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________________ pAzcAtya darzana meM kriyA-siddhAnta 0 DaoN0 ke0 ela0 zarmA bhAratIya darzana meM karma ke pratyaya kA prayoga jisa artha meM milatA hai usa artha meM pAzcAtya-darzana meM nahIM miltaa| aisA isaliye hai ki bhAratIya darzana meM cArvAkoM ko chor3akara sabhI dArzanika punarjanma meM vizvAsa karate haiM / ataH punarjanma kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM 'karma' ke pratyaya ko bhAratIya darzana meM samajhA gayA hai jabaki pAzcAtya-darzana meM aisA nahIM hai| kriyA-darzana pAzcAtya darzana zAstra kI eka navIna zAkhA hai| tattvamImAMsakoM ke atirikta manovaijJAnika, samAjazAstrI evaM vidhizAstrI bhI kriyA karma ke pratyaya kI vyAkhyA meM ruci rakhate haiN| tattvamImAMsakoM kI ruci mAnava svataMtratA evaM uttaradAyitva prAdi karma se sambandhita samasyAoM taka hI sImita thI / samakAlIna dArzanikoM kI ruci isameM hai ki karma kI vyAkhyA kAraNa-kArya ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai yA nahIM? kucha dArzanika mAnava-kriyA kI vyAkhyA kAraNa-kArya ke rUpa meM karate haiM to dUsarI ora anya dArzanika mAnava-kriyA/karma ko anya prakAra kI ghaTanAoM se bacAye rakhane ke liye kriyA athavA karma kI vyAkhyA abhiprAya evaM hetu Adi pratyayoM dvArA karate haiN| isa saMkSipta lekha meM hama mAnava kriyA/karma (Human action) ke svarUpa evaM usakI kucha samasyAoM tathA vyAkhyA karane vAle kucha siddhAntoM kA ati saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kreNge| pratyeka vyakti kriyA karatA hai cAhe vaha daihika ho (jaisA ki mAMsapezIya gati, hAtha uThAnA, koI cIja kharIdanA, pula banAnA, dUsare vyakti kI prazaMsA karanA yA usakI ha~sI ur3AnA Adi) yA mAnasika (udAharaNataH gaNitIya samasyA kA samAdhAna karanA, kisI rahasya ko chupAye rakhanA Adi) / lekina yaha tathya ki "manuSya kriyA karate haiM" isa dAve kI ora iMgita nahIM karatA ki *yadyapi pAzcAtya darzana meM bhAratIya darzanoM kI bhA~ti karma-siddhAnta kA vivecana nahIM milatA, para vahA~ kriyA-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kriyA para vyApaka cintana kiyA gayA hai / cU~ ki 'karma' ke mUla meM kriyA antarnihita hai ataH dravya karma aura bhAvakarma ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM pAzcAtya kriyA-siddhAnta sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| isI dRSTi se yaha nibandha yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| -sampAdaka Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ pAzcAtya darzana meM kriyA-siddhAnta ] [ 217 mAnava kriyA ko lekara koI samasyA nahIM hai / manovaijJAnikoM, vidhizAstriyoM, samAjazAstriyoM, ke liye 'kriyA' vaha vyavahAra hai jo kisI lakSya kI ora unmakha hotA hai / lekina 'kriyA ke bAre meM pleTo se lekara Aja taka ke dArzanika vibhinna prakAra ke prazna uThAte Aye haiM / kriyA ke sambandha meM pramukha rUpa se pA~ca prakAra ke prazna dArzanikoM ne uThAye haiN| ye prazna haiM : 1. pratyayAtmaka prazna (Conceptual) jaisA ki 'mAnava kriyA kyA hai, 'vyakti (Persons) kyA kara sakate haiM ?' athavA 'vyakti ne kriyA kI' aisA kahane kA kyA artha hai ? tathA 'aisA kahane kA kyA artha hai ki eka vyakti kriyA kara sakatA hai ?' 2. vyAkhyAtmaka prazna-mAnava kriyA kI vyAkhyA se sambandhita prazna jaise ki 'kyA bhautika zAstra, jIvavijJAna, ke siddhAnta evaM paddhati mAnava kriyA ko samajhane ke lie paryApta haiM ?' 'kyA vaijJAnika pratyayoM se itara kinhIM anya pratyayoM jaise ki soddezyatA (purposiveness) evaM lakSyonmukhatA (goal directedness) jaise pratyayoM kI mAnava kriyA kI vyAkhyA ke lie kyA anivAryatA hai ? 3. tattvamImAMsIya prazna-jaise ki kyA sabhI mAnava-kriyAe~ utpanna kI jAtI haiM' (are caused) ? kyA mAnava kriyA utpanna kI jA sakatI hai ? isa prakAra ke praznoM kA sambandha icchA-svAtantrya kI jaTila samasyAoM se hai 4. jJAnamImAMsoya prazna-jaise ki kyA nirIkSaNa yA kinhIM anya sAdhanoM ke dvArA hama yaha jAnate haiM ki hama kriyA kara rahe haiM ? "hama kaise jAnate haiM ki anya vyakti kriyA karate haiM ?" 5. nItizAstrIya evaM parA-nItizAstrIya prazna-isa koTi meM jo prazna pAte haiM ve haiM-kyA kriyAe~ athavA unake pariNAma acche yA bure hote haiM ? tathA aisA kahane kA kyA artha hai ki vyakti apanI kriyA yA unake pariNAma ke lie uttaradAyI hai ?' yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki kriyA se sambandhita pratyayAtmaka prazna (Conceptual questions) hI pramukha prazna haiM / kriyAoM kI vyAkhyA, kriyAoM ke kAraNa, kriyAoM kA jJAna, kriyAoM evaM unake pariNAmoM va mUlyAMkana ke lie sarvaprathama yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki 'kriyA' kA kyA artha hai ? dUsare zabdoM meM, kriyA ke svarUpa se sambandhita siddhAnta kA sthAna tAkika dRSTi se kriyA ke vyAkhyAtmaka, tattvamImAMsIya, jJAnamImAMsIya, naitika evaM parA-naitika (meta-ethical) siddhAntoM se pahale AtA hai / ataH hama sarvaprathama kriyA ke svarUpa evaM vivaraNa (descriptions) se sambandhita samasyAoM para vicAra kreNge| Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 218 ] [ karma siddhAnta mAnava kriyA kA svarUpa : .. mAnava kriyA ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlane ke lie hama isa prazna para vicAra kareM ki hamArI kriyAe~ prakRti meM hone vAle vibhinna parivartanoM (Changes) se kaise mahattvapUrNa rUpa se bhinna haiM ? isa prazna ke uttara meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAnava svayaM gati karane vAlA (self-mover) hai tathA vaha svayaM se apanI gatiyoM (kriyAoM) ko prArambha (initiate) karatA hai, nirdezita (direct) karatA hai evaM niyaMtrita karatA hai| jabaki parvata, miTTI, phUla Adi cIjeM svayaM se gati nahIM karatI arthAt. eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para nahIM jA sktiiN| lekina kevala 'svayaM gati karanA' pada se mAnava kriyAoM ko anya parivartanoM yA gatiyoM se vibhedita nahIM kara sakate kyoMki rAkeTa, jo jIvita prANiyoM kI.koTi meM nahIM AtA, bhI svayaM se gati karatA (self-propelled) hai, apane vyavahAra ko nirdezita bhI karatA hai, ataH kriyA ko samajhane ke lie kisI anya mAnadaNDa kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSyoM kI gatiyA~ isalie kriyA kI koTi meM AtI haiM ki unheM kartA (agent) aksara abhiprAyapUrvaka (intentionally) karatA hai| jabaki per3a paudhe, rAkeTa Adi vaisA nahIM kara sakate / una para kriyA kI jAtI hai / ve abhiprAyapUrvaka svayaM se kriyA nahIM kara sakate / mAnava apanI kriyA kA niyaMtraNa (Control) svecchA se kara sakatA hai| hamAre kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki manuSya sadaiva sakriya rahatA hai balki kabhI-kabhI vaha niSkriya (passive) bhI hotA hai tathA usa para kriyA kI jAtI hai / usa sthiti meM manuSya evaM nimna prANiyoM ke vyavahAra meM antara spaSTa dikhAI nahIM detaa| koI vyakti yaha kaha sakatA hai ki manuSya sadaiva apane vyavahAra ko niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakatA ataH vaha nirjIva vyakti ke samAna hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM koI vyakti pA~cavIM maMjila kI khir3akI se giratA hai to vaha usI prakAra nIce giregA jaise ki koI bejAnadAra vastu nIce giratI hai| vaha apane girane ke vyavahAra ko bIca meM niyaMtrita nahIM kara sktaa| lekina yahA~ hameM do bAtoM meM bheda karanA cAhie-(1) kyA vyakti ko kisI ne dhakkA diyA yA (2) vaha svayaM se nIce kUdA / udAharaNa ke lie AtmahatyA hetu svayaM se nIce kuudaa| prathama sthiti meM vaha nirjIva vastu ke samAna hai lekina dvitIya sthiti vaha sthiti haiM jo manuSya ko nirjIva vastuoM se vibhedita karatI hai| yaha bAta sahI hai ki vaha donoM hI sthitiyoM meM apane girane ke vyavahAra ko niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakatA lekina girane kA kAraNa hI usake vyavahAra ko vibhedita kara detA hai| 'kriyA ke Antarika kAraNa' evaM 'bAhya kAraNa' kahakara isa bheda kI vyAkhyA karanA samasyA kA atisaralIkaraNa kahA jAyegA / udAharaNata: aisI bahuta sI mAnava gatiyAM (Human movements) haiM jinakA kAraNa Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ pAzcAtya darzana meM kriyA-siddhAnta ] [ 216 Antarika hotA hai lekina hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki ve aicchika evaM abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAe~ haiM tathA ve kartA ke niyaMtraNa meM haiN| udAharaNa ke lie hAtha kA kA~panA, mirgI pAnA Adi sahaja kriyAoM kA kAraNa Antarika (nAr3ItaMtra se sambandhita) hai lekina unako niyaMtrita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yaha bAta sahI hai ki usa cIja ko jo abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAoM ko anya kriyAoM se vibhedita karatI hai, ko batAnA atyanta kaThina hai| lekina vibhedIkaraNa meM kaThinAI ke AdhAra para abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAoM ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| isake atirikta agara abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAoM evaM anya prakAra kI kriyAoM meM bheda nahIM mAnA gayA to isake pariNAma mAnava-darzana, nItizAstra ke lie acche nahIM hoNge| jisa sImA taka abhiprAyAtmaka (intentional) evaM ana-abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAoM (non-intentional) meM bheda nahIM hai usI sImA taka manas yukta prANiyoM meM evaM manas rahita prANiyoM meM bheda nahIM kahA jaayegaa| abhiprAyAtmakatA kA uttaradAyitva (responsibility) se sambandha hone ke kAraNa kisI kriyA ko zubha aura azubha kahA jAtA hai| yaha hama jAnate haiM ki per3apaudhe evaM nirjIva vastue~ apane vyavahAra ko niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakate ataH hama unheM uttaradAyI bhI nahIM ThaharA sakate aura na hI unake vyavahAra ko zubha aura azubha kaha sakate haiN| - manasa aura zarIra ke sambandha kI vyAkhyA ke lie ve abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAe~ jinakA sambandha anivAryataH daihika gati (jaise ki khir3akI se bAhara kUdanA) se hotA hai, mahattvapUrNa haiM / kucha aisI bhI kriyAe~ hotI haiM jinheM mAnasika kriyAe~ kahA jAtA hai (jaise ki smaraNa karanA, pratimA (image) banAnA, dArzanika samasyA para cintana karanA Adi) / inakA daihika gati se anivArya sambandha nahIM hotaa| phira bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vyakti jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha sabakA saba kriyA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA kyoMki gati evaM nizcalatA kriyA evaM akriyA meM bheda batAne ke lie bhI 'mAnava-kriyA' pada kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| 'kriyA kyA hai' isa prazna kI vyAkhyA isa dRSTi se ki 'kriyA ko kaise variNata kiyA jA sakatA' ke dvArA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| kriyA varNana (action description) ke dvArA kriyA ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlane se pUrva hama kucha kriyA sadRzya lagane vAle pratyayoM para vicAra karanA caaheNge| kriyAe~ (actions) banAma prakriyAe~ (processes) : kriyA kA koI na koI kartA (agent) avazya hotA hai| jaise ki "usane (kartA ne) 'a' (kriyA) ko kiyaa|" yahI bAta kriyAoM (jaise ki merA hAtha Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 220 ] [ karma siddhAnta uThAnA) ko prakRti kI prakriyAoM (jaise ki bUdoM kA vASpIkRta honA) se vibhedita karatI hai| kyoMki unameM kartA ke bAre meM batAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai aura na vahA~ uttaradAyitva kI bAta uThatI hai| kriyAe~ banAma bhAvAveza (Passions) : kriyA vaha hai jise koI karttA karatA hai| isa kathana meM yaha bhAva hai ki hama kriyA ko usake karttApana (agency) ke eka udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara rahe haiM / kriyA isI kAraNa kucha ghaTita hone (happens to) se bhinna hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM usakA nIce baiThanA (kyoMki vaha kamajorI kA anubhava karatA hai) se usake gira par3ane se (kyoMki usakA paira kele ke chilake para par3a gayA thA) bhinna hai| kucha anya bAteM aisI haiM jinheM kartA karatA hai lekina ve kriyAoM kI koTi meM nahIM aatiiN| isa bAta ko samajhane ke lie nimna vibhedIkaraNoM para vicAra kIjie :kriyAe~ banAma mAtra vyavahAra (mere-behaviour) : ___ vyakti aise bahata se vyavahAra karatA hai jinake kartA ke bAre meM vicAra nahIM kiyA jaataa| isa prakAra ke karane (doings) ko kriyA kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jaataa| kriyA kisI ke sAtha ghaTita hotI hai (happens to some one) athavA kucha karanA par3atA hai (just happens to do) se viparIta-vyavahAra kI eka prakaraNa (item) hai jisake hone para (vyakti) niyaMtraNa kara sakatA hai| kriyAeM banAma paryavasAna (terminations) : kartA kriyAe~ (activity verbs : listening for, looking at, searching for) tathA upalabdhi kriyAe~ (achievement verbs : hearing. seeing, finding) meM bheda hai| prathama prakAra kI koTi, kriyAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai lekina dvitIya koTi (jo kevala kriyA kA pariNAma hai) nahIM krtii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM vaivAhika saMskAroM meM bhAga lenA kriyA hai lekina gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karanA kriyA nahIM (saMskAroM ko karane kA pariNAma hai|) saMyama rakhanA (refraining) banAma kriyA na karanA (non-action) : nirvyApAratva yA prakriyatA (inaction) ke do mahattvapUrNa paryAya haiN| prathama hai saMyama rkhnaa| kisI mahattvapUrNa vyakti se vArtAlApa karate samaya macchara ke kATane se utpanna por3A vAle aMga ko na sahalAnA saMyama rakhane kA udAharaNa hai| dUsare prakAra kA nirvyApAratva kriyA na karane (non-action) kI koTi meM AtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba maiM kursI para baiThakara par3ha rahA hotA hU~ to maiM bahuta-sI bAteM jaise ki lekha likhanA, mitra se gapa lagAnA, Adi nahIM Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ pAzcAtya darzana meM kriyA-siddhAnta ] [ 221 kara rahA hotA huuN| yaha nirvyApAra kisI prakAra kA 'karanA' (doing) nahIM hai| inake karane meM maiM kisI prakAra sakriya nahIM hotA / ataH saMyama se bhinna hai| kriyAe~ banAma mAnasika kriyAe~ : kriyA meM daihika pahala bhAvAtmaka rUpa meM kucha karane ke rUpa meM yA abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM saMyama rakhane ke rUpa meM avazya honA caahie| ataH vizuddha rUpa se mAnasika kriyAe~ jo pUrNataH Antarika (internal) hotI haiM, kriyA kI koTi meM nahIM aatiiN| bAhya maukhika svIkRti denA kriyA hai lekina svayaM meM 'mauna svIkRti denA' (tacit assent) kriyA nahIM hai / cintita honA svayaM meM kriyA nahIM hai yadyapi pariklAnta rUpa se kadama bar3hAnA kriyA hai / pratyeka kriyA kA bAhya zArIrika pahalU (Component) hotA hai tathA isameM kisI na kisI prakAra kI zArIrika kriyA nihita hotI hai| kriyAe~ vyakti arthAt daihika (Corporeal) zarIra yukta kartA kriyA karatA hai| kriyA ko vaNita' karane ke lie kriyA ko vaNita karane vAle nimna tattvoM para vicAra karanA cAhiai - 1. kartA (agent) : ise (kriyA ko) kisane kiyA? 2. kriyA prakAra (act-type) : usane kyA kiyA ? 3. kriyA karane kI prakAratA (modality of action) : usane kisa prakAra se kiyA ? (a) prakAratA kI vidhi (modality of manners) : kisa prakAratA kIvidhi se usane kiyaa| (ba) prakAratA kA sAdhana (modality of means) : usane kisa sAdhana dvArA ise kiyaa| 4. kriyA kI paristhiti (setting of action) : kisa saMdarbha meM usane ise kiyaa| (a) kAlika pahala-usane ise kaba kiyA ? (ba) daizika pahalU-ise usane kahAM kiyA ? (sa) paristhityAtmaka pahalU (Circumstantial aspect) kina pari sthitiyoM meM usane ise kiyA? . 1. Nicholas Rescher-'On the Characterization of Actions'. The Nature of Human Action Edited by Myles Brand, pRSTha 247-54 2. kartA, kriyA prakAra tathA kriyA karane kA samaya tInoM hI kriyA ke varNana ke liye paryApta haiM lekina pUrNarUpa se nhiiN| Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 222 ] [ karma siddhAnta 5. kriyA kI yuktiyuktatA (rationale of Actiom ) : ise usane kyoM kiyA ? (a) kAraNatA - ise karane ke pIche kyA kAraNa thA ? (ba) pUrNatA ( finality) - kisa uddezya ( aim ) se usane ise kiyA ? ( sa ) abhiprAyAtmaka ( intentionality ) - kisa preraNA se usane ise kiyA ? kisI kriyA kA karttA vyakti yA samUha ( bhIr3a, saMsthA, pArliyAmeNTa ) jo kriyA karane ke yogya hai, ho sakatA hai / samUha vibhAjita rUpa se ( distributively) yA vyaktigata rUpa se athavA sAmUhika rUpa se kriyA kara sakatA hai / kriyA ke prakAra : pUrNarUpeNa jAti prakAra ( fully generic type) kI kriyAe~ jaise ki khir3akI kholanA, paiMsila kI noka ko teja karanA / lekina jaba ye kriyAe~ kisI viziSTa viSaya kI ora iMgita karatI haiM to viziSTa prakAra ( specific type) kI kahalAtI haiM jaise ki 'isa khir3akI ko kholanA' 'usa paiMsila kI noka ko teja karanA' Adi / jAti ke vibhinna staroM meM bhI kisI viziSTa kriyA kA varNana kiyA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'usane eka hAtha uThAyA' athavA 'usane apanA dAhinA hAtha uThAyA / jaba bhI kriyA prakAra kI bAta kI jAtI hai usameM jise vyAkaraNa meM uddezya kahA jAtA hai, ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai / jaise ki 'rAma mohana ko pustaka detA hai' isa kathana meM 'denA' kriyA prakAra nahIM hai balki 'mohana ko pustaka denA' (jo viziSTa prakAra kA udAharaNa hai) athavA kisI ko pustaka denA' (jo jAti prakAra kA udAharaNa hai ) kriyA prakAra hai / kriyA kI prakAratA kriyA ke vizeSaNoM se jJAta hotI hai (jaise ki tejI se hAtha milAnA, halke se hAtha milAnA) prakAratA ke AdhAra para karttA kI mAnasika sthiti kA patA calatA hai / paristhiti kA paryAvaraNa, kAla, sthAna evaM paristhiti kriyA ke saMdarbha ( setting ) ko nirdhArita karate haiM / karttA ne kiyA kyoM kI ?' isa prazna kI vyAkhyA meM kAraNatA, pUrNatA (finality ) evaM preraNA kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai jaise ki aicchika / anaicchika / jAnakara / anajAne Adi / kriyA kI yuktisaMgatatA ke virodhI yugma (jaise ki aicchika / anaicchika) aura kriyA ke prakAra, prakAratA ( modality ) evaM paristhiti kriyA pratyaya ke ubhayAtmaka svarUpa para prakAza DAlate haiM / 'vyakti' ke pratyaya, ( jisake Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ pAzcAtya darzana meM kriyA-siddhAnta ] [ 223 daihika evaM mAnasika paraspara sambandhita pahalU haiM) ke samAna kriyA ke bAhya (daihika evaM nirIkSaNIya) tathA Antarika (mAnasika evaM anirIkSaNIya) paraspara sambandhita pahala haiM / kriyA ke 'bAhya' pahalU kA sambandha usane kyA (What) kiyA tathA kaise tathA kisa paristhiti meM kiyA, se hai jabaki Antarika pahala kA sambandha usakI mAnasika sthiti (vicAra, abhiprAya, preraNA Adi) se hai| kartA ne 'kyA kiyA' aura 'kyoM kiyA' meM bheda kI bAta uThAyI jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kriyA ke varNana (description) evaM mUlyAMkana (evaluation) ke bIca eka vibhAjana rekhA khIMcanA, siddhAntataH sambhava bhI hai tathA vyAvahArika rUpa se vAMchanIya bhii| asImita vibhAjanazIlatA : sAmAnya bhASA meM vyaktigata kriyAoM (individual actions) jaise 'tAle meM cAbI ghumAnA' tathA jaTila kriyA meM bheda sarvavidita hai| kyA yaha bheda svIkAra karane yogya hai ? kyA pratyeka kriyA vAstava meM kriyAoM kA eka silasilA nahIM hai ? kyA sabhI kriyAoM ko khaNDa ikAiyoM (Components) meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA vividhatA (jaisA ki jIvoM ke virodhAbhAsa meM hai) sImA rahita nahIM hai ? sabhI kriyAoM ko vibhAjita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vibhAjana kI bhI eka sImA hotI hai jo kartA kI mAnasika sthiti para AdhArita hai| do pramukha kriyA uktiyoM : eka vyakti ne kriyA kI' tathA 'eka vyakti 'kriyA kara sakatA hai' ke artha ko vizleSita karane yA nirdhAraNa karane kI do vidhiyA~ haiN| prathama prayAsa meM mAnava kriyA ko kinhIM prakAra ke parivartanoM yA ghaTanAoM meM 'ghaTita' kiyA jAtA hai / bhASAyI dRSTi se isa bAta ko isa prakAra kaheMge-kriyA uktiyoM (action talks) ko prakriyA-uktiyoM (non-action talks) meM vizleSita karane kA prayAsa karanA / kriyA uktiyoM ko isa prakAra vizleSita karane ke upAgama ko itara taMtrIya vidhi (extra systemic) kahate haiM / 'vyavahAravAda' (yahA~ vyavahAra kA moTe rUpa meM artha hai koI bhI daihika parivartana yA prakriyA) jo mAnava kriyAoM ko vyAvahArika ghaTanAoM se tAdAtmya karatA hai, isa upAgama kA udAharaNa hai / dvitIya upAgama ke anusAra mAnava kriyA kI vyAkhyA kramabaddha rUpa se . (systematically) kI jAtI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM isa upAgama ke anusAra kriyA yuktiyoM kI saMracanAtmaka taMtra athavA phalana (calculus) dvArA vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| kriyAoM kI vyAkhyA karane vAle kucha siddhAnta kriyA se sambandhita siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta paricaya dene se pUrva hama viTagainsTona ke isa kathana ko leM-"maiM apanA hAtha uThAtA hU~" isa tathya se agara Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 224 ] [ karma siddhAnta hama isa tathya ko ki merA hAtha Upara jAtA hai yA uThatA hai ko ghaTA deM (yA nikAla deM) to kyA zeSa rahatA hai ?" yaha kathana samasyApUrNa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, 'mere hAtha kI daihika gati evaM mere hAtha kI sAbhiprAya kriyA' meM kyA antara hai, yaha bindu vivAdAspada hai| upayukta samasyA ko samajhane meM nimna pA~ca siddhAnta sahAyaka haiM (1) mAnasika ghaTanAe~ kriyAoM ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM (Mental events as the causes of actions) isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra abhiprAyAtmaka kriyAe~ (intentional actions) ve gatiyA~ haiM jo viziSTa prakAra kI mAnasika ghaTanAoM yA vyavasthAoM dvArA utpanna hotI haiN| isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra 'mere dvArA merA hAtha uThAnA' kriyA ko isase pahale kI kAraNAtmaka ghaTanA yA sthiti dvArA vibhedita kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye kAraNAtmaka ghaTanAe~ kisa prakAra kI ghaTanAe~ haiM, isa prazna kA uttara isa siddhAnta dvArA yaha kahakara diyA jA sakatA hai ki kucha yuktiyA~ denA, nirNaya lenA, cunAva karanA athavA kriyA ke bAre meM taya karanA hI kAraNAtmaka ghaTanAe~ haiM / (2) karttA siddhAnta (Agency theory) isa siddhAnta ke anusAra gati . kA kAraNa ghaTanA na hokara svayaM kartA hotA hai| jaba maiM kriyA karatA hU~ taba maiM hI gati kA kAraNa hotA huuN| (3) niSpAdana siddhAnta (Performative theory)-isa siddhAnta ke anusAra isa kathana - 'gati eka abhiprAyAtmaka kriyA hai'-kA tAtparya kriyA kA varNana karanA nahIM hai aura na hI yaha batAnA hai ki vastue~ kaisI haiM athavA kisane kise utpanna kiyA / balki isakA tAtparya gati ke liye kartA para dAyitva lAgU karane kI kriyA kA niSpAdana karatA hai| (4) lakSya kriyAoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM (Goals as the explanation of actions) : kucha dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki kucha aisI bAteM haiM jo kisI gati ko kriyA banAtI haiN| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra gati kI vyAkhyA lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara karanI cAhiye / pUrva sthita kAraNa jaise ki avasthA yA ghaTanA athavA kartA dvArA kriyA kI vyAkhyA karanA ThIka nahIM hai| (5) kriyAoM kA saMdarbhAtmaka varNana (Contextual account of actions)-isa siddhAnta ke anusAra gati abhiprAyAtmaka taba hotI hai jaba isakA varNana niyamoM, mAnakoM athavA calI A rahI rItiyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only