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________________ sAdhvIratna puSpavatI abhinandana grantha prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM gaNitIya zabdAvali (Mathematical Terminology in Early Jain Literature) DA. premasumana jaina ( jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura ) jaina sAhitya vibhinna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai / isameM prArambha se hI jo siddhAnta aura darzana ke grantha likhe gaye haiM unameM prAcIna bhAratIya gaNita ke kaI siddhAnta evaM pArabhASika zabdAvali kA prayoga huA hai / SaTkhaNDAgama aura sthAnAMga sUtra Adi granthoM kI sAmagrI isa dRSTi se upayogI hai / tiloyapaNNatta meM gaNita evaM bhUgola donoM kI bharapUra sAmagrI | sUryaprajJapti evaM candraprajJapti Adi grantha bhAratIya sAhitya para yUnAnI prabhAva ke pahale ke grantha haiM / ataH inakI sAmagrI bhAratIya gaNita kI maulika udbhAvanAoM ke liye mahatvapUrNa hai / bhagavatIsUtra, anuyogadvAra sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, tatvArtha sUtra meM prApta gaNitIya sAmagrI prAcIna bhAratIya gaNita ke itihAsa meM kaI naye tathya jor3atI hai| jaina sAhitya meM prApta gaNitIyasAmagrI kA pUrNa vaijJAnika evaM vivecanAtmaka adhyayana svatantra rUpa se abhI nahIM huA hai / kintu bhAratIya gaNita ke itihAsa ko likhane vAle vidvAnoM ne jaina sAhitya kI isa sAmagrI kI ora manISiyoM kA dhyAna avazya AkarSita kiyA hai / DA0 upAdhyAya ne gaNitIya zabdAvalI ke vivecana meM bhI jaina granthoM meM prApta gaNita kI sAmagrI ko ujAgara kiyA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya gaNita ke madhyakAla athavA svarNayuga meM bhI gaNita ke prayoga meM jainAcAryoM kA vizeSa yoga rahA hai / AryabhaTa se prArambha hone vAle evaM bhAskara dvitIya taka calane vAle isa 500 I0 se 1200 I0 taka ke kAla meM mahAvIrAcArya dvArA praNIta gaNitasAra-saMgraha nAmaka grantha aMkagaNita kI sarvazreSTha pustakoM meM se eka hai / laghutama samApavartya ke jisa niyama kA prArambha yUropa meM 15vIM zatAbdI meM huA, usa Adhunika niyama ko mahAvIrAcArya ne 8-havIM zatAbdI meM hI prastuta kara diyA thA / bhinnoM, zreDhiyoM tathA aMkagaNitIya praznoM kA jitanA vizada aura vistRta rUpa gaNitasArasaMgraha meM milatA hai, utanA anyatra nahIM hai / isa jainAcArya kI yaha mAnyatA thI ki isa carAcara saMsAra meM koI bhI vastu aisI nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra meM gaNita na hoM / bahubhivipralApaiH kim trailokye sacarAcare / yatkiMcidvastu tatsarvaM gaNitena vinA na hi // prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM gaNitIya zabdAvali : DaoN0 premasumana jaina | 166
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________________ sAdhvIratna puSpavatI abhinandana grantha jaina sAhitya meM yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki laukika, vaidika, evaM anya saba prakAra ke sAmayika kAryoM meM gaNita (saMkhyAna) kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| laukike vaidike vApi tathA sAmayike'pi yaH / vyApArastatra sarvatra saMkhyAnamupayujyate / / AcArAMga niyukti (5.50) meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka jaina AcArya ko gaNiyaM kA adhyayana karanA caahiye| mahAvIrAcArya kA 'gaNitasAra saMgraha' nAmaka grantha prasiddha hai| isake do saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiM / isa grantha para saMskRta, telagu evaM kannar3a Adi bhASAoM meM TIkAe~ likhI gayI haiN| inhIM mahAvIrAcArya ne bIjagaNita para eka sundara pustaka likhI hai 'tttriNshikaa'| isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati jayapura ke eka zAstra bhaNDAra meM prApta hai| prAkRta bhASA meM vi0 saM0 1372-1380 ke vIca prasiddha jaina gRhastha vidvAna Thakkara pheru ne 'gaNitasAra-kaumudI' nAmaka grantha likhA hai| bhAskarAcArya kI 'lIlAvatI' se sAmya rakhate hue bhI isa gaNitasAra-kaumudI meM aneka viSaya naye haiM / sAMskRtika dRSTi se isa grantha kA vizeSa mahattva hai / abhI yaha grantha aprakAzita hai| gRhastha jaina vidvAna pallIlAla anantapAla ne 'pATIgaNita' nAmaka eka grantha likhA hai| isake atirikta bhI 5-6 gaNita viSayaka jaina racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| mahAvIrAcArya ke kArya ko jainAcArya zrIdhara ne Age bddh'aayaa| unhoMne triMzatikA, pATIgaNita evaM bIjagaNita (anupalabdha) nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kara gaNita ke itihAsa meM kaI naye siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiM / dvighAta samIkaraNa ke sAdhana kA niyama zrIdhara ne pratipAdita kiyA hai| zrIdhara hI kevala aise gaNitajJa haiM, jinhoMne bIjagaNitIya viSaya kA bhI jyAmitIya upacAra kiyA hai| jainAcAryoM ke gaNita viSayaka granthoM meM jo gaNitIya zabdAvalI prApta hotI hai usameM sarvaprathama yaha jAnane ko milatA hai ki gaNiyaM arthAta gaNita svatantra adhyayana kA viSaya thA, kevala jyotiSa athavA bhUgola ke liye usakA upayoga nahIM thaa| isI mahattA ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM gaNitAnuyoga nAma se eka svatantra vibhAjana karanA pdd'aa| isa prAcIna vibhAjana ko AdhAra mAnakara munizrI kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala' ne sampUrNa Agama granthoM se gaNita kI sAmagrI saMkalita kara use 'gaNitAnuyoga' nAma se prakAzita kI hai| aba hindI anuvAda ke sAtha gaNitAnuyoga kA nayA saMskaraNa chapa gayA hai / gaNitazAstra ke jaina granthoM kI sAmagrI kA sahI upayoga vahI kara sakatA hai jo gaNita evaM jaina siddhAnta donoM meM pAraMgata ho| samayasamaya para kucha vidvAna sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ne isa dizA meM prayatna kiye haiN| kintu prophesara lakSmIcandra jaina isa viSaya ke AdhAra stambha kahe jA sakate haiN| unake vidvattApUrNa lekhana se pAzcAtya jagat bhI jaina gaNita ke bahumUlya siddhAntoM se paricita huA hai| DA0 upAdhyAya ne jaina granthoM meM prayukta gaNitIya zabdAvalI kA isa prakAra Akalana kiyA hai 200 | paMcama khaNDa : sAMskRtika sampadA www.jainel
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________________ ...................... .................. - sAdhvIratnapuSpavatI abhinandana grantha III.... - iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii / / / / viSama catuSkoNa samacakravAla viSama cakravAla cakrArdha cakrAvAla cakrAkAra i i .......... / / / / / / / / / / ekato ananta dvividhAnanta dezavistArAnanta sarvavistArAnanta zAzvatAnanta bhaMga (sthAna krama) oja (viSama saMkhyA) yugma (sama saMkhyA) vikalpa gaNita (kramacaya tathA saMcaya) sUrya prajJapti (sUtra 11, 16, 25, 100) trikoNa samacaturasra paMcakoNa viSamacaturasra samacatuSkoNa sthAnAMga sUtra parikamma (saMkhyAna) vavahAra (saMkhyAna) rajjU (saMkhyAna) rAsI (saMkhyAna) kalAsavarNa yAvattAvat varga varga varga gaNiya sUkSma bhagavatI sUtra saMkhyeya asaMkhyeya saMyoga (saMcaya) tryasra caturastra Ayata vRtta parimaDaMla (dIrghavRtta) pratara (samatala) uttarAdhyayana sUtra (a0 30 gA0 10-11) varga ghana vargavarga (4) anuyogadvAra sUtra: sthAna dravya pramANa kSetra pramANa | | / / / / / / / ghana (Thosa) ghanatryasra (tribhujAdhAra sUcI stambha) ghanacaturasra (ghanavarga) ghanAyata ghanavRtta dhanaparimaDaMla valayavRta valayatryatra valayacaturasra . ... ......... ghanavarga (6) ghanavargavarga (12) (bIjagaNita ghAtoM ke nAma) / / rasamAna sUcyaMgula pratarAMgula prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM gaNitIya zabdAvali : DaoN0 prema sumana jaina | 201 www.ja
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________________ sAdhvIratna puSpavatI abhinandana grantha kAla pramANa bhAva pramANa mAna unmAna avamAna (rekhikamAna ) gaNima (saMkhyAmAna) pratimAna dhAnyamAna tatvArtha sUtra : vRtta parikSepa ( paridhi ) jyA ( jIvA ) iSu (zara) viSkaMbha (vyAsa) dhanukASTha (cApa) unnata ekIkaraNa karaNasUtra guNa guNottara (jaMbudIvasamAsa ) isa prakAra jaina sAhitya ke ina granthoM meM rekhAgaNita, bIjagaNita Adi ke kSetra meM kaI zabda pahalI bAra prayoga meM Aye haiM / koNa, pATI, zreDhI, gaccha jIvA, Adi zabda prAkRta granthoM se hI saMskRta sAhitya meM praviSTa hue haiM / Aja gaNita ke kSetra meM saMkhyAvAcaka zabda prAyaH gaNitasAra saMgraha se hI gRhIta kiye gaye haiM / nIla ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI Adhunika saMkhyAvAcI zabdoM kA prayoga mahAvIrAcArya ne apane grantha meM kiyA hai / kucha vizeSa zabda draSTavya haiM gaNitasAra saMgraha : saMkalita ghanAMgula prathama varga dvitIya varga tRtIya varga pavA~ varga prathama vargamUla dvitIya vargamUla tRtIya vargamUla vRddhayuttara hInottara nimna ardhavRtta 202 | paMcama khaNDa : sAMskRtika-sampadA bAhu ( trijyA ) bhedaguNana ( khaNDa - guNana ) viSkaMbhA vyAsArdha nimna ( natodara ) niruddha pRSTha pracaya mAsikavRddhi mizradhana ghanIvRtta vRtta caya zatavRddhi (pratizata) zaMkha, mahAzaMkha samavRtta zrIdharAcArya ne bhI gaNitIya zabdAvalI meM kaI viziSTa zabda jor3e haiM / yathAcaya saMkalita saMsthAnaka Aya (dhana) vyaya (RNa) sama viSama www.jaine
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________________ sAdhvIratna puSpavatI abhinandana grantha isa prakAra ke saikar3oM zabda jaina sAhitya se ekatra kiye jA sakate haiN| unakA Adhunika gaNita ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane se jainAcAryoM ke yogadAna ko rekhAMkita kiyA jA sakatA hai / kevala gaNita ke kSetra meM hI nahIM, ina zabdoM se bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa para bhI nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai / gaNita meM jo savAla diye jAte haiM ve jana-jIvana ko vyakta karate haiM / prAcIna granthoM meM strI-vikraya, pazu-vikraya ke savAla milate haiM / kintu jaina granthoM meM jaina darzana ke prabhAva ke kAraNa aise savAla nahIM diye gaye haiN| yahA~ kamaloM, bhramaroM, sarovaroM evaM dAna kI vastuoM ko AdhAra mAnakara savAla diye gaye haiM / jaise gaNita-tilaka meM kahA gayA hai ki do bhramara kamala para parAgaraMjita ho rahe haiM, zeSa ke Adhe kisI gajarAja ke mada kA Ananda le rahe haiM, bAkI vahAM bhramaroM kA eka jor3A dekhA gayA to kula kitane bhauMreM the? jaina sAhitya se isa prakAra ke sabhI savAloM ko ekatra kara yadi unakA adhyayana kiyA jAya to kaI sAMskRtika pakSa ujAgara ho skeNge| gaNitIya zabdAvalI kA bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana bhI bahuta upayogI hai| Aja hamAre sAmane jo zabda pracalita haiM ve hajAroM varSoM kI yAtrA kara yahA~ taka pahu~ce haiN| ataH unake pariveza tathya de sakatA hai| 'onAmAsi dhama' Aja bhI zikSA prArambha karate samaya baccoM se kahalavAyA jAtA hai| jo jaina kAla meM 'OM namaH siddhama' kA apabhraMza hai| vAnara' kA artha bandara hai| kintu yaha zabda kyoM pracalita huA? isake taha meM jAyeM to jJAta hotA hai ki vA kA artha hai samAna aura nara mAne manuSya / manuSya jaisA jo ho vaha vAnara / isa eka zabda se mAnava ke vikAsavAda kA samarthana ho jAtA hai / prAkRta meM kRSi ko karisi kahate haiM / yaha karisi tamila meM arisi ke rUpa meM pracalita ho gayA / cUMki vahA~ kRSi meM cAvala adhika hotA hai ataH cAvala ke lie arisi zabda pracalita ho gayA / aMgrejoM kA prathama samparka madrAsa meM adhika rhaa| unhoMne cAvala ke lie pracalita arisi zabda ko rAisa kahanA prArambha kara diyaa| zabdoM ke viparyaya se yaha svAbhAvika ho gyaa| zabdoM ke prayoga kI kathA pratyeka vijJAna ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya jyotiSa meM dina aura mAsoM ke nAma pracalita hone kI sundara kathAe~ haiN| jaise azvinIkumAra nAmaka deva ke lie bhAdraprada ke bAda Ane vAlA mAha sunizcita thaa| kintu kAlAntara meM 'azvinIkumAra mAha' kahanA kaThina par3ane lagA to isake do Tukar3e ho gaye aura hama isa mAha ko Azvina tathA kuvAra do nAmoM se jAnane lge| vyApAra evaM gaNitazAstra meM Aja 'byAja' bahuta pracalita zabda hai| prAcIna kAla meM isake lie kusIda zabda pracalita thaa| phira vRddhi zabda prayoga meM aayaa| kintu saMskRta sAhitya meM byAja para paisA lenA yA denA donoM hI heya mAnA gyaa| dhIre-dhIre isa dhandhe meM chala-kapaTa aura beImAnI bar3ha gaI / ataH isake lie saMskRta kA 'byAja' zabda prayukta hone lagA, jisakA artha tarkazAstra meM chala hotA hai / phira byAja kA artha kSatipUrti karane vAlA kara ho gyaa| bAda meM gujarAta meM byAja kA artha sUda ke rUpa meM prayukta ho gyaa| gaNitatilaka kI TIkA meM yaha janabhASA kA byAja zabda apane pracalita artha meM saMskRta meM praviSTa jaina gaNita ke granthoM meM kamalavAcI zabdoM kA sarvAdhika prayoga huA hai| yadi aise sabhI zabdoM kA saMkalana kara unake itihAsa ko khojA jAya to kamala-saMskRti se jaina darzana kA kahIM gaharA sambandha dekhane ko milegaa| gaNitazAstra ke jaina granthoM meM kaI zabdoM kI nayI vyAkhyAe~ prApta hotI haiM, unase gaNita ke pAribhASika zabdoM ko samajhane meM madada milatI hai| jaina granthoM meM 'rajjU' kA artha svayaMbhUramaNa samudra kA prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM gaNitIya zabdAvali : DaoN0 premasumana jaina | 203 www
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________________ sAdhvIratna puSpavatI abhinandana grantha / yAsa kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki yadi koI zaktizAlI devatA 1000 bhAra ke garma lohe ke gole ko pheMke to 6 mAsa 6 dina 6 pahara aura 6 ghar3I meM vaha jitanI dUra jAya usa dUrI ko rajjU kahate haiN| (ratna saMcaya 5, 16-20) / isI prakAra 'koNa' zabda kA gaNita ke artha meM prayoga sUryaprajJapti meM milatA hai, jo IsA pUrva kA grantha mAnA gayA hai / isase una kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI usa dhAraNA kA khaNDana hotA hai jisameM ve koNa ko yUnAnI zabda 'goniyA' se nikalA huA mAnate the| jabaki 'koNa' mula bhAratIya zabda hai| ho sakatA hai ki usane yU nAna ko goniyA zabda pradAna kiyA hai / 'Ayata' zabda Aja ke vartamAna artha meM bhagavatI sUtra (25, 3) tathA anuyogadvAra sUtra Adi meM prApta hotA hai| 'jIvA' zabda sarvaprathama prAkRta granthoM meM hI gaNita ke artha meM prayukta haA hai| 'laghukSetra samAsa' nAmaka grantha meM 'jIvA' | kI vyAkhyA dI gaI hai / ataH 'jIvA' se 'jyA' ke rUpa meM yaha zabda bhArata se araba aura araba se yUropa pahu~cA hai / isa prakAra ke anya sabhI pAribhASika gaNitIya zabda jaina sAhitya se ekatra kiye jAne cAhie aura unakA Adhunika gaNita ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana honA caahie| ...... ........... ..... . ...... ......... Hit sandarbha grantha sUcI 1. upAdhyAya, ba0 la; prAcIna bhAratIya gaNita, dillI 1971 / 2. jaina, lakSmIcandra; gaNitasAra-saMgraha, solApura, 1983 / 3. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala'; gaNitAnuyoga, sANDerAva, 1970 / 4. jaina, lakSmIcandra, tiloyapaNNatti kA gaNita, prastAvanA lekha (jambUdvIpa paNNatti saMgaho), solApura, 1958 / 5. AryikA vizuddhamatijI%3; tiloyapaNNatti, 1984 / 6. siMha, e0 ena0; 'hisTrI Apha methAmeTiksa ina iNDiyA phAma jaina sorseja' jainasiddhAnta bhAskara, 1946-1950 / 7. kApar3iyA, hIrAlAla; gaNita tilaka (vyAkhyA sahita), bar3audA / 8. zukla, kRpAzaMkara; pATI gaNita (zrIdharAcArya) lakhanaU / 6. datta, bI0 bI0 evaM siMha, hindU gaNita zAstra kA itihAsa, lakhanaU / 10. AcArya tulasI, aMgasuttANi, lADanU, 1975-76 / 11. AcArya tulasI; Agama zabda koSa, lADanU', 1984 / 12. zAstrI, nemIcandra; tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 1-4 / 13. jaina, jagadIzacandra jaina AgamoM meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI / 14. bhojaka, ambAlAla zAha; jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 5, 1966 / ++ MithilitFilitiiiiitatitiHHHHHHHHHHAMMALL :: 204 | paMcama khaNDa : sAMskRtika sampadA www.jainelibre