhavArako pUrNa huA thaa| usI samaya unhoMne caturvidha saMghako AmaMtrita kara mathurAmeM eka jaina samArohakA bhI Ayojana kiyA thaa| tIrtha-punaruddhArake sAtha hI sAtha unhoMne mathurAke caurAsI kSetra para tapasyA kara nirvANa prApta karanevAle kaivalyajJAnI jambUsvAmIke caritra graMthoMkI racanAkA bhI prabandha kiyA thaa| phalataH unakI preraNAse saMskRta aura vrajabhASA hindImeM jambUsvAmI caritra usa kAlameM liye gaye the| saMskRta 'jambUsvAmI caritra' kA nirmANa usa samayake vikhyAta jaina vidvAna pAMDe rAjamallane saM0 1632 kI caitra kR0 8 ko aura vrajabhASA chandobaddha graMthakI racanA pAMDe jinadAsane saM0 1642 meM kI thii| bIkAnerake rAjyamaMtrI karmacandrane bhI mathurA tIrthakI yAtrA kara yahA~ke kucha caityoMkA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| usakA ullekha 'karmacandra vaMzotkIrtana' kAvyameM huA hai| paM0 banArasIdAsakI mahattvapUrNa dena-paM0 banArasIdAsa jaunapura nivAsI zrImAlI jaina the| ve mugala samrAT jahA~gIrake zAsanakAlameM AgarA Aye the, aura phira usI nagarake sthAyI nivAsI ho gaye the| ve gRhastha hote hae bhI jaina darzana aura adhyAtmake acche jJAtA, suprasiddha sAhityakAra aura krAMtikArI vidvAna itihAsa aura purAtattva : 31
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________________ the| unhoMne jainadharmake antargata eka AdhyAtmika paMtha kI sthApanA kI, aura aneka graMthoM kI racanA kI thI / unake paMthako pahile 'adhyAtmI paMtha' athavA 'banArasI mata' kahA jAtA thA, bAda meM vaha 'teraha paMtha' ke nAma se prasiddha huA thA / usa sudhAravAdI matake kAraNa usa kAlake digambara sampradAyI caityavAsI bhaTTArakoM kI pratiSThA meM paryApta kamI huI thI / paM0 banArasIdAsa hindIke jaina graMthakAroMmeM sarvopari mAne jAte haiN| unakI khyAti unakI dhArmika vidvattAse bhI adhika unake granthoMke kAraNa hai| unakI racanAoMmeM 'nATaka samayasAra' aura 'artha kathAnaka' adhika prasiddha haiN| 'nATaka samayasAra' adhyAtma aura vedAntakI eka mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| isakA pracAra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM sampradAyoM meM hai| 'artha kathAnaka' unakA Atma-caritra hai, jo unake jIvana ke prathama artha bhAgase saMbaMdhita hai| yaha bhI apane viSayako mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| unakI do anya racanAe~ 'banArasI nAma mAlA' aura 'banArasI vilAsa hai| ye saba graMtha padyAtmaka hai| inake atirikta unakI eka gadya racanA 'paramArtha vacanakA' bhI hai| yaha jaina sAhityakI AraMbhika hindI gadya racanAoMmeMse hai, ataH isakA bhI apanA mahatva hai / auraMgajebI zAsanakA duSpariNAma - mugala samrAT akabara, jahA~gIra aura zAhajahAMka zAsanakAlameM jainadharmakI jitanI unnati huI thI, auraMgajebake zAsana meM usase adhika avanati ho gayI thii| usa kAlameM vrajamaMDalake gaira musalima dharma-sampradAyoMke sabhI deva sthAna naSTa kara diye gaye the ukta dharma-sampradAyoMke adhikAMza AcArya, saMta, mahAtmA, vidvAn aura guNI jana vrajamaMDala chor3akara hindU the / usa kAlameM jainadharmakI sthiti bhI atyanta zithila aura prabhAvazUnya ho gayI thI kendra kaMkAlI TIlA aura caurAsImeMse kaMkAlI TIlA to pahile hI vIrAna sA thA, kSetra bhI mahattvazUnya ho gyaa| baTezvara aura AgarA kendroMkI bhI taba pratiSThA bhaMga ho gayI thI / - / AdhunikakAlakI sthiti - auraMgajebI zAsanakAla ke bAdase aMgrejI rAjyakI sthApanA taka samasta vrajamaMDala jainadharmakI sthiti bigar3I huI rahI thii| aMgrejI zAsanakAlameM mathurAke seThoM dvArA jainadharmako bar3A saMrakSaNa milA thaa| isa parAneke pratiSThAtA seTha manIrAma digambara jaina zrAvaka the ve pahile gvAliyara rAjyake dAnAdhikArI zrIgokuladAsa pArikhake eka sAdhAraNa munIma the / jaba pArikhajI apane sAtha karor3oM kI dharmAdA sampatti lekara usase vrajameM maMdirAvikA nirmANa karAne saM0 1870 meM mathurA gaye the, taba manIrAma munIma bhI unake sAtha the| pArikhajI apanI mRtyu pahile manIrAmajI ke jyeSTha putra lakSmI candako apanA uttarAdhikArI banA gaye the / unake bAda manIrAma lakSmIcanda pArikhajIkI vipula sampatti ke svAmI hue / unhoMne vyApAra dvArA usa sampattiko khUba bar3hAyA aura vividha dhArmika kAryoM meM usakA sadupayoga kiyaa| unhoMne mathurAke 'caurAsI' siddha kSetrakA jIrNodvAra kara vahA~ jaina mandirakA nirmANa karAyA thaa| usameM unhoMne aSTama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn candraprabhakI mUrti pratiSThita kara digambara vidhike anusAra unakI pUjA kI yathocita vyavasthA kI thii| bAda meM seTha lakSmIcandake putra raghunAthadAsane vahA~ dvitIya tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ajitanAthakI saMgamaramara pratimAko pratiSThita kiyA thaa| mathurAmaMDala ke Adhunika jaina devAlayoM meM yaha mandira sabase adhika prasiddha hai / yahA~ para kArtika kR0 2 se kR0 8 taka prati varSa eka bar3A utsava hotA hai, jisameM rathayAtrAkA bhI Ayojana kiyA jAtA hai / rAjyoM meM Akara basa gaye mathurA ke prasiddha jainaphira caurAsIkA siddha vartamAna sthiti - isa samaya mathurAmeM jainadharmakA prasiddha kendra caurAsI sthita kSetra hI hai| yahA~ para 'akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina saMgha kA kendrIya kAryAlaya hai| 32 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha jambUsvAmIkA siddha sAptAhika patra 'jaina
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________________ saMdeza' isI sthAnase prakAzita hotA hai| yahA~ke 'RSabha brahmacaryAzrama' meM jainadharma aura saMskRta bhASAke sAtha hI sAtha vartamAna praNAlIkI zikSA dI jAtI hai| isa sthAnake 'sarasvatI bhavana' meM jainadharmake granthoMkA acchA saMgraha hai| vrajamaMDalameM jainadharmakA sabase bar3A kendra AgarA hai| yahA~ para madhyakAlase hI jaina dharmAvalambiyoMkI pracura saMkhyA rahI hai| jaina-granthakAra to adhikatara AgarAke hI hue haiN| isa samaya vahA~ jainadharmako aneka saMsthAyeM haiM, jo upayogI kArya kara rahI haiN| vahA~kA jaina kAleja granthabhaMDAra bhI prasiddha hai| mathurAke kaMkAlI TIlAkA jainakendra, jo 'deva nirmita stUpa' tathA anya stUpoM aura mandira-devAlayoMke kAraNa vigatakAlameM itanA prasiddha rahA thA, isa samaya vIrAna par3A haA hai| AzcaryakI bAta yaha hai, jisa kAlameM vaha naSTa haA. usake bAdase kisIne usakA panaruddhAra karAne kI ora dhyAna nahIM / seThoMne bhI usake liye kucha nahIM kiyA, jabaki unhoMne 'caurAsI' ke siddha sthalakA punaruddhAra karAyA thaa| vAstavika bAta yaha hai ki kaI zatAbdiyoM taka upekSita aura jar3a par3e rahane ke kAraNa kaMkAlI TIlAko gauravagAthAko loga bhUla gaye the| mathurAke seThoMke utkarSa-kAlameM bhI yahI sthiti thii| yadi usa samaya unheM isa sthalakI mahattAkA bodha hotA, to ve apane vipula sAdhanoMse vahA~ bahuta kucha kara sakate the / ___ abakI bAra mathurAmeM zrImahAvIra jayantIkA jo samAroha huA thA, usakI adhyakSatA karane ke lie majhe AmaMtrita kiyA gayA yadyapi maiM jaina dharmAvalambI nahIM hai| maiMne usa avasarakA sadupayoga kaMkAlIkI gaurava-gAthA sunAne meM kiyaa| upasthita janasamudAyane merI bAta bar3e kautUhalapUrvaka sunii| unheM isa bAtakA vizvAsa nahIM ho rahA thA ki matharAmeM kisI samaya itane mahattvakA sthala thaa| utsavakI samAptike pazcAt aneka vyaktiyoMne mujhase pUchatAcha kii| jaba mere batalAye hue aitihAsika pramANoMse unheM vizvAsa ho gayA, taba ve ukta sthalakA punaruddhAra karAneko vyagra hone lge| usI kAlameM muni vidyAnandajI mathurA padhAre the| unake samaya isa carcAne aura jora pkdd'aa| aba aisI sthiti bana gaI hai ki nikaTa bhaviSyameM isa purAtana sthalakA punaruddhAra ho skegaa| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 33