Prachin Bharat ki Jain Shikshan paddhati

Author(s): Harindrabhushan Jain
Publisher: Z_Hajarimalmuni_Smruti_Granth_012040.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/211432/1

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Jain E DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI sAhityAcArya prAcIna bhArata kI jaina zikSaNa-paddhati Wan bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI jJAna kI atizaya pratiSThA rahI hai. vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI dizA meM jJAna ko sadaiva sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai. mAnava jIvana kI saphalatA, manuSya ke jJAna kI mAtrA para hI avalambita hotI hai. zatapatha brAhmaNa meM jJAna kI pratiSThA ko pramANita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'svAdhyAya aura pravacana se manuSya kA citta ekAgra ho jAtA hai, vaha svatantra bana jAtA hai, use nitya dhana prApta hotA hai, vaha sukha se sotA hai, usakA indriyoM para saMyama hotA hai. usakI prajJA bar3ha jAtI hai aura use yaza milatA hai.' jainAgamoM meM bhI jJAna kI mahimA svIkAra kI gaI hai. uttarAdhyayana meM nimnalikhita saMvAda se jJAna ke mahattva para prakAza par3atA hai. ziSya ne pUchA: 'he pUjya ! jJAnasaMpannatA se jIva ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ?' guru ne uttara diyA : 'he bhadra ! jJAnasampanna jIva samasta padArthoM kA yathArthabhAva jAna sakatA hai. yathArtha bhAva jAnane vAle jIva ko caturgatimaya isa saMsAra rUpI aTavI meM kabhI duHkhI nahIM honA par3atA. jaise dhAgevAlI sUI khotI nahIM hai. usI prakAra jJAnI jIva saMsAra meM pathabhraSTa nahIM hotA aura jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa tathA vinaya ke yoga ko prApta hotA hai tathA svaparadarzana ko barAbara jAnakara asatyamArga meM nahIM pha~satA'. jJAna kI isa mahattvapUrNa sthiti ke bAda yaha Avazyaka thA ki jJAna sarvasAdhAraNa ko sulabha ho. isake liye bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI zikSaNa paddhati para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai. vaidika, bauddha aura jaina tInoM saMskRtiyoM meM zikSaNa kI apanI vizeSa paramparAe~ rahI haiM. Ajakala ke vidvAnoM ne bhI vaidika aura bauddha zikSaNa paddhatiyoM ke viSaya meM paryApta likhA hai. jaina zikSaNa-paddhati ke viSaya meM hameM jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM. jaina-zikSaNa-paddhati se saMbaMpita ina ullekhoM ko ekatrita karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki niHsaMdeha bhAratavarSa meM prAcInakAla meM eka atyanta suvyavasthita jaina zikSaNa-paddhati thI. jaina tathA bauddha zikSaNa-paddhatiyoM meM prAyaH sAmya hai. isakA pradhAna kAraNa yaha hai ki donoM dharmoM meM jJAna kA prasAra karane kA zreya una muniyoM athavA bhikSuoM ko hai jo ki gRhastha Azrama se dUra rahakara apanA samasta jIvana jJAna ke dAna aura AdAna meM hI vyatIta kiyA karate the, bauddha tathA jainadharma ina donoM dharmoM ke dhArmika vicAroM kI nikaTatA bhI donoM zikSaNa-paddhatiyoM kI samAnatA kA eka anya kAraNa ho sakatI hai. aba hama tulanAtmaka rIti se prAcIna bhArata kI jainazikSaNa-paddhati para vicAra karate haiM. zikSA kA uddezya - prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA kA uddezya sadAcAra kI vRddhi, vyaktitva kA vikAsa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika karttavyoM kI zikSA denA thA. 1 chAtra jIvana-brAhmaNa saMskRti ke anusAra bAlaka kA vidyArthI jIvana, upanayana saMskAra se prArambha hotA thA. aMgazAstra meM bhI upanayana ( uvaNayaNa) saMskAra kA varNana hai. TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne upanayana kA artha 'kalAgrahaNa' kiyA 1. Education in Ancient India, by Altekar pR0 326. 0000rary.org

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556 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti grantha : tRtIya adhyAya hai. 'kalA' kA artha vidyA hai. vidyA grahaNa ke pUrva jo utsava manAyA jAtA thA use 'upanayana' kahA gayA hai.' upanayana ke bAda mAtA-pitA apane putra ko kalAcArya ( vidyAguru) ke sAtha bheja dete the. prAyaH chAtra apane AcAryoM ke ghara para rahakara vidyAdhyayana kiyA karate the. kucha ghanI loga nagara meM bhI chAtroM ko bhojana tathA nivAsa dekara unake adhyayana meM sahAyaka hote the. chAtra tathA AcAryoM ke sambandha kabhI-kabhI vaivAhika saMbaMdhoM ke sundara rUpa meM bhI pariNata ho jAte the. 3 avakAza ke samaya Azrama banda ho jAte the. akAla- meghoM ke A jAne para, garjana, bijalI kA camakanA, atyadhika varSA, koharA, dhUla ke tUphAna, candra-sUrya grahaNa Adi ke samaya prAyaH avakAza ho jAyA karatA thA. do senAoM athavA do nagaroM meM Apasa meM yuddha dvArA nagara kI zAnti bhaMga ho jAne para, mallayuddha ke samaya tathA sammAnya netA kI mRtyu ho jAne para bhI adhyayana banda kara diyA jAtA thA. kabhI-kabhI billI dvArA cUhe kA mArA jAnA, rAste meM aNDe kA mila jAnA, jisa jagaha Azrama hai usa muhalle meM bacce kA janma honA Adi kAraNoM se bhI vidyAdhyayana kA kArya banda kara diyA jAtA thA. * adhyayana-kAla- vaidika yuga meM brahmacaryAzrama kA prArambha 12 varSa kI avasthA meM hotA thA. 12 varSa kI avasthA se lekara jaba taka vedoM kA adhyayana calatA rahatA thA taba taka vidyArthI par3hate rahate the. bauddha saMskRti meM bhI koI gRhastha apane kuTumba kA parityAga karake ( kisI bhI avasthA kA hone para bhI ) buddhasaMgha aura buddha kI zaraNa meM jAkara vidyAdhyayana meM laga sakatA thA. zAstra ke anusAra bAlaka kA adhyayana kucha adhika ATha varSa se prArambha hotA thA aura jaba taka vaha kalAcArya ke nikaTa sampUrNa 72 kalAoM kA athavA kucha kalAoM kA adhyayana nahIM kara letA thA taba taka adhyayana karatA rahatA thA. vidyA ke adhikArI -- vaidika kAla meM jina vidyArthiyoM kI abhiruci adhyayana ke prati hotI thI, AcArya prAyaH unhIM ko apanAte the. jina vidyArthiyoM kI pratibhA, jJAna prApta karane meM asamartha hotI thI unheM phAla aura hala yA tAne-bAne ke kAma meM laganA par3atA thA. jainAcAryoM ne vidyArthI kI yogyatA ke liye usakA AcArya kula meM rahanA, utsAhI, vidyApremI, madhurabhASI tathA zubhakarmA honA Avazyaka batalAyA hai. AjJA ullaMghana karane vAle, gurujanoM ke hRdaya se dUra rahane vAle, zatru kI taraha virodhI tathA vivekahIna ziSya ko 'avinIta' kahA gayA hai. isake viparIta jo ziSya guru kI AjJA pAlana karane vAlA hai, guru ke nikaTa rahatA (antevAsI) hai, tathA apane guru ke iMgita manobhAva tathA AkAra kA jAnakAra hai use 'vinIta' kahA gayA hai. ziSya ke liye vAcAla, durAcArI, krodhI, haMsI-majAka karane vAlA, kaThora vacana bolane vAlA, vinA soce uttara dene vAlA, pUchane para asatya uttara dene vAlA, gurujanoM se vaira karane vAlA nahIM honA cAhie. 10 uttarAdhyayana meM ziSya ke 1. bhagavatI sUtra, 11, 11, 420 pR0 666 - abhayadeva vRtti. 2. uttarAdhyayana TokA, 8, pR0 124. 3. vahI, 180 pR0 243. 4. vyavahArabhASya, 7. 281-316. 5. nAyAdhammaka hAo, 1, 20. pR0 21. 6. chAndogya upaniSad, 6.1.2. 7. uttarAdhyayana, 11.14. 8. vahI, 6. vahI, 1.2. 10. vahI, 1. 4, 6, 12, 14, 17. 7 O SEISEINEN SEINEISEINZINEISZSZISZISEIN IS IN ISZISZISZISZ Jain Education international

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liye nimnaprakAra vidhAna batAyA gayA hai-" ziSya ko gurujanoM kI pITha ke pAsa athavA Age pIche nahIM baiThanA cAhie. use guru ke itane pAsa bhI nahIM baiThanA cAhie ki jisase apane pairoM kA unake pairoM se sparza ho. zayyA para leTe-leTe athavA apanI jagaha para baiThe-baiThe guru ko kabhI pratyuttara nahIM denA cAhie. gurujanoM ke samakSa paira para paira car3hA kara athavA ghuTane chAtI se lagAkara tathA paira phailAkara kabhI nahIM baiThanA cAhie. yadi AcArya bulAve to ziSya ko kabhI bhI mauna nahIM rahanA cAhie, pratyuta mumukSu evaM guru kRpecchu ziSya ko tatkAla hI unake pAsa jAkara upasthita honA cAhie. guru ke Asana se jo Asana UMcA na ho tathA jo zabda na karatA ho, aise sthira Asana para ziSya ko baiThanA cAhie. AcArya kA kartavya hai ki aise binayI ziSya ko sUtra aura unakA bhAvArtha usakI yogyatA ke anusAra samajhAve. ' uttarAdhyayana meM guru tathA ziSya ke paraspara saMbaMdha para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai 'jaise acchA ghor3A calAne meM sArathi ko Ananda AtA hai vaise catura sAdhaka ke liye vidyAdAna karane meM guru ko Ananda AtA hai. aura jisa taraha ar3iyala TaTTU ko calAte calAte sArathi thaka jAtA hai vaise hI mUrkha ziSya ko zikSaNa dete-dete guru bhI hatotsAhita ho jAtA hai. pApadRSTi vAlA ziSya, kalyANakArI vidyA prApta karate hue bhI guru kI capatoM tathA bhartsanAoM ko vadha tathA Akroza (gAlI) mAnatA hai. suzIla ziSya to yaha samajhakara ki guru mujhako apanA putra, laghubhrAtA athavA svajana ke samAna mAnakara aisA kara rahe haiM. yaha guru kI zikSA ( daNDa ) ko apane liye kalyANakArI mAnatA hai. pApadRSTi rakhane vAlA ziSya usa dazA meM apane ko dAsa mAnakara duHkhI hotA hai. kadAcita AcArya kruddha ho jAe~ to ziSya apane prema se unheM prasanna kareM, hAtha jor3akara unakI vinaya kare tathA unako vizvAsa dilAve ki vaha bhaviSya meM vaisA aparAdha kabhI nahIM karegA. 2 DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina prAcIna bhArata kI jaina zikSaNa-paddhati : 257 : yogya chAtra vahI thA jo apane AcArya ke upadezoM para pUrNa dhyAna de, prazna kare, artha samajhe tathA tadanusAra AcaraNa karane kA bhI prayatna kare. yogya chAtra kabhI bhI guru kI AjJA kA ullaMghana nahIM karate the, guru se asadvyavahAra nahIM karate the aura jhUTha nahIM bolate the. ayogya vidyArthI bhI huA karate the. ve sadaiva guru se hastatAr3ana athavA pAda-tAr3ana (khaMDayA, caper3A ) prApta kiyA karate the. kabhI vetratAr3ana bhI prApta kiyA karate the tathA bar3e kaThora zabdoM se saMbodhita kie jAte the. ayogya vidyArthiyoM kI tulanA duSTa bailoM se kI gaI hai. ve guru kI AjJA kA pAlana nahIM karate the. kabhI-kabhI guru aise chAtroM se thaka kara unheM chor3a bhI dete the. 4 chAtroM kI tulanA parvata, ghar3A, cAlanI, channA, rAjahaMsa, bhaiMsa, meMDhA, macchara, joMka, billI, gAya, Dhola Adi padArthoM se kI gaI hai jo unakI yogyatA aura ayogyatA kI ora saMketa karate haiM. zUdroM kA vidyAdhikAra - vaidika kAla meM Aryetara jAtiyoM dvArA, AryabhASA aura Arya saMskRti meM niSNAta hokara vaidika zikSA para roka pradhAnataH smRtikAla meM lagI. unake lie sadA se hI purANoM ke adhyayana kI suvidhA thI. jAtaka kAla meM aise aneka zUdra aura cANDAla ho cuke haiM jo uccakoTi ke dArzanika aura vicAraka the. 6 suttanipAta ke anusAra mAtaMganAmaka cANDAla to itanA bar3A AcArya ho gayA ki usake yahAM adhyayana karane ke lie aneka uccavarNa ke loga AyA karate the. jaina - saMskRti meM, cANDAloM taka kA dArzanika zikSA pAkara maharSi bananA sambhava thA. uttarAdhyayana meM harikezabala nAmaka 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1. 18-23. 2. baddI, 137 41. 3. Azvayaka niyukti (22) Jain Edu! 4. uttarAdhyayana. 27, 8, 13, 16. 5. Avazyaka niyukti, 136, Avazyaka cUrNi pR0121-125. bRhatkalpabhASya, pR0 334 6. satuAtaka, 377. BENCINSINENEINEN IN INZINZINON IN INZINANZINANANANANA www.jalinelibrary.org

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158 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti grantha : tRtIya adhyAya cANDAla kI carcA AtI hai jo svayaM RSi bana gayA thA aura sabhI guNoM se alaMkRta huA. 1 jainazAstroM meM yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se kahI gaI hai ki varNa vyavasthA janmagata nahIM, karmagata hai. 'karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se kSatriya hotA hai, karma se vaizya hotA hai aura karma se hI sUda hotA hai." AcArya aura unakA vyaktitva -- Rgvaidika AcArya, jisake divya pratIka agni aura indra haiM, tatkAlIna jJAna aura AdhyAtmika pragati kI dRSTi se samAja meM sarvocca vyakti the. AcArya vidyArthI ko jJAnamaya zarIra detA thA. vaha svayaM brahmacArI hotA thA aura apane brahmacarya kI utkaSTatA ke bala para asaMkhya vidyArthiyoM ko AkarSita kara letA thA. 3 jaina AcAryoM para mahAvIra aura unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkaroM kI chApa rahI hai. ve apanA jIvana aura zakti, mAnavatA ko satpatha dikhAne ke prayatna meM hI lagA dete the. AcArya ke Adarza vyaktitva kI, jaina-saMskRti meM, jo rUparekhA banI vaha isa prakAra thI 'vaha satya ko nahIM chipAtA thA aura na usakA prativAda karatA thA. vaha abhimAna nahIM karatA thA aura na vaha yaza kI kAmanA karatA thA. vaha kabhI bhI anyadharmoM ke AcAryoM kI nindA nahIM karatA thA. satya bhI, kaThora hone para usake liye tyAjya thA. vaha sadaiva sadvicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA thA. ziSya ko DAMTa-DapaTa kara yA apazabda kahakara vaha kAma nahIM letA thA. vaha dharma ke rahasya ko pUrNarUpa se jAnatA thA. usakA jIvana tapomaya thA. usakI vyAkhyAnazailI zuddha thI. vaha kuzala vidvAn aura sabhI dharmoM kA paNDita hotA thA. 5 'rAyapaseNiya sUtra' meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA varNana hai : 1 - kalAyariya - kalA ke adhyApaka. 2- sippAyaraya - zilpa ke adhyApaka. 3 - dhammAyariya-- dharma ke adhyApaka. yaha vidhAna thA ki prathama to AcAryoM ke zarIra para tela kA mardana kiyA jAya, unheM puSpa bheMTa kiye jAeM, unheM snAna karAyA jAya, unheM sundara vastroM se susajjita kiyA jAya, unheM susvAdu bhojana karAyA tathA unheM yogya pArizramika aura pAritoSika diyA jAya. magara dharmAcArya kI bAta kucha aura taraha kI hai. bhojana, pAna Adi ke dvArA yogya sammAna karake unheM vividha prakAra ke upakaraNoM se saMtuSTa kiyA jAtA thA. vaha bhI badalA cukAne ke liye nahIM, kevala bhaktivaza hI. adhyayana aura usake viSaya - vaidika zikSaNa ke AdikAla se Rgveda kA adhyayana aura adhyApana sarvaprathama rahA hai. veda ke atirikta vedAMga, zikSA, kalpa, nirukta, chanda, vyAkaraNa tathA jyotiSa kA mahattva bhAratIya vidyAlayoM meM sadaiva rahA hai. 'bhagavatI sUtra' meM adhyayana ke viSaya nimna prakAra batalAe gae haiM : 6 veda. 6 vedAMga tathA 6 upAMga. 6 veda isa prakAra haiM--1 Rgveda, 2 yajurveda, 3 sAmaveda, 4 atharvaveda, 5 itihAsa (purANa) tathA 6 nighaNTu. 6 vedAMga isa prakAra haiM- 1 saMkhANa ( gaNita ), 2 sikkhAkappa (svara - zAstra ), 3 vAgaraNa (vyAkaraNa), 4 chaMda, 5 5 nirukta (zabdazAstra ) tathA 6 joisa (jyotiSa) 6 upAyoM meM prAyaH vedAMgoM meM varNita viSayoM kA aura adhika vistAra pUrvaka varNana thA." 1. uttarAdhyayana 12 1. 2. vahI, 25. 33. 3. atharvaveda, 11.5, 13. 4. ArA 1, 6, 5. 2-4. 5. sUtrakRtAMga 1.14, 16-27. 6. sthAnAMga, 3. 135. 7. sthAnAMga, 3. 3. 185. 'jaina paramparA ke anusAra veda do prakAra ke haiM - 1 Aryaveda aura 2 anArthaveda zraryavedo kI racanA bharata tathA ww ary.org

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DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina : prAcIna bhArata kI jaina zikSaNa paddhati : 556 uttarAdhyayana- TIkA meM nimna prakAra 14 vidyAsthAna ( adhyayana ke viSaya) batAe gae haiN| -4 veda, 6 vedAMga, mImAMsA, nAya ( nyAya), purANa tathA dhammasattha ( dharmazAstra). kucha aise bhI viSaya the jinakA paThana-pAThana kI dRSTi se nimna sthAna thA aise viSaya saMsAratyAgI sAdhujanoM ke liye pApakahe jAte the. svAnAGga sUtra meM aise pApoM kA varNana hai ! unakI saMkhyA nI hai. 1. upAya ( apazakuna - vijJAna ) 2. nimitta ( zakuna - vijJAna ) 3 manta ( mantra vidyA ) 4. Aikkhiya ( nIca-indrajAla vidyA) 5. gicchiya (cikitsA - vijJAna ) 6. kalA (kalA-vijJAna) 7. AvaraNa (gRha-nirmANa-vijJAna ) 8. aNNANa ( sAhityavijJAna-kAvya-nATakAdi) 1. mizrApaNa ( atasya zAstra ) - aMga zAstra meM 72 kalAoM kA varNana milatA hai. 3 yadyapi sabhI chAtra ina samasta kalAoM meM nipuNatA prApta nahIM karate the phira bhI apanI zakti ke anusAra ina kalAoM meM dakSatA prApta karanA pratyeka chAtra kA uddezya hotA thA. ye kalAyeM 13 bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM : 1. paThanakalA - leha (lekha) aura gaNita. 2. kApalA porakabda (kavitA nirmANa) annA (Aya chanda meM kavitA yA nirmANa), paheliyAM (prahelikA kA nirmANa), mAgadhiyA ( mAgadhI bhASA meM kAvyanirmANa ) gAyA (gAthAchanda meM kAvya nirmANa) goiya ( gItoM kA narmANa ) tathA siloya ( zlokoM kA nirmANa ) , 3. mUrtinirmANa kAla - ruva (rUpa ) 4. saMgItavijJAna - naTTa ( nRtya ), gIya ( saMgIta ), vAiya (vAdya), saragama, pukkharagaya ( Dhola vAdana ) tathA tAla. 5. mRttikAvijJAna -- dagamaTTiya. 6. dyUtakrIDA tathA gRha krIDA - juA ( dyUta) jaNavAya ( anya prakArakA juA ) . pAya (pAMsoM kA bela) advAvava (ghataraMja) suttakheDa kaThaputalI kA nAca vatya (bhare kA khela tathA nAsikAkheDa ( anya prakAra ke pAsoM kA khela ). 7. svAsthya zRGgAra tathA bhojanavijJAna annavihi (bhojana vijJAna), pANavihi (pAna), vatyavihi (vastra) vileca (zRMgAra) sapana (gavyA vijJAna), hiraNa juti (cAMdI ke AbhUSaNoM kA vijJAna) suvaNa ( sone ke AbhUSaNoM kA vijJAna), AbharaNavihi (AbhUSaNoM kA vijJAna), cuNNajuti ( zRMgAracUrNa vidyA), tarUNI paDikamma (taruNiyoM ke zarIra ko sundara banAne kI vidhi), pattajja (patroM se sundara AbhUSaNa banAnA) tathA kacchettA (bhAla kA sajAnA) 8. cihnavijJAna - lakSaNa - isameM cihnoM ke dvArA strI, puruSa, ghor3A, hAthI, gAya, murgA, dAsI, talavAra, ratna tathA chatra ke bheda ko jAnanA sammilita thA. , zakuni-vijJAna -- isameM pakSiyoM kI boliyoM kA jJAna Avazyaka thA. 10. khagolavidyA - cAra ( grahoM ke calana ) tathA paDicAra ( praticalana) kI vidyA. anya AcAryoM ne kI. inameM tIrthaMkaroM ke yazogAna tathA zramaNa evaM upAsakoM ke karttavyoM kA varNana thA. bAda meM sulasA, yAjJavalkya Adi ne anArthavedoM kI racanA kI.' Avazyaka cUrNi, 215. 1. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 310 56 a0 2. sthAnA sUtra, 6, 678. 3. nAyAmdhamakAo, 1, 20, 50 21, Jain Education Inational www.jaary.org

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56. : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya 11. rasAyanazAstra-isameM sonA (suvaNNapAga) cAMdI (hiraNNa) ko banAnA tathA nakalI dhAtuoM ko asalI hAlata meM parivartita karanA (sajIva) tathA asalI dhAtu ko nakalI dhAtu banAnA (nijjIva) sammilita thA. 12. gRha-vijJAna-isameM makAna banAnA (vatyuvijjA), nagaroM tathA jamIna ko nApanA (nagarAramaNa khandhAraNama) sammilita the. 13. yuddhavijJAna-isameM juddha (yuddha), nijuddha (kuztI) juddhAtijuddha (ghorayuddha) diTThiIjuddha (dRSTi yuddha), muTThijuddha (muSTi yuddha), bAhuyuddha, layAjuddha, malla yuddha isattha (tIra vijJAna), carUppavAya (asivijJAna), dhanuvveya (dhanurvijJAna), vUha (vyUha vijJAna), paDivUha (prativyUha vijJAna), cakkavUha (cakravyUha vijJAna), garuDavUha (garuDavyUha vijJAna), tathA sagaDavUha (zakaTavyUha vijJAna) sammilita the. zikSaNa vidhi-vaidika kAla meM prArambha se hI sUtroM ko kaNThAgra karane kI rIti thI. udAtta, anudAtta tathA svarita kI abhivyakti vANI ke sAtha hI sAtha hAtha kI gati se bhI kI jAtI thI. vaidika mantroM ko kaMThastha karane ke liye tathA unake pATha meM kisI prakAra kI truTi na hone dene ke liye vividha prakAra ke pATha hote the. jaise-saMhitA-pATha, pada-pATha, Rma-pATha, ghana-pATha, jaTA-pATha Adi. jaina-zikSaNa-paddhati kA zreya mahAvIra ko hai. mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki 'jaise pakSI apane zAvakoM ko cArA dete haiM vaise hI ziSyoM ko nitya prati, dina aura rAta zikSA denI cAhie. yadi ziSya saMkSepa meM kucha samajha nahIM pAtA thA to AcArya vyAkhyA karake use samajhAtA thA. AcArya, artha kA anartha nahIM karate the. ve apane AcArya se prApta vidyA ko yathAvat ziSya ko grahaNa karAne meM apanI saphalatA mAnate the. ve vyAkhyAna dete samaya vyartha kI bAteM nahIM karate the.2 paravartI yuga meM zAstroM ke pATha karane kI rIti kA pracalana huA. vidyArthI, zAstroM kA pATha karate samaya zikSaka se pUcha kara sUtroM kA ThIka-ThIka artha samajha letA thA aura isa prakAra apanA saMdeha dUra karatA thA. vidyArthI bAra-bAra AvRtti karake apane pATha ko kaMThastha kara letA thA. phira vaha par3e hue pATha kA manana aura cintana karatA thA. prazna pUchane se pahale vidyArthI AcArya ke samakSa hAtha jor3a letA thA.4 jaina zikSaNa kI vaijJAnika zailI ke pAMca aMga the--1. vAcanA (par3hanA), 2. pRcchanA (pUchanA), 3. anuprekSA (par3he hue viSaya kA manana karanA), 4. AmnAya (kaNThastha karanA aura pATha karanA) tathA 5. dharmopadeza.5 anuzAsana-vaidika yuga meM AcArya vidyArthI ko prathama dina hI Adeza detA thA ki 'apanA kAma karo, karmaThatA hI zakti hai, agni meM samidhA DAlo, apane mana ko agni ke samAna ojasvitA se samaddhi karo, so o mata.' jaina zikSaNa meM bhikSuoM ke liye zArIrika kaSTa kA atizaya mahattva batAyA gayA hai. vratabhaMga ke prasaMga sAdhu ko maranA taka zreyaskara batAyA gayA hai. jaina zikSaNa meM zarIra kI bAhya zuddhi ko kevala vyartha hI nahIM apitu anartha-kArya batAyA gayA hai. zarIra kA saMskAra karane vAle zramaNa 'zarIra bakuza' (caritrabhraSTa) kahalAte the.7 paravartI yuga meM vidyArthiyoM ke liye AcArya kI AjJA pAlana karanA, DAMTa par3ane para use cupacApa saha lenA, bhikSA meM svAdiSTa bhojana na lenA Adi niyama banAye gaye. vidyArthI sUryodaya ke pahale jAgakara apanI vastuoM kA nirIkSaNa karate 1. AcArAMga, 1.6.3.3. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.14. 24-27. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 26.18. tathA 1.13. 4. uttarAdhyayana 1. 22. 5. sthAnA, 465. 6. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 11.5.4.5. 7. sthAnA, 445 tathA 158. 16. G: . Jain Education mamibrary.org

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DA. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina : prAcIna bhArata kI jaina zikSaNa-paddhati : 561 the. aura gurujanoM kA abhivAdana karate the. dina ke tIsare pahara meM ve bhikSA mAMgate the. aura rAtri ke tIsare pahara meM sote the. vidyArthI bhUla meM kiye gaye aparAdhoM kA prAyazcitta karate the.' jaina saMskRti ke vidyArthI Una, rezama, kSoma, sana, tAr3apatra Adi ke bane hue vastroM ke liye gRhastha se yAcanA karate the. ve camar3e ke vastra yA bahumUlya ratna yA svarNajaTita alaMkRta vastroM ko grahaNa nahIM karate the. haTTe-kaTTa vidyArthI bhikSu eka, aura bhikSuNiyAM cAra vastra pahinatI thI.2 samAvartana-vaidika kAla meM adhyayana samApta ho jAne para vidyArthI AcArya kI anumati se ghara lauTa jAte the. samAvartana kA artha hai 'lauTanA'. Azrama chor3ate samaya AcArya vidyArthI ko kucha aise upadeza detA thA jo usake bhAvI jIvana kI pragati meM sahAyaka hote the. jaina-sUtroM meM bhI samArtana saMskAra kA varNana milatA hai. chAtra jaba adhyayana samApta kara ghara vApasa AtA thA taba atyanta samAroha ke sAtha use grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA. 'rakSita' jaba pATaliputra se adhyayana samApta kara ghara vApasa AyA to usakA rAjakIya sammAna kiyA gayA. sArA nagara patAkAoM aura bandanavAroM se susajjita kiyA gayA. rakSita ko hAthI para biThAyA gayA tathA logoM ne usakA satkAra kiyA. usakI yogyatA para prasanna hokara logoM ne use dAsa, pazu tathA svarNa Adi dravya diyA. vidyA ke kendra-vaidika kAla meM prAyaH pratyeka vidvAn gRhastha kA ghara vidyAlaya hotA thA, kyoMki gRhastha ke pA~ca yajJoM meM brahma-yajJa kI pUrti ke liye gRhastha ko adhyApana kArya karanA Avazyaka thA.5 jina vanoM, parvatoM aura upanada pradezoM ko logoM ne svAsthya-saMvardhana ke liye upayogI mAnA ve sthAna AcAryoM ne apane Azrama aura vidyAlayoM ke upayoga ke liye cune. mahAbhArata meM kaNva, vyAsa, bhAradvAja aura parazurAma Adi ke AzramoM ke varNana milate haiM. rAmAyaNa-kAlIna citrakUTa meM vAlmIki kA Azrama thA." jaina-saMskRti kI AcArya paramparA tIrthaGkaroM se prArambha hotI hai. tIrthaGkara prAyaH anagAra hote the. aMtima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kA digambara honA prasiddha hai. aise tIrthaGkaroM kI zAlA kA bhavanoM meM honA saMbhava nahIM thA. unake ziSyasaMgha AcAryoM ke sAtha hI, deza-dezAntara meM paryaTana karate the. mahAvIra ke jo gyAraha gaNadhara (ziSya) the ve saba AcArya the. unameM indra bhUti, vAyubhUti, vyakta tathA sudharmA ke pratyeka ke 500 ziSya the, maNDika tathA mauryaputra ke pratyeka ke 350 ziSya the aura akampita, acalabhrAtA, metArya tathA prabhAsa ke pratyeka ke 300 ziSya the. ye bhramaNa karate hue saMyogavaza mahAvIra se mile tathA unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita hokara apane ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha meM sammilita ho gaye.8 / zanaiH zanaiH jaina muniyoM tathA AcAryoM ke liye guphA-mandira tathA tIrthakSetra ke mandira Adi banane lage. isake bAda rAjadhAniyoM, tIrthasthAna, Azrama tathA mandira zikSA ke kendra bane. rAjA tathA jamIMdAra loga vidyA ke poSaka tathA saMrakSaka the. samRddha rAjyoM kI aneka rAjadhAniyA~ bar3e-bar3e vidyA ke kendroM ke rUpa meM pariNata huI. banArasa vidyA kA vizAla kendra thA. saMkhapura kA rAjakumAra agaDadata, vahAM vidyAdhyayana ke liye gayA thA. vaha apane 1. uttarAdhyayana, 26. 2. AcArAMga, sUtra, 2.5.1.1. 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 2 pR0 22 a0. 4. chAndogya upaniSad, 8.15.1.4.6.1. tathA 2. 23.1. 5. "adhyApanaM brahmaya 1." manusmRtiH, 3. 70. 6. Adiparva, 70. 7. rAmAyaNa, 2.5.6.16. 8. kalpasUtra 'lisTa Apha sthavirAja' 'zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra' pR0211-220. . . JainEdupation Internation1T Formvate &Personal us wwomelibrary prg

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262 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya AcArya ke Azrama meM rahA aura apanA adhyayana samApta kara lauTA. sAvatthI (zrAvastI), eka anya vidyA kA kendra thA. liye, pATaliputra gayA. 'pratiSThAna' dakSiNa meM vidyA kA kendra thA. 'balamI' zikSA kendra ke rUpa meM khyAti kI carama sImA para thA. yahIM para jaina AgamoM ko saMgRhIta karane ke liye nAgArjunasUri ne jaina-santoM kI eka sabhA bulAI thI. sAdhuoM ke nivAsa sthAna (vasati) tathA upAzrayoM meM bhI vidyAdhyayana huA karatA thA. aise sthAnoM para ve hI sAdhu adhyApana ke adhikArI the jinhoMne upAdhyAya ke samIpa rahakara prAcIna zAstroM ke adhyApana kI zikSA prApta kI hai.1 purisA) huA karate the jahAM jaina tathA anya sAdhu vizeSakara, bauddha sAdhu Akara sUkSma-se-sUkSma viSayoM para vAdavivAda kiyA karate the. yadi koI vyakti tarka tathA nyAya meM kamajora pAyA jAtA thA to usako kisI anya vidyA-kendra meM jAkara aura adhika adhyayana ke liye prayatna karanA par3atA thA. vahAM se adhyayana samApta kara vaha lauTatA aura apane virodhI ko parAjita kara dharma kA pracAra karatA thA.' Upara kahI gaI zikSaNa-paddhati para vicAra karane ke bAda hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki bhAratavarSa meM prAcIna kAla meM vaidika tathA bauddha zikSaNa-paddhati ke samAna eka suvyavasthita jaina zikSaNa-paddhati bhI thI. Ajakala bhArata ke bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM jainadharma aura janadarzana ke adhyApana ke liye jo pratiSThAna cala rahe haiM una para pUrNa rUpa se isa prAcIna jaina zikSaNa-paddhatI kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai. 1. 'lAipha ina enzyenTa iNDiyA' pR0 173-174. 2. bRhatkalpabhAdhya, 4. 54.25, 54.21. Jain Education Intemational