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________________ bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI virAsata / [ eka aitihAsika adhyayana ] vartamAna jaina paraMparA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI virAsata hai / unake AcAra-vicAra kI chApa isameM aneka rUpa se prakaTa hotI hai, isa bAre meM to kisI aitihAsika ko sandeha thA hI nhiiN| para mahAvIra kI AcAra-vicAra kI paraMparA unakI nijI nirmita hai-jaise ki bauddha paraMparA tathAgata buddha kI nijI nirmita hai-~-yA vaha pUrvavartI kisI tapasvI kI paraMparAgata virAsata hai ? isa viSaya meM pAzcAtya aitihAsika buddhi cupa na thI / jaina paraMparA ke liye zraddhA ke kAraNa jo bAta asandigdha thI usI ke viSaya meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karanevAle taTastha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne sandeha prakaTa kiyA ki, pArzvanAtha Adi pUrvavartI tIrthakaroM ke astitva meM kyA koI aitihAsika pramANa hai ? isa prazna kA mAkUla javAba to denA cAhie thA jaina vidvAnoM ko, para ve vaisA kara na sake / Akhira ko DaoN0 yAkobI jaise pAzcAtya aitihAsika hI Age zrAe, aura unhoMne aitihAsika dRSTi se chAnabIna karake akATya pramANoM ke AdhAra para batalAyA ki, kama se kama pArzvanAtha to aitihAsika haiM hI' / isa viSaya meM yAkobI mahAzaya ne jo pramANa batalAe unameM jaina yAgamoM ke atirikta bauddha piTaka kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / bauddha piTakagata ullekhoM se jaina Agamagata varNanoM kA mela biThAyA gayA taba aitihAsikoM kI pratIti dRDhatara' huI ki, mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha avazya hue haiM | jaina AgamoM meM pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA varNana AtA hai / para usakA bahuta bar3A hissA mAtra paurANika hai / usameM aitihAsika pramANoM kI koI gati abhI to nahIM dikhtii| 1. DaoN0 yAkobI : "That Parsva was a historical person, is now admitted by all as very probable." --Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV, Introduction, pp. XXI-XXXIII
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana yAkobI dvArA pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA sthApita hote hI vicAraka aura gaveSaka ko upalabdha jaina Agama aneka bAtoM ke lie aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva ke jAna par3e aura vaise loga isa dRSTi se bhI AgamoM kA adhyayana-vivecana karane lge| phalataH katipaya bhAratIya vicArakoM ne aura vizeSataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne upalabdha jaina Agama ke AdhAra para anekavidha aitihAsika sAmagrI ikaTThI kI aura usakA yatra-tatra prakAzana bhI hone lagA / aba to dhIre-dhIre rUr3ha aura zraddhAlu jaina varga kA bhI dhyAna aitihAsika dRSTi se zruta kA adhyayana karane kI ora jAne lagA hai| yaha eka santoSa kI bAta hai| prastuta lekha meM usI aitihAsika dRSTi kA Azraya lekara vicAra karanA hai ki, bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jo AcAra-vicAra kI AdhyAtmika virAsata milI vaha kisa. kisa rUpa meM milI aura kisa paraMparA se milI ? isa prazna kA saMkSepa meM nizcita uttara dene ke bAda usakA spaSTIkaraNa kramazaH kiyA jaaegaa| uttara yaha hai ki, mahAvIra ko jo zrAdhyAtmika virAsata milI hai, vaha pArzvanAtha kI paraMparAgata dena hai| vaha virAsata mukhyatayA tIna prakAra kI hai--(1) saMgha (2) prAcAra aura (3) zruta / yadyapi upalabdha aAgamoM meM kaI aAgama aise haiM ki jinameM kisI na kisI rUpa meM pArzvanAtha yA unakI paraMparA kA sUcana huA hai| parantu isa lekha meM mukhyatayA pA~ca aAgama, jo ki isa viSaya meM adhika mahattva rakhate haiM, aura jinameM aneka purAnI bAteM kisI na kisI prakAra se yathArtha rUpa meM surakSita raha gaI haiM, unakA upayoga kiyA jaaegaa| sAtha hI bauddha piTaka meM pAe jAnevAle saMvAdI ullekhoM kA tathA naI khoja karanevAloM ke dvArA upasthita kI gaI sAmagrI meM se upayogI aMza kA bhI upayoga kiyA jaaegaa| digaMbara-zvetAMbara donoM ke graMthoM meM varNita hai ki, pArzvanAtha kA janma kAzI-banArasa meM huA aura unakA nirvANa sammetazikhara vartamAna pArzvanAtha pahAr3a-para huaa| donoM ke caritra-viSayaka sAhitya se itanA to nirvivAda mAlUma hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha kA dharma-pracAra-kSetra pUrva bhArata-khAsa kara gaMgA ke uttara aura dakSiNa bhAga---meM rahA / khuda pArzvanAtha ko vihAra bhUmi ko somA kA nizcita nirdeza karanA abhI saMbhava nahIM, parantu unakI ziSya paraMparA, jo pAvApatyika kahalAtI hai, usake vihAra kSetra kI sImA jaina aura bauddha graMthoM ke AdhAra para, aspaSTa rUpa meM bhI nirdiSTa kI jA sakatI hai| aMguttaranikAya nAmaka 2. AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, bhagavatI aura uttarAdhyayana /
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata cauddha grantha meM batalAyA hai ki, vappa nAma kA zAkya nirgranyazrAvaka thA / isI mUla sutta kI aTakathA meM vappa ko gautama buddha kA cAcA kahA hai| vappa buddha kA samakAlIna kapilavastu kA nivAsI zAkya thaa| kapilavastu nepAla kI tarAI meM hai / nIce kI ora rAvatI nadI--jo bauddha granthoM meM acirAvatI nAma se prasiddha hai, jo irAvatI bhI kahalAtI hai - usake taTa para zrAvastI nAmaka prasiddha zahara thA, jo aAjakala sahaTamahaTa' kahalAtA hai| zrAvastI meM pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA kA eka nirgrantha kezI thA, jo mahAvIra ke mukhya ziSya gautama se milA thA / usI kezI ne paesI nAmaka rAjA ko aura usake sArathi ko dharma prApta karAyA thaa| jaina Agamagata seyaviyA" hI bauddha piTakoM kI setavyA jAna par3atI hai, jo zrAvastI se dUra nhiiN| vaizAlI, jo mujaphpharapura jile kA Ajakala kA basAha hai, aura kSatriyakuNDa jo vAsukuNDa kahalAtA hai tathA vANijyagrAma, * jo baniyA kahalAtA hai, usameM bhI pApityika maujUda the, jaba ki mahAvIra kA jIvanakAla pAtA hai| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bhI pApityika kahe gae haiN| unake nAnA ceTaka tathA bar3e bhAI nandIvardhana Adi pAzvApatyika rahe hoM to Azcarya nhiiN| gaMgA ke dakSiNa rAjagRhI thA, jo Ajakala kA rAjagira hai| usameM jaba mahAvIra dharmopadeza karate hue Ate haiM taba tuMgiyAnivAsI pAzvApatyika zrAvakoM aura pAzvApatyika theroM ke bIca huI dhameM carcA kI bAta gautama ke dvArA 3. eka samayaM bhagavA sakkesuM viharati kapilavasthusmiM atha kho vappo sakko nigaeThasAvago i0 |-aNguntrnikaay, catukkanipAta, vagga 5 / The Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol II, P. 832. 4. zrI nandalAla De : The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India, P. 188. 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a0 23 / 6. rAyapaseNaiya (paM0 vecaradAsajI saMpAdita), pR0 330 Adi / 7. dekho uparyukta grantha, pR0 274 / 8, 6, 10 dekho-vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, pR0 62, zrA0 vijaya kalyANasUri kRta zramaNabhagavAnamahAvIra meM vihArasthalanAma-koSa The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medi aeval India. 11. samaNassa NaM bhagavazro mahAvIrassa ammApiyaro pAsAvaccijasamaNovAsagA yAvi hotthA |--aaacaaraaNg, 2, bhAvacUlikA 3, sUtra 401 /
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana sunate haiM12 / tuMgiyA rAjagRha ke najadIka meM hI koI nagara honA cAhiye, jisakI pahacAna zrAcArya vijayakalyANasUri Adhunika tuMgI gAma se karAte haiM13 / bace-khuce Upara ke ati alpa varNanoM se bhI itanA to niSkarSa hama nirvivAd rUpa se nikAla sakate haiM ki, mahAvIra ke bhramaNa aura dharmopadeza ke varNana meM pAe jAne vAle gaMgA ke uttara dakSiNa ke kaI gA~va nagara pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke nigraMthoM ke bhI vihAra-kSetra evaM dharmapracAra-kSetra rhe| isI se hama jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra yaha bhI pAte haiM ki, rAjagRhI Adi meM mahAvIra kI pAvApatyikoM se bheMTa huii| khuda buddha apanI buddhatva ke pahale kI tapazcaryA aura caryA kA jo varNana karate haiM usake sAtha tatkAlIna nigraMtha AcAra 14 kA hama jaba milAna karate haiM, kapilavastu ke nigraMtha zrAvaka vappa zAkya kA nirdeza sAmane rakhate haiM tathA bauddha piTakoM meM pAe jAne vAle khAsa prAcAra aura tattvajJAna saMbandhI kucha pAribhASika zabda 5, jo kevala nigraMtha pravacana meM hI pAe jAte haiM - ina saba para vicAra karate haiM to aisA mAnane meM koI khAsa sandeha nahIM rahatA ki, buddha ne bhale thor3e 12. bhagavatI, 2,5 / 13. zramaNabhagavAnmahAvIra, pR0 371 / 14. tulanA-dazavaikAlika, a0 3, 5-1 aura majjhimanikAya, mahAsiMhanAdasutta / 15. puggala, Asava, saMvara, uposatha, sAyaka, upAsaga ityAdi / 'puggala' zabda bauddha piTaka meM pahale hI se jIva-vyakti kA bodhaka rahA hai| ( majjhimanikAya 114); jaina paramparA meM vaha zabda sAmAnya rUpa se jar3a paramANuoM ke artha meM rUDha ho gayA hai / to bhI bhagavatI, dazavaikAlika ke prAcIna staroM meM usakA bauddha piTaka svIkRta artha bhI surakSita rahA hai / bhagavatI ke 8-10-361 meM gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA hai ki, jIva 'poggalI' bhI hai aura 'poggala' bhii| isI taraha bhagavatI ke 20-2 meM jIvatattva ke abhivacana---paryAyarUpa se 'puggala' pada AyA hai / dazavakAlika 5-1-73 meM 'poggala' zabda 'mAMsa' artha meM prayukta hai, jo jIvanadhArI ke zarIra se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai / dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki vaha zabda jaina-bauddha zruta se bhinna kisI bhI prAcIna upalabdha zruta meM dekhA nahIM jAtA / 'pAsava' aura 'saMvara' ye donoM zabda paraspara viruddhArthaka haiN| zrAsava citta yA AtmA ke kleza kA bodhaka hai, jaba ki saMvara usake nivAraNa evaM nivAraNopAyakA / ye donoM zabda pahale se jaina-Agama aura bauddha piTaka meM samAna
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata hI samaya ke liye ho, pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne bhI apanI antima pustaka pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAma dharma (pR0 24, 26 ) meM aisI hI mAnyatA sUcita kI hai| buddha mahAvIra se prathama paidA hue aura prathama hI nirvANa prApta kiyA / buddha ne nigraMthoM ke tapaHpradhAna zrAcAroM kI avahelanA'6 kI hai, aura pUrva-pUrva guruoM kI caryA tathA tattvajJAna kA mArga chor3a kara apane anubhava se eka nae viziSTa mArga kI sthApanA kI hai, gRhastha aura tyAgI saMgha kA nayA nirmANa kiyA hai; jaba ki mahAvIra ne aisA kucha nahIM kiyA / mahAvIra kA pitRdharma pArdhApatyika nigraMthoM kA hai / unhoMne kahIM bhI una nirgayoM ke maulika AcAra evaM tattvajJAna kI jarA bhI avahelanA nahIM kI hai| pratyuta nigraMthoM ke paramparAgata unhIM zrAcAra-vicAroM ko apanAkara apane jIvana ke dvArA unakA saMzodhana, parivardhana evaM pracAra kiyA hai| isase hameM mAnane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai ki, mahAvIra pArzvanAtha kI artha meM hI prayukta dekhe jAte haiM ( tattvArthAdhigama sUtra 6-1, 2,8-1;6-1, sthAnAMgasUtra 1 sthAna ; samavAyAMgasUtra 5 samavAya ; majjhimanikAya 2 / / 'uposatha' zabda gRhasthoM ke upavrata-vizeSa kA bodhaka hai, o piTakoM meM AtA hai ( dIvanikAya 26 ) / usI kA eka rUpa posaha yA posadha bhI hai, jo AgamoM meM pahale hI se prayukta dekhA jAtA hai ( uvaasgdsaashro)| " __ 'sAvaga' tathA 'uvAsaga' ye donoM zabda kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM piTaka ( dIghanikAya 4 ) tathA aAgamoM meM pahale hI se pracalita rahe haiN| yadyapi bauddha paramparA meM 'sAvaga' kA artha hai 'buddha ke sAkSAt bhittu-ziSya' (majjhimanikAya 3), jaba ki jaina paramparA meM vaha 'upAsaka' kI taraha gRhastha anuyAyI artha meM hI pracalita rahA hai| koI vyakti gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara bhikSu banatA hai taba usa artha meM eka vAkya rUDha hai, jo piTaka tathA Agama donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| vaha vAkya hai "agArasmA anagAriyaM panvajanti" ( mahAvagga ), tathA "agArAzro aNagAriyaM pavvaittae" (bhagavatI 11-12-431) / ___ yahA~ kevala namUne ke taura para thor3e se zabdoM kI tulanA kI hai, para isake vistAra ke lie aura bhI paryApta gujAiza hai / Upara sUcita zabda aura artha kA sAdRzya khAsA purAnA hai / vaha akasmAt ho hI nahIM sakatA / ataeva isake mUla meM kahIM-na-kahIM jAkara ekatA khojanI hogI, jo saMbhavataH pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA hI saMketa karatI hai| 16. majjhimanikAya, mahAsiMhanAdasutta /
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana paramparA meM hI dIkSita hue--phira bhale hI ve eka viziSTa netA bane / mahAvIra tatkAlIna pArdhApatyika paraMparA meM hI hue, isI kAraNa se unako pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata saMgha, pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata AcAra-vicAra tathA pArzvanAtha kA paramparAgata zruta virAsata meM mile, jisakA samarthana nIce likhe pramANoM se hotA hai / saMgha-- bhagavatI 1-6-76 meM kAlAsavesI nAmaka pAzrvApatyika kA varNana hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki, vaha kinhIM sthaviroM se milA aura usane sAmAyika, saMyama, pratyAkhyAna, kAyotsarga, viveka Adi caritra saMbandhI muddoM para prazna kie / sthaviroM ne una praznoM kA jo javAba diyA, jisa paribhASA meM diyA, aura kAlAsavesI ne jo prazna jisa paribhASA meM kie haiM, isa para vicAra kareM to hama nizcita rUpa se kaha sakate haiM ki, ve prazna aura paribhASAe~ saba jaina paribhASA se hI sambaddha haiN| theroM ke uttara se kAlAsavesI kA samAdhAna hotA hai taba vaha mahAvIra ke dvArA navasazodhita paMcamahAvrata aura pratikramaNadharma ko svIkAra karatA hai| arthAt vaha mahAvIra ke saMgha kA eka sabhya banatA hai| ___ bhagavatI 5-6-226 meM katipaya theroM kA varNana hai| ve rAjagRhI meM mahAvIra ke pAsa maryAdA ke sAtha jAte haiM, unase isa parimita loka meM ananta rAta-dina aura parimita khasa-dina ke bAre meM prazna pUchate haiN| mahAvIra pArzvanAtha kA havAlA dete hue javAba dete haiM ki, purisAdAgIya pArzva ne loka kA svarUpa parimita hI kahA hai| phira ve apekSAbheda se rAta-dina kI ananta aura parimita saMkhyA kA khulAsA karate haiN| khulAsA sunakara theroM ko mahAvIra ko sarvajJatA ke viSaya meM pratIti hotI hai, taba ve vandana-namaskArapUrvaka unakA ziSyatva svIkAra karate haiM, arthAt paMca mahAvratoM aura sapratikramaNadharma ke aMgIkAra dvArA mahAvIra ke saMgha ke aMga banate haiN| ___ bhagavatI 6-32-378, 376 meM gAMgeya nAmaka pArzvapatyika kA varNana hai / vaha vANijyagrAma meM mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara unase jIvoM kI utpatti cyuti Adi ke bAre meM prazna karatA hai | mahAvIra javAba dete hue prathama hI kahate hai ki, purisAdANIya pArzva ne loka kA svarUpa zAzvata kahA hai| isI se maiM utpatti-cyuti zrAdi kA khulAsA amuka prakAra se karatA huuN| gAMgeya punaH prazna karatA hai ki, Apa jo kahate haiM vaha kisI se sunakara yA svayaM jAnakara ? mahAvIra ke mukha se yahA~ kahalAyA gayA hai ki, maiM kevalI hU~, svayaM hI jAnatA huuN| gAMgeya ko sarvajJatA kI pratIti huI, phira vaha cAturyAmika dharma se paMcamahAvata svIkArane kI apanI
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata icchA prakaTa karatA hai aura vaha anta meM sapratikramaNa paMca mahAvrata svIkAra karake mahAvIra ke saMgha kA aMga banatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke nAlaMdIyA adhyayana (2-7-71, 72, 81) meM pApityika udaka peDhAla kA varNana hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki, nAlaMdA ke eka zrAvaka lepa kI udakazAlA meM jaba gautama the taba unake pAsa vaha pAvApatyika AyA aura usane gautama se kaI prazna puuche| eka prazna yaha thA ki, tumhAre kumAra-putra Adi nigraMtha jana gRhasthoM ko sthUla vrata svIkAra karAte haiM to yaha kyA siddha nahIM hotA ki niSiddha hiMsA ke sivAya anya hiMsaka pravRttiyoM meM sthala vrata denevAle nigraMthoM kI anumati hai ? amuka hiMsA na karo, aisI pratijJA karAne se yaha apane Apa phalita hotA hai ki, bAkI kI hiMsA meM hama anumata haiM-ityAdi praznoM kA javAba gautama ne vistAra se diyA hai| jaba udaka padAla ko pratIti huI ki gautama kA uttara sayuktika hai taba usane caturyAmadharma se paMcamahAvrata svIkArane kI icchA prakaTa kI / phira gautama usako apane nAyaka jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pAsa le jAte haiN| vahIM udaka peDhAla paMcamahAvrata sapratikramaNadharma ko aMgIkAra karake mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hotA hai| gautama aura udaka peDhAla ke bIca huI vistRta carcA .manoraMjaka hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 23 veM adhyayana meM pApityika nigraMtha kezI aura mahAvIra ke mukhya ziSya indrabhUti--donoM ke zrAvastI meM milane kI aura AcAra-vicAra ke kucha muddoM para saMvAda hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai| kezI pAzrvApatyika prabhAvazAlI nigraMtha rUpa se nirdiSTa haiM; indrabhUti to mahAvIra ke pradhAna aura sAkSAt ziSya hI haiN| unake bIca kI carcA ke viSaya kaI haiM, para yahA~ prastuta do haiM / kezI gautama se pUchate haiM ki, pArzvanAtha ne cAra yAma kA upadeza diyA, jaba ki vardhamAna-mahAvIra ne pA~ca yAma--mahAvrata kA, so kyoM ? isI taraha pArzvanAtha ne sacela-savastra dharma batalAyA, jaba ki mahAvIra ne acela--avasana dharma, so kyoM ? isake javAba meM indrabhUti ne kahA ki, 17 tattvadRSTi se cAra yAma aura pA~ca mahAvrata meM koI antara nahIM hai, kevala vartamAna yuga kI kama aura ulaTI samajha dekhakara hI mahAvIra ne vizeSa zuddhi kI dRSTi se cAra ke sthAna meM pA~ca mahAvrata kA upadeza kiyA hai / aura mokSa kA vAstavika kAraNa to aAntara jJAna, darzana aura zuddha cAritra hI hai, vastra kA honA, na honA, yaha to lokadRSTi hai / indrabhUti ke mUlagAmI javAba kI yathArthatA dekhakara kezI paMcamahAvrata svIkAra karate haiM; aura isa taraha mahAvIra ke saMgha ke eka aMga banate haiN| 17. uttarAdhyayana, a0 23, zloka 23-32 /
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana Upara ke thor3e se uddharaNa itanA samajhane ke lie paryApta haiM ki mahAvIra aura unake ziSya indrabhUti kA kaI sthAnoM meM pAvapatyikoM se milana hotA hai / indrabhUti ke alAvA anya bhI mahAvIra - ziSya pArzvapatyikoM se milate haiM / milApa ke samaya Apasa meM carcA hotI hai| carcA mukhya rUpa se saMyama ke jude - jude aMga ke artha ke bAre meM evaM tattvajJAna ke kucha mantavyoM ke bAre meM hotI hai| mahAvIra javAba dete samaya pArzvanAtha ke mantavya kA AdhAra bhI lete haiM aura pArzvanAtha ko 'purisAdANIya' arthAt 'puruSoM meM zradeya' jaisA sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNa dekara unake prati hArdika sammAna sUcita karate haiM / aura pArzva ke prati niSThA rakhanevAle unakI paraMparA ke nigraMthoM ko apanI ora AkRSTa karate haiM / pAvapityika bhI mahAvIra ko apanI parIkSA meM khare utare dekhakara unake saMgha meM dAkhila hote haiM arthAt ve pArzvanAtha ke paraMparAgata saMgha aura mahAvIra ke navasthApita saMgha -- donoM ke saMdhAna meM eka kar3I banate haiN| isase yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki, mahAvIra ne jo saMgha racA usakI bhitti pArzvanAtha kI saMgha-paraMparA hai| yadyapi kaI pApityika mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praviSTa hue, to bhI kucha pArzvapatyika aise bhI dekhe jAte haiM, jinakA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita honA nirdiSTa nahIM hai / isakA eka udAharaNa bhagavatI 2-5 meM yoM hai-tuMgIyA nAmaka nagara meM 500 pAvapityika zrama padhArate haiM / vahA~ ke tattvajJa zramaNopAsaka unase upadeza sunate haiM / pAzrvapityika sthavira unako cAra yAma Adi kA upadeza karate haiM | zrAvaka upadeza se prasanna hote haiM aura dharma meM sthira hote haiM / sthaviroM se saMyama, tapa Adi ke viSaya meM tathA usake phala ke viSaya meM prazna karate haiM / pArzvapatyika sthaviroM meM se kAliyaputta, mehila, zrAnandarastriya aura kAsava ye - cAra sthavira apanI-apanI dRSTi se javAba dete haiM / pAzrvapityika sthavira aura pArzvapityika zramaNopAsaka ke bIca tuMgIyA meM hue isa praznottara kA hAla indrabhUti rAjagRhI meM sunate haiM aura phira mahAvIra se pUchate haiM ki - "kyA ye pArzvapatyika sthavira praznoM kA uttara dene meM samartha haiM ?" mahAvIra spaSTatayA kahate haiM ki - "ve samartha haiM / unhoMne jo javAba diyA vaha saca hai; maiM bhI vahI javAba detA / " isa saMvAdakathA meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM ki, tuMgIyAvAle pAvapityika nigraMtha yA zramaNopAsaka mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praviSTa hue / yadi ve praviSTa hote to itane bar3e pArzvapityika saMgha ke mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hone kI bAta samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna AcArya zAyada hI bhuulte| yahA~ eka bAta khAsa dhyAna dene yogya hai ki, pAzrvApatyika zramaNa na to 10
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata mahAvIra ke pAsa Ae haiM, na unake saMgha meM praviSTa hue haiM, phira bhI mahAvIra unake uttara kI saccAI aura kSamatA ko spaSTa svIkAra hI karate haiN| dUsarI bAta dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki, jo pApityika mahAvIra ke saMgha meM zrAe, ve bhI mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA ke bAre meM pUrI pratIti kara lene ke pazcAt hI unako vidhivat vandana-namaskAra . tikhutto AyAhiNaM payAhiNaM vandAmi'-- karate haiM; usake pahale to ve kevala unake pAsa ziSTatA ke sAtha Ate haiM'adUra-sAmate tthiccaa'| pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ke tyAgI aura gRhastha vyaktiyoM se saMbandha rakhane vAlI, upalabdha aAgamoM meM jo kucha sAmagrI hai, usako yogya rUpa meM sakalita evaM vyavasthita karake pArzvanAtha ke mahAvIra-kAlIna saMgha kA sArA citra paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne apane eka abhyAsapUrNa lekha meM, bIsa varSa pahale khIMcA hai jo isa prasaMga meM khAsa draSTavya hai| yaha lekha 'jaina prakAza' ke 'utthAna-mahAvIrAMka' meM chapA hai| AcAra-- . aba hama AcAra kI virAsata ke prazna para Ate haiN| pApityika nigraMthoM kA prAcAra bAhya-Abhyantara do rUpa meM dekhane meM AtA hai| anagAratva, nigraMthatva, sacelatva, zIta, Atapa Adi pariSaha-sahana, nAnA prakAra ke upavAsa vrata aura bhikSAvidhi ke kaThora niyama ityAdi bAhya prAcAra haiN| sAmAyika samatva yA samabhAva, paccakhANa-tyAga, saMyama----indriyaniyamana, saMvara-~-kaSAyanirodha, viveka ... alipsatA yA sadasadviveka, vyutsarga---mamatvatyAga, hiMsA asatya adattAdAna aura bahiddhAdANa se virati ityAdi Abhyantara prAcAra meM sammilita haiM | pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki, buddha ne gRhatyAga ke bAda nigraMtha AcAroM kA bhI pAlana kiyA thA / buddha ne apane dvArA zrAcaraNa kie gae nigraMtha prAcAroM kA jo saMkSepa meM saMketa kiyA hai usakA pApityika nigraMthoM kI caryA ke upalabdha varNana ke sAtha milAna karate haiM 16 evaM mahAvIra ke dvArA Acarita bAhya caryA ke sAtha milAna karate haiM16 to sandeha nahIM rahatA ki, mahAvIra ko nigraMtha yA anagAra dharma kI bAhya caryA pAzrvApatyika paraMparA se milI hai-- bhale hI unhoMne usameM dezakAlAnusArI thor3A-bahuta parivartana kiyA ho| Abhyantara AcAra bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vahI hai jo pApityikoM meM pracalita thA / kAlAsavesIputta. 18. dekho -- noTa naM0 14 / 16. prAcArAMga, a06 /
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________________ 12 jaina dharma aura darzana jaise pApityika zrAbhyantara caritra se saMbaddha pAribhASika zabdoM kA jatra artha pUchate haiM taba mahAvIra ke anuyAyI sthavira vahI javAba dete haiM, jo pArzvapatyika paraMparA meM bhI pracalita thA / nigraMthoM ke bAhyAbhyaMtara AcAra-cAritra ke pArzvaparaMparA se virAsata meM milane para bhI mahAvIra ne usameM jo sudhAra kiyA hai vaha bhI AgamoM ke vizvasanIya prAcIna stara meM surakSita hai / pahale saMgha kI virAsatavAle varNana meM hamane sUcita kiyA hI hai ki, jina-jina pArzvapatyika nigraMthoM ne mahAvIra kA netRtva mAnA unhoMne sapratikramaNa pA~ca mahAvrata svIkAra kie| pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA meM cAra yAma the, isalie parzvanAtha kA nigraMthadharma cAturyAma kahalAtA thA / isa bAta kA samarthana bauddha piTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta meM Ae hue nigraMtha ke 'cAtu-yAma-saMvara-saMvRto' isa vizeSaNa se hotA hai / yadyapi usa sUtra meM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke mukha se cAturyAma dharma kA varNana bauddha piTaka - saMgrAhakoM ne karAyA hai, para isa aMza meM ve bhrAnta jAna par3ate haiN| pArzvapatyika paraMparA buddha ke samaya meM vidyamAna bhI thI aura usase buddha kA tathA unake kucha anuyAyiyoM kA paricaya bhI thA, isaliye ve cAturyAma ke bAre meM hI jAnate the / cAturyAma ke sthAna meM pA~ca yama yA pA~ca mahAvrata kA parivartana mahAvIra ne kiyA, jo pArzvapatyikoM meM se hI eka the / yaha parivartana pArzvapatyika paraMparA kI dRSTi se bhale hI vizeSa mahattva rakhatA ho, para nirgrantha bhinna itara samakAlIna bauddha jaisI zramaNa paraMparA ke lie koI khAsa dhyAna dene yogya bAta na thI / jo parivartana kisI eka phirake kI zrAntarika vastu hotI hai usakI jAnakArI itara paramparAtroM meM bahudhA turanta nahIM hotI / buddha ke sAmane samartha pArzvapatyika nigraMtha jJAtaputra mahAvIra hI rahe, isalie bauddha graMtha meM pArzvapatyika paraMparA kA cAturyAma dharma mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA jAe to yaha svAbhAvika hai / parantu isa varNana ke Upara se itanI bAta nirvivAda sAbita hotI hai ki, pApityika nirgrantha pahale cAturyAma dharma ke anu yAyI the, aura mahAvIra ke saMbandha se usa paraMparA meM paMca yama dAkhila hue| dUsarA -sudhAra mahAvIra ne sapratikramaNa dharma dAkhila karake kiyA hai, jo eka nirgrantha paramparA kA Antarika sudhAra hai / sambhavataH isIlie bauddha granthoM meM isakA koI nirdeza nahIM / bauddha granthoM meM pUraNakAzyapa ke dvArA karAe gae nirgrantha ke varNana meM 'ekazATaka' vizeSaNa AtA hai; 'acela' vizeSaNa zrAjIvaka ke sAtha zrAtA hai / nirgrantha kA 'ekazATaka' vizeSaNa mukhyatayA pArzvapatyika nirgrantha kI ora 20. aMguttaranikAya, chakkanipAta, 2-1 | 1
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________________ bhagavAn pAzvanAtha kI virAsata 13 hI saMketa karatA hai| hama AcArAMga meM varNita aura sabase adhika vizvasanIya mahAvIra ke jIvana-aMza se yaha to jAnate hI haiM ki mahAvIra ne gRhatyAga kiyA taba eka vastra-cela dhAraNa kiyA thaa| kramazaH unhoMne usakA hamezA ke vAste tyAga kiyA, aura pUrNatayA acelatva svIkAra kiyaa| unakI yaha acelatva bhAvanA mUlagata rUpa se ho yA pAripAzvika paristhiti meM se grahaNa kara AtmasAt kI ho, yaha prazna yahA~ prastuta nahIM ; prastuta itanA hI hai ki, mahAvIra ne sacelatva meM se acelatva kI ora kadama bddh'aayaa| isa prakAza meM hama bauddhagranthoM meM Ae hue nirgrantha ke vizeSaNa 'ekazATaka' kA tAtparya saralatA se nikAla sakate haiN| vaha yaha ki, pAzrvApatyika paraMparA meM nirgranthoM ke liye maryAdita vastradhAraNa varjita na thA, jaba ki mahAvIra ne vastradhAraNa ke bAre meM anekAntadRSTi se kAma liyA / unhoMne sacelatva aura acelatva donoM ko nirgrantha saMgha ke lie yathAzakti aura yathAruci sthAna diyA / adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne bhI apane pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAma dharma' (pR. 20) meM aisA hI mata darasAyA hai / isI se hama uttarAdhyayana ke kezI-gautama-saMvAda meM acela aura sacela dharma ke bIca samanvaya pAte haiM / usameM khAsa taura se kahA gayA hai ki, mokSa ke liye to mukhya aura pAramArthika ' liMga-sAdhana jJAna-darzana-cAritrarUpa AdhyAtmika sampatti hI hai| acelatva yA sacelatva yaha to laukika-bAhya liMgamAtra hai, pAramArthika nhiiN| isa tAtparya kA samarthana bhagavatI Adi meM varNita pApityikoM ke parivartana se spaSTa hotA hai| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM dAkhila honevAle kisI bhI pAvApatyika nigraMtha ke parivartana ke bAre meM yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki, usane sacelatva ke sthAna meM acelatva svIkAra kiyA; jaba ki una sabhI parivartana karanevAle nigraMthoM ke lie nizcita rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne cAra yAma ke sthAna meM pA~ca mahAvrata aura pratikramaNa dharma svIkAra kiyaa| mahAvIra ke vyaktitva, unakI AdhyAtmika dRSTi aura anekAnta vRtti ko dekhate hue Upara varNana kI huI sArI ghaTanA kA mela susaMgata baiTa jAtA hai| mahAvrata aura pratikramaNa kA sudhAra, yaha antaHzuddhi kA sudhAra hai isalie mahAvIra ne usa para pUrA bhAra diyA, jaba ki svayaM svIkAra kie hue acelatva para ekAnta bhAra 21. No cevimeNa vatyeNa pihissAmi taMsi hemNte| se pArae zrAvakahAe evaM khu aNudhammiyaM tassa | // 2 // saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM jaM na rikAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae to cAi taM bosija vatthamagAre // 4 // -aAdhArAMga, 1-6-1 /
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana 14 nahIM diyA / unhoMne socA hogA ki, Akhira acelatva yA sacelatva, yaha koI jIvana-zuddhi kI antima kasauTI nahIM hai / isIlie unake nigraMtha saMgha meM sacela aura acela donoM nigraMtha apanI-apanI ruci evaM zakti kA vicAra karake 'ImAnadArI ke sAtha paraspara udAra bhAva se rahe hoMge / uttarAdhyayana kA vaha saMvAda * usa samaya kI sUcanA detA hai, jaba ki kabhI nirgranthoM meM sArAsAra ke tAratamya kI vicAraNA calI hogii| * anekAnta dRSTi kA jo yathArtha prANa spandita hotA hai dena hai / ke bIca sacelatva ke bAre para usa samanvaya ke mUla vaha mahAvIra ke vicAra kI meM pAvapityika paraMparA meM jo cAra bAma the unake nAma sthAnAMgasUtra meM yoM Ate haiM; (1) sarvaprANAtipAta -- ( 2 ) sarvamRSAvAda - ( 3 ) sarvazradattAdAnaaura (4) sarvatra hiddhAdANa - se viramaNa 22 inameM se 'bahidvAdA' kA 'artha jAnanA yahA~ prApta hai / navAMgITIkAkAra zrabhayadeva ne ' vahiddhAdANa' zabda - kA artha 'parigraha' sUcita kiyA hai / 'parigraha se virati' yaha pArzvApityikoM kA - cauthA yAma thA, jisameM brahma kA varjana avazya abhipreta thA 23 / para jaba - manuSyasulabha durbalatA ke kAraNa brahmaviramaNa meM zithilatA zraI aura parigrahavirati ke artha meM spaSTatA karane kI jarUrata mAlUma huI taba mahAvIra ne viramaNa ko parigrahaviramaNa se alaga svataMtra yama rUpa meM svIkAra karake pA~ca mahAvratoM kI bhISmapratijJA nigraMthoM ke lie rakhI aura svayaM usa pratijJA-pAlana ke puraskartA hue| itanA hI nahIM balki kSaNa-kSaNa ke jIvanakrama meM badalanevAlI manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa honevAle mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika doSa bhI mahAvIra ko nigraMtha jIvana ke lie atyanta akharane lage, isase unhoMne nigraMtha-jIvana meM satata jAgRti rakhane kI dRSTi se pratikramaNa dharma ko niyata sthAna diyA, jisase ki -pratyeka nigraMtha sAyaM prAtaH apane jIvana kI truTiyoM kA nirIkSaNa kare aura lage 22. majjhimagA bAvIsaM arahaMtA bhagavaMtA cAujjAmaM dhammaM paraNavaiti, taM0 savvAto pANAtiyAyAzro veramaNaM, evaM musAvAyAzro veramaNaM, savvAto adinnAdAraNAzro veramaNaM, savvAzro bahiddhAdAraNAo veramaNaM 1 / -sthAnAMga, sUtra 266, patra 201 a / - 23. "bahiddhAdAraNAno" tti bahiddhA - maithunaM pahigraha vizeSaH prAdAnaM ca parigrahastayordvandvaikatvamathavA zrAdIyata ityAdAnaM parigrAhyaM vastu tacca dharmopakararAmapi bhavatItyata zrAha-- bahistAt - dharmopakaraNAd bahiryaditi / iha ca maithunaM parigrahe'ntarbhavati, na hyaparigRhItA yoSid bhujyata iti / --- sthAnAMga, 266 sUtravRtti, patra 201 ba /
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata 15 doSoM kI AlocanApUrvaka yaMdA doSoM se bacane ke lie zuddha saMkalpa ko har3a kare / mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA aura unake upadezoM se yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAna par3atA hai ki, unhoMne svIkRta pratijJA kI zuddhi aura antarjAgRti para jitanA bhAra diyA hai utanA anya cIjoM para nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki tatkAlIna aneka pArzvapatyikoM ke rahate hue bhI unhIM meM se eka jJAtaputra mahAvIra hI nirbaMdha saMgha ke aguvA rUpa se yA tIrthaMkara rUpa se mAne jAne lage / mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM jitanA bhAra kaSAyavijaya para haiM jo ki nirmantha-jIvana kA mukhya sAdhya hai utanA bhAra anya kisI viSaya para nahIM hai / unake isa kaThora prayatna ke kAraNa hI cAra yAma kA nAma smRtizeSa bana gayA va pA~ca mahAvrata saMyamadharma ke jIvita zraMga bane / mahAvIra ke dvArA paMca mahAvrata-dharma ke nae sudhAra ke bAre meM to zvetAmbaradigambara ekamata haiM, para pA~ca mahAvrata se kyA abhipreta hai, isa bAre meM vicArabheda zravazya hai / digaMbarAcArya vaTakera kA eka 'mUlAcAra' nAmaka grantha hai -- jo saMgrahAtmaka hai-usameM unhoMne pA~ca mahAvrata kA artha pA~ca yama na batalAkara kevala jaina paraMparA paricita pA~ca cAritra batalAyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki, mahAvIra ke pahale mAtra sAmAyika cAritra thA, para mahAvIra ne chedopasthApana dAkhila karake * sAmAyika ke hI vistAra rUpa se anya cAra cAritra batalAe, jisase mahAvIra paMca mahAvrata dharma ke upadezaka mAne jAte haiM / AcArya vaTakera kI taraha pUjyapAda, kalaMka, AzAvara Adi lagabhaga sabhI digaMbarAcArya aura digaMbara vidvAnoM kA vaha eka hI abhiprAya hai 24 / niHsandeha zvetAMbara-paraMparA ke paMca mahAvratadharma ke khulAse se digaMbara paraMparA kA tatsaMbandhI khulAsA judA par3atA hai / bhadrabAhukartRka mAnI jAnevAlI niyukti meM bhI chedopasthApanA cAritra ko dAkhila karake pA~ca cAritra mahAvIrazAsana meM pracalita kie jAne kI kathA nirdiSTa hai, para yaha kathA kevala cAritrapariNAma kI tIvratA, tovrataratA aura tIvratamatA ke tAratamya para evaM bhinna-bhinna dIkSita vyakti ke adhikAra para prakAza DAlatI hai, na ki samagra nigraMthoM ke lie avazya svIkArya paMca mahAvratoM ke Upara | jaba ki mahAvIra kA paMca mahAvrata-dharma-viSayaka sudhAra nirgratha dIkSA lenevAle sabhI ke lie eka-sA rahA, aisA bhagavatI Adi graMthoM se tathA bauddha piTaka nirdiSTa ' cAtuyAma-saMvara- saMvuto' 25 isa vizeSaNa se phalita hotA hai / isake samarthana meM pratikramaNa dharma kA udAharaNa paryApta hai / mahAvIra ne pratikramaNa dharma bhI sabhI nirgranthoM 24. dekho - paM0 jugala kizora jI mukhtAra kRta-- jainAcAryoM kA zAsanabheda, pariziSTa 'ka' | 25. " cAtu-yAma-saMvara-saMvuto" isa vizeSaNa ke bAda 'savva-vAri-vArito' ityAdi
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________________ 16 jaina dharma aura darzana ke lie samAna rUpa se anuzAsita kiyA / isa prakAza meM paMca mahAvrata dharma kA anuzAsana bhI sabhI nirgranthoM ke liye rahA ho, yahI mAnanA par3atA hai| mUlAcAra yadi digaMbara paraMparA meM jo vicArabheda surakSita hai vaha sAdhAra avazya haiM, kyoMki, zvetAMbarIya sabhI grantha chedopasthAna sahita pA~ca cAritra kA praveza mahAvIra ke zAsana meM batalAte haiN| pA~ca mahAvrata aura pA~ca cAritra ye eka nahIM / donoM meM pA~ca kI saMkhyA samAna hone se mUlAcAra Adi granthoM meM eka vicAra surakSita rahA to zvetAmbara granthoM meM dUsarA bhI vicAra surakSita hai / kucha bhI ho, donoM paraMparAe~ paMca mahAvrata dharma ke sudhAra ke bAre meM eka-so sammata haiM / vastutaH pA~ca mahAvrata yaha pArzvapatyika cAturyAma kA spaSTIkaraNa hI hai / isase yaha kahane meM koI bAdhA nahIM ki, mahAvIra ko saMyama yA cAritra kI virAsata bhI pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA se milI hai / hama yogaparaMparA ke ATha yogAMga se paricita haiM / unameM se prathama aMga yama I hai / pAtaMjala yogazAstra ( 2 - 30, 31 meM hiMsA, satya, asteya brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye pA~ca yama ginAe haiM; sAtha hI inhIM pA~ca yamoM ko mahAvrata bhI kahA hai --- jaba ki ve pA~ca yama paripUrNa yA jAti- deza - kAla - samayAnavacchinna ho / merA khayAla hai ki, mahAvIra ke dvArA pA~ca yamoM para atyanta bhAra dene evaM unako mahAvrata ke rUpa se mAna lene ke kAraNa hI 'mahAvrata' zabda pA~ca yamoM ke lie vizeSa prasiddhi meM AyA / zrAja to yama yA yAma zabda purAne jainazruta meM, bauddha piTakoM meM aura upalabdha yogasUtra meM mukhyatayA surakSita hai / 'yama' zabda kA utanA pracAra va nahIM hai, jitanA pracAra 'mahAvrata' zabda kA / vizeSaNa jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke lie Ate haiM / inameM se 'savva-vAri-vArito' kathA ke anusAra zrI rAhula jI Adi ne kiyA hai ki - "nigarATha ( nirgrantha ) jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai ( jisase jala ke jIva na mAre jAe~ ) / " ( dIghanikAya, hindI anuvAda, pR0 21 ) para yaha artha bhramapUrNa hai / jalabodhaka "vAri" zabda hone se tathA nirgrantha sacitta jala kA upayoga nahIM karate, isa vastusthiti ke darzana se bhrama huA jAna par3atA hai / vastutaH " savya-vAri-vArito" kA artha yahI hai ki saba arthAt hiMsA Adi cAroM pApakarma ke vAri arthAt vArasa yAne niSedha ke kAraNa vArita arthAt virata; yAne hiMsA Adi saba pApakarmoM ke nivAraNa ke kAraNa una doSoM se virata / yahI arthaM agale 'savva-vAri-yuto', 'savva-vAri-dhuto' ityAdi vizeSaNa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH sabhI vizeSaNa eka hI artha ko bhinna-bhinna bhaMgI se darasAte haiM /
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata jaba cAra yAma meM se mahAvIra ke pA~ca mahAvrata aura buddha ke pA~ca zIla ke vikAsa para vicAra karate haiM taba kahanA par3atA hai ki, pArzvanAtha ke cAra yAma kI paraMparA kA jJAtaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra aura zAkyaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra vikAsa kiyA hai 26, jo abhI jaina aura bauddha paraMparA meM virAsatarUpa se vidyamAna hai| zruta aba hama antima virAsata---zrutasampatti--para Ate haiN| zvetAMbara-digaMbara donoM ke vAGamaya meM jaina zruta kA dvAdazAMgI rUpa se nirdeza hai / 27 aAcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMga aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda aMga kA eka bhAga caudaha pUrva, ye vizeSa prasiddha haiM / AgamoM ke prAcIna samajhe jAne vAle bhAgoM meM jahA~ jahA~ kisI ke anagAra dharma svIkAra karane kI kathA hai vahA~ yA to aisA kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAmAyika Adi gyAraha aMga par3hatA hai yA vaha caturdaza pUrva par3hatA hai| 28 hameM ina ullekhoM ke Upara se vicAra yaha karanA hai ki, mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha yA unakI paraMparA kI zruta-sampatti kyA thI ? aura isameM se mahAvIra ko virAsata milI yA nahIM ? evaM milI to kisa rUpa meM ? zAstroM meM yaha to spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai ki, AcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMgoM 26. adhyApaka dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne anta meM jo "pArzvanAtha cA cAturyAma dharma' nAmaka pustaka likhI hai usakA mukhya uddeza hI yaha hai ki, zAkyaputra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAmadharma kI paraMparA kA vikAsa kisa-kisa taraha se kiyA, yaha batalAnA / 27. SaTkhaNDAgama (dhavalA TIkA), khaNDa 1, pRSTha 6 : bAraha aMgagijjhA / samavAyAMga, patra 106, sUtra 136 : duvAlasaMge gnnipiddge| nandIsUtra ( vijayadAnasUri saMzodhita) patra 64 : aMgapaviI duvAlasaviha paeNataM / 28 gyAraha aMga par3hane kA ullekha - bhagavatI 2. 1, 11-6 jJAtA dharmakathA, a0 12 / caudaha pUrva par3hane kA ullekha-bhagavatI 11-11-432, 17-2-617; jJAtAdharma-kathA, a0 5 / jJAtA0 a0 16 meM pANDavoM ke caudaha pUrva par3hane kA va draupadI ke gyAraha aMga par3hane kA ullekha hai / isI taraha jJAtA0 2-1 meM kAlI sAdhvI bana kara gyAraha aMga par3hatI hai, aisA varNana hai|
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________________ 18 jaina dharma aura darzana 30 " 131 kI racanA mahAvIra ke anugAmI gaNadharoM ne kI / 26 yadyapi nandIsUtra kI purAnI vyAkhyA - cUrNi - ~ jo vikrama kI AThavIM sadI se arvAcIna nahIM-- usameM 'pUrva' zabda kA artha batalAte hue kahA gayA hai ki, mahAvIra ne prathama upadeza diyA isalie 'pUrva' kahalAe isI taraha vikrama kI navIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha AcArya vIrasena ne ghavalA meM 'pUrvagata' kA artha batalAte hue kahA ki jo pUrvo ko prApta ho yA jo pUrva svarUpa prApta ho vaha 'pUrvagata' ; parantu cUrNikAra evaM uttarakAlIna vIrasena, haribhadra, malayagiri Adi vyAkhyAkAroM kA vaha kathana kevala 'pUrva' aura 'pUrvagata' zabda kA artha ghaTana karane ke abhiprAya se huA jAna par3atA hai| jaba bhagavatI meM kaI jagaha mahAvIra ke mukha se yaha kahalAyA gayA hai ki, amuka vastu puruSAdAnIya pArzvanAtha ne vahI kahI hai jisako maiM bhI kahatA hU~, aura jaba hama sAre zvetAMbara - digaMbara zruta ke dvArA yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki, mahAvIra kA tattvajJAna vahIM hai jo pAzrvapityika paramparA se calA AtA hai, taba hameM 'pUrva' zabda kA artha samajhane meM koI dikkata nahIM hotI / pUrva zruta kA zrartha spaSTataH yahI hai ki, jo zruta mahAvIra ke pUrva se pArzvapatyika paramparA dvArA calA AtA thA, aura jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM mahAvIra ko bhI prAsa huaa| pro0 yAkobI Adi kA bhI aisA hI mata hai / 32 jaina zruta ke mukhya viSaya navatattva, paMca astikAya zrAtmA aura karma kA 'unakI nivRtti ke upAya, karma kA svarUpa ityAdi haiM / inhIM viSayoM ko mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ne saMkSepa se vistAra aura vistAra se saMkSepa kara bhale hI kahA ho, para ve saba viSaya pArzvapatyika paramparA ke pUrvavartI zruta meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa saMbandha, usake kAraNa, 1 26-30. jamhA titthakaro titthapavattaNakAle gaNadharANaM savvasuttAdhArattaNato puvvaM puvvagatasuttatthaM bhAsati tamhA puvvaM ti bhaNitA, gaNadharA purA suttaravaNaM karentA zrAyArAikameNa rati ThaveMti ya / - nandIsUtra ( vijayadAnasUri saMzodhita) cUrNa, pR0 111 a / 31. puvvANaM gayaM patta- puvvasarUvaM vA puvvagayamidi gaNaNAmaM / -- SaTkhaMDAgama ( dhavalA TIkA ), pustaka 1, pR0 114 The name ( pUrva ) itself testifies to the fact that the Purvas were superseded by a new canon, for Purva means former, earlier...... 2. -Sacred Books of the East, Vol XXII Introduction, P. XLIV
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________________ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI virAsata da 3 meM nirUpita the, isa viSaya meM koI sandeha nhiiN| eka bhI sthAna meM mahAvIra yA unake ziSyoM meM se kisI ne aisA nahIM kahA ki, jo mahAvIra kA zruta hai vaha pUrva arthAt sarvathA navotpanna hai / caudaha pUrva ke viSayoM kI evaM unake bheda prabhedoM kI jo TUTI-phUTI yAdI nandI sUtra 33 meM tathA dhavalA 34 meM milatI hai usakA zrAcArAMga Adi gyAraha aMgoM meM tathA anya upAMga Adi zAstroM meM prati pAdita viSayoM ke sAtha milAna karate haiM to, isameM sandeha hI nahIM rahatA ki, jaina paraMparA ke AcAra-vicAra viSayaka mukhya muddoM kI carcA, pAzrvApatyika paraMparA ke pUrvazruta aura mahAvIra kI paraMparA ke aMgorAMga zruta meM samAna hI hai| isase maiM abhI taka nimnalikhita niSkarSa para AyA hU~ (2) pArzvanAthIya paraMparA kA pUrvazruta mahAvIra ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prApta huA / usI meM pratipAdita viSayoM para ho apanI apanI prakRti ke anusAra AcArAMga Adi graMthoM kI jude jude hAthoM se racanA huI hai / ( 2 ) mahAvIrazAsita saMgha meM pUrvazruta aura zrAcArAMga Adi zruta - donoM kI bar3I pratiSThA rahI / phira bhI pUrvazruta kI mahimA adhika hI kI jAtI rahI hai / isI se hama digambara zvetAMbara donoM paramparA ke sAhitya meM zrAcAryoM kA aisA prayatna pAte haiM, jisameM ve apane-apane karma viSayaka tathA jJAna Adi viSayaka itara purAtana granthoM kA saMbandha usa viSaya ke pUrvanAmaka grantha se jor3ate haiM, itanA hI nahIM para donoM paramparA meM pUrvazruta kA kramika hrAsa lagabhaga eka-sA varNita hone para bhI kamIveza pramANa meM pUrvajJAna ko dhAraNa karanevAle AcAryoM ke prati vizeSa bahumAna darasAyA gayA hai| donoM paraMparA ke varNana se itanA nizcita mAlUma par3atA hai ki, sArI nirgrantha paramparA apane vartamAna zruta kA mUla pUrva meM mAnatI AI hai| ( 3 ) pUrvazruta meM jisa-jisa deza kAla kA eva jina-jina vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibiMba thA usase AcArAMga Adi aMgoM meM bhinna dezakAla evaM bhinna vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA pratibiMba par3A yaha svAbhAvika hai; phira bhI AcAra evaM tattvajJAna ke mukhya muddoM ke svarUpa meM donoM meM koI khAsa antara nahIM par3A / upasaMhAra - mahAvIra ke jIvana tathA dharmazAsana se sambaddha aneka prazna aise haiM, jinakI gaveSaNA zrAvazyaka hai; jaise ki zrAjIvaka paraMparA se mahAvIra kA saMbandha tathA 33. nandIsUtra, patra 106 se / 34 SakhaMDAgama ( dhavalA TIkA ), pustaka 1, 50 114 se /
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana itara samakAlIna tApasa, parivrAjaka aura bauddha Adi paraMparAoM se unakA saMbandhaaise saMbandha jinhoMne mahAvIra ke pravRtti kSetra para kucha asara DAlA ho yA mahAvIra kI dharma pravRtti ne una paramparAoM para kucha-na-kucha asara DAlA ho| ___ isI taraha pArzvanAtha ko jo paramparA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hone se taTastha rahI usakA astitva kaba taka, kisa-kisa rUpa meM aura kahA~ kahA~ rahA arthAt usakA bhAvI kyA huA--yaha prazna bhI vicAraNIya hai| khAravela, jo adyatana saMzodhana ke anusAra jaina paramparA kA anugAmI samajhA jAtA hai, usakA digambara yA zvetAmbara zruta meM kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM isakA kyA kAraNa ? kyA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita nahIM hue aise pApityikoM kI paramparA ke sAtha to usakA sambandha rahA na ho ? ityAdi prazna bhI vicAraNIya haiN| pro0 yAkobI ne kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA meM gautama aura baudhAyana dharmasUtra ke sAtha nimranthoM ke vrata-upavrata kI tulanA karate hue sUcita kiyA hai ki, nimranthoM ke sAmane vaidika saMnyAsI dharma kA Adarza rahA hai ityAdi / parantu isa prazna ko bhI aba nae dRSTikoNa se vicAranA hogA ki, vaidika paramparA, jo mUla meM ekamAtra gRhasthAzrama pradhAna rahI jAna par3atI hai, usameM saMnyAsa dharma kA praveza kaba kaise aura kina baloM se huA aura anta meM vaha saMnyAsa dharma vaidika paraMparA kA eka. Avazyaka aMga kaise bana gayA ? isa prazna kI mImAMsA se mahAvIra pUrvavartI nirgrantha paramparA aura parivrAjaka paramparA ke saMbandha para bahuta kucha prakAza par3a sakatA hai| ... parantu una saba praznoM ko bhAvI vicArakoM para chor3akara prastuta lekha meM mAtra pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke dhArmika saMbandha kA hI saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA hai /
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________________ pariziSTa / teraNaM kAle NaM teNaM samae NaM pAsAvacijje kAlAsave siyaputte NAmaM aNagAre jeNeva therA bhagavaMto teNeva uvAgacchati 2 ttA there bhagavaMte evaM bayAsI -- therA sAmAiyaM Na jANaMti therA sAmAiyassa TU yAti therA paJcakkhANaM yA Mti therA paJcakkhANassa TUTa gayANaMti, therA saMjamaM Na yANaMti therA saMjamassa TaM sa yANaMti, therA saMvaraM Na yAAMti therA saMgharassa ha vivegaM Na yANaMti therA vivegassa TTha Na yAAMti, yerA therA viussaggassa aTTha Na yAti 6 / tae gaM te gherA putaM NagAraM evaM vayAsI jAgAmo gaM jo ! sAmAiyaM sAmAiyassa zraddha' jAva jAgAmo gaM jo ! viussagassa / tae gaM se kAlAsavesiyaputte aNagAre there bhagavaMte evaM vyAsI-- jati khaM jo ! tume jArAha sAmAiyaM jANaha sAmAiyassa aTThe jAva jAgRha viussaggassa aTTha, ke bhejo ! sAmAie ke jo sAmAiyassa TThe jAva ke bhe viussagassa aTThe ? tae -te the bhagavaMto kAlAsavesiyaputtaM aNagAraM evaM vayAsI - AyA. he ajjo ! sAmAie zrAyA se ajjo ! sAmAiyassa aTThe jAva viussaggassa aTThe / ettha NaM se kAlAsavesiyaputta aNagAre saMbuddhe there bhagavaMte baMdati rAmasati 2 tA evaM kyAsI -- eesi gaM bhaMte! payAgaM puvvi asaNAraNyAe zrasakraNayAe zrohiyAe... No roie iyA ibhaMte ! etesiM payANaM jANyAe.... roemi evameyaM se jaheyaM tubme vadaha, tara se kAlAsavesiyaputta aNagAre there bhagavaMte vaMdai narmasai, vaMditA -namaMsittA cAujjAmAgrI dhammA paMcamahavvaiyaM sapaDikkamaNaM dhammaM uvasaMpajjittA - viharas | vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 1 uddeza 6 | sU0 76 te kAle 2 pAsAvaccijjA therA bhagavaMto jeNeva samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre teNeva uvAgacchati 2 samaNassa bhagavazro mahAvIrassa cadAsI se nUraNaM bhaMte ! asaMkhejje loe aMtA rAtiMdiyA dUrasAmaMte ThiccA evaM uppajjisu vA uSpajjati vA uppajjissaMti vA vigacchrisu vA vigacchaMti vA vigacchissaMti vA paritA TUDhaM ya yAAMti, dherA viussagaM yA yAsaMti bhagavaMto kAlAsavesiyajANAmo gaM jo !
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana rAtidiyA upajisu vA3 vigacchisu vA 3 ? haMtA ajjo! asaMkhejje loe ayaMtA rAtidiyA taM ceva / se keNaNaM jAva vigacchissaMti vA 1 se nUNaM bhaMte anjo pAseNaM arahayA purisAdAgIeNaM sAsae loe vuie... je lokaha se loe ? haMtA bhagavaM ! se teNaNaM ajjo! evaM vuzcaha asaMkhejje taM ceva / tappa bhitiM ca NaM te pAsAvaccejjA therA bhagavaMto samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM paJcabhijANaMti savvannU sambadarisI tae NaM te therA bhagavaMto samaNaM bharAvaM mahAvIraM vaMdaMti namasaMti 2, evaM vadAsi - icchAmi gaM bhaMte ! tumme aMtie cAunjAmAzro dhammAzro paMcamahavvayaM sappaDikamaNaM dharma uvasaMpajjittA raNaM viharittae / ahAsuhaM devANuppiyA ! mA paDibaMdhaM kareha / vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 5 uddeza 6 / sU0 227 teNaM kAleNaM teSAM samae e vANiyagAme nagare hotthA / " teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM pAsAvacijje gaMgee nAmaM aNagAre jeNeva samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre teNeva uvAgacchai, teNeva uvAgacchaittA samaNassa bhagavatroM mahAvIrassa adUrasAmaMte. ThiccA samarAM bhagavaM mahAvIraM evaM kyAsI-saMtaraM bhaMte ! neraiyA uvavajjati nirantaraM neraDyA uvavajjati 1 gaMgeyA! saMtaraM pi nerahayA uvavajjati niraMtaraM pi neraiyA uvavajjaMti / (sU0 371) se keNa?NaM bhaMte ! evaM buccaha sato neraiyA uvavajjati no asato neraiyA ' uvavajjaMti jAva so vemANiyA cayaMti no asazro vemANiyA cayaMti ? se nUrNa bhaMte ! gaMgeyA ! pAseNaM arahayA purisAdANIeNaM sAsae loe buhe| sayaM bhate ! evaM jANaha udAhu asayaM asocA ete evaM jANaha udAhu soccA sato neraiyA uvavajjati no asato neraiyA uvvjjNti| gaMgeyA ! sayaM ete evaM jaNAmi no asayaM, (sU0 378) tappabhiI ca NaM se gaMgeye aNagAre samAM bhagavaM mahAvIraM paJcabhijANai samvannU svvdrisii| . icchAmi NaM bhaMte ! tujhaM aMtiyaM cAujAmAzro dhammo paMcamahatvaiyaM ___ vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 6 uddeza 32 / sU0 376 teNaM kAleNaM 2 tuMgiyA nAma nagarI hotthA..... ( sU0 107) / teNaM kAle 2 pAsAvaccijA therA bhagavaMto jAtisaMpannA...."viharaMti // (sUtra 108) tae NaM te therA bhagavato tesiM samaNovAsayANaM tIse ya mahatimahAliyAe cAujAma dhamma parikaheMti..... ... tae NaM te samaNovAsayA there bhagavaMte evaM vadAsI-jati NaM bhaMte ! saMjame
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________________ pariziSTa aNaNyaphale tave vodANaphale kiM pattiyaM NaM bhaMte ! devA devaloesu uvavajjati ? tattha NaM kAliyaputte nAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-puvvataveNaM ajo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti / tattha NaM mehile nAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-puvvasejameNaM ajo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti / tattha NaM ANaMdarakkhie NAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-kammiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajaMti / tattha NaM kAsave NAma there te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjati / puvataveNaM pulvasaMjameNaM kammiyAe saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjaMti / sacce NaM esa aha no ceva NaM AyabhAvavattavyayAe / tae NaM te samaNovAsayA therehiM bhagavatehiM imAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAI vAgariyA samANA hadvatuTThA there bhagavaMte baMdaMti namasaMti...."(sU0 110) tae NaM se bhagagaM goyame rAyagihe nagare jAva aDamANe bahujaNasaI nisAmeievaM khalu devANuppiyA ! tuMgiyAe nagarIe bahiyA puSpavatIe ceie pAsAvacinjA therA bhagavaMto samaNovAsaehiM imAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAI pucchiyA-saMjame eM bhaMte ! kiMphale ? tave NaM bhaMte ? kiMphale ? tae NaM te therA bhagato te samaNovAsae evaM vadAsI-saMjame NaM ajjo-aNaehayaphale tave bodANaphale taM ceva jAva puvataveNaM pukhasaMjameNaM kammiyAe saMgiyAe ajjo ! devA devaloesu uvavajjati, sacce gaM esamahe No ceva NaM AyabhAvavattavyayAe // se kahameyaM maraNe evaM ? tae eM samaNe0 goyame imose kahAe laTTha samANe...." samaNaM bha0 mahAvIraM jAva evaM vayAsI-evaM khalu bhaMte ! ahaM tubbhehiM abhaguNNAe samANe rAyagihe nagare uccanIyamajhimANi kulANi gharasamudANassa bhikkhAyariyAe aDamANe bahujaNsadaM nisAmemi evaM khalu devA0 tuMgiyAye nagarIe bahiyA puSpavaIe ceie pAsAvaccijjA therA bhagavaMto samaNovAsaehiM iyAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAiM pucchiyA--saMjae NaM bhaMte ! kiMphale ? tave kiMphale ? taM ceva jAva sacceNa esamache No ceva NaM AyabhAvavattanvayAe / taM pabhU bhaMte ! te yerA bhagavaMto tesiM samaNovAsayANaM imAI eyAlayAI vAgaraNAI vAgarittae udAhu appabhU ? pabhU raNaM goyamA ! te therA bhagavaMtoM tesiM samaNovAsayANaM imAI eyArUvAI vAgaraNAI vAgarettae, ahaM pi ya NaM goyamA ! evamAikkhAmi .... (sU0 111 ) vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 2 uddeza 5 / rAyagihe nAmaM nayare hotthA / (sU068) tattha NaM nAlaMdAe bAhiriyAe leve nAma gAhAvaI hotyaa| se NaM leve nAma gAhAvaI samaNovAsae yAvi hotthA / (sU0 66)
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________________ 24 jaina dharma aura darzana levassa gAhAvaissa nAlaMdAe bAhiriyAra...... udagasAlA...... tassiM ca NaM gihapadesaMmi bhagavaM goyame viharai, bhagavaM ca NaM ahe ArAmaMsi / ahe NaM udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM pAsAvaJcijje niyaMThe meyaje goteNaM jeNeva bhagavaM goyame teva uvAgacchai, uvAgacchaittA bhagavaM goyama evaM vayAsI-AusaMto ! goyamA asthi khalu me kei padese pucchiyabve, taM ca Auso ! ahAsurya bahAdarisurya me viyAgarehi savAyaM, bhagavaM goyame udayaM peDhAlaputtaM evaM vayAsI-aviyAi aAuso! socA nisamma jANissAmo savAya, udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM goyama evaM vayAsI / (sU071) aAuso! goyamA asthi khalu kumAraputtiyA nAma samaNA niggaMthA tumhANaM pavayaNaM pavayamANA gAhAvaI samaNovAsagaM uvasaMpanna evaM paJcakkhAveMti - NaeNatya zrabhitroerA gAhAvai, coraggahaNavimokkhaNayAe tasehiM pANehiM NihAya daMDa, evaM ehaM paJcakkhaMtANaM dupaJcakkhAyaM bhavai, evaM eI paJcakkhAvemANANaM dupaJcakkhAviyavvaM bhavai, evaM te paraM paJcakkhAvemANA atiyarati sayaM patieNaM / (sU0 72) ___etesiM | bhaMte ! padANaM epiMha jANiyAe savaNayAe bohie jAva uvahAraNayAe eyamaThaM saddahAmi... ___ tae NaM se udae peDhAlaputte bhagavaM goyama evaM vayAsI-icchAmi NaM bhaMte ! tubha aMtie cAujjAmAo dhammAzro paMcamahavvaiyaM rApaDikkamaNaM dhamma uvasaMpajjittA NaM viharittae / / (sU081) zrutraskaMdha 2 zrusa 7 nAlaMdIyAdhyayana 7 / cAujjAmo a jo dhammo jo imo paMca sikkhiyo| desino baddhamANeNaM pAseNa ya mahAmuNI ! // 23 // egakajjapavanANaM visese ki nu kAraNa / dhamme duvihe mehAvI ! kahaM cippacco na te 1 // 24 / / to kesi bugataM tu goyamo iNamabvavI / / pannA samikkhae dhamma tattaM tattaviNicchayaM // 25 // purimA uju jaDDA u vakkajaDDA ya pacchimA / majhimA ujjupannA u tena dhamme duhA kae / 26 / / purimANaM dubisujjho u carimANaM duraNupAlazro / kappo majjhimagANaM tu suvisujho supAlazro // 27 // sAhu goyama ! pannA te, chinno me saMsazro imo| anno'vi saMsao majha, taM me kahasu goyamA ! // 28 //
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________________ pariziSTa 25 acelazro a jo dhammo, jo imo saMtaruttaro / desio baddhamANeNaM: pAseNa ya mahAmuNI // 26 // egakajjapavannAeM, visese ki nu. kAraNaM ? / liMge duvihe mehAvI ! kahaM vippacco na te 1 // 30 // kesiM evaM buvANaM tu, goyamo iNamabbavI / vinnANeNa samAgamma, dhammasAhaNamicchiyaM // 31 // paccayatthaM ca logassa, nANAvihavikappaNaM / jattatthaM gahaNatthaM ca, loge liMgapoSaNaM / 32 / / uttarAdhyayana kezIgautamIyAdhyayana 23 /