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________________ pAli aura prAkRta DaoN. brahmadeva nArAyaNa zarmA zramaNa saMskRti kI do mukhya dhArAeM haiN| bauddha evaM jain| ina donoM dhArAoM ke bAhaka bhagavAn buddha tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra rahe / bhagavAn buddha ne jo kucha bhAratIya saMskRti ko pradAna kiyA vaha saba pAli meM haiM, tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prAkRta ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya janamAnasa ko AplAvita kiyaa| ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke amRtopama sandeza kA vAhaka pAli evaM prAkRta bhASAeM rahIM jo na kevala bhArata ko varan vizva ko AcaraNa, tapa, tyAga evaM vairAgya kI zikSA pradAna karane meM samartha rhiiN| inhIM ke mAdhyama se koTi-koTi logoM ne apane ko duHkha kI jvAlA se nikAla kara zAnta evaM zItala nirvANa ko prApta kiyaa| ina donoM bhASAoM meM kauna sI aisI vizeSatAe~ thIM, jisake kAraNa donoM mahApuruSoM ne inako apane upadeza evaM vicAra kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| yadi isa bAta para vicAra kiyA jAya to spaSTa hogA ki ina donoM mahApuruSoM ko sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati gaharI samvedanA thI, jisake kAraNa inhoMne apanA vicAra aisI bhASA ke mAdhyama se vyakta karanA cAhA jise adhika se adhika jana sAmAnya samajha sake aura unase lAbha uThA ske| isI uddezya kI pUrti ke lie donoM mahApuruSoM ne janasAdhAraNa kI bolI meM jo usa samaya pracalita thI (pAli-prAkRta ) usameM apanA upadeza denA zreyaSkara samajhA / usI jana bhASA meM apanA-apanA vicAra vyakta kiyA / prastuta prasaMga meM yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki donoM mahApuruSoM ke upadeza bahuta dinoM taka maukhika hI rahe / kAlAntara meM lipibaddha hue| saMbhavataH isI ke phalasvarUpa una bhASAoM meM anekarUpatA dikhAI par3atI hai| yadyapi bhagavAn mahAvIra, bhagavAn buddha se jyeSTha the aura unakI paramparA bhI pUrva se hI kAyama thI, para jainAgamoM kA saMkalana pAli bauddhAgamoM ke bAda meM huaa| itihAsa se yaha jJAta hai ki pAli tripiTaka kA saMkalana IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI meM ho gayA thA para jainAgamoM kA saMkalana aura lekhana IsA kI 5vIM-chaThI zatI meM huaa| ina donoM mahApuruSoM se pUrva jisa bhASA kA bolabAlA thA vaha vaidika saMskRta thii| jaisA ki bhASAvidoM ne batAyA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke antargata vaidika saMskRta kA sthAna thaa| inhI bhASAoM meM vijJajana vArtAlApa bhI karate the para jana sAmAnya ke lie bhI usa samaya koI bolI avazya parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 252 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana hogii| vaidika bhASA durUha thI, isI durUhatA ke kAraNa prAcIna Arya bhASA meM aneka parivartana hue aura isI parivartana ke kAraNa madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA udaya huA jisase pAli-prAkRta Adi bhASAe~ nikliiN| yahA~ pAli evaM prAkRta ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie una parivartanoM para vicAra karanA samIcIna hogaa| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kI R, la dhvaniyA~ samApta ho gii| ai aura au ke sthAna para e evaM o kA prayoga hone lgaa| ava, aya dhvani-samUhoM kA sthAna e, o dhvaniyoM ne le liyA / m vyaJjana ke sthAna para anusvAra kA prayoga hone lgaa| zu, Sa ke sthAna para kevala sa kA vyavahAra hone lgaa| zabda evaM dhAtu rUpoM meM bhI parivartana hue| aneka ajanta evaM halanta prAtipadikoM ke rUpa akArAnta prAtipadikoM ke samAna banane lage / sambandhakAraka ke eka vacana meM jo rUpa azvasya, muneH, sAdhoH tathA pituH Adi the ve aba asasma, munissa, sAdhussa tathA pitussa Adi hone lge| saMjJA meM bhI sarvanAma ke rUpoM kA vidhAna hone lgaa| dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM mo hrAsa huA / sanAnta tathA yaGganta ke prayogoM meM kamI aaii| inhIM saba parivartanoM ke kAraNa prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ko eka navIna rUpa prApta huA jise madhya bhAratIya bhASA ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA, aura isI madhya bhAratIya AyabhASA ko pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza, Adi kahA gayA hai| prAkRta kA jo prAcIna rUpa prApta hotA hai vaha azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki pAli yA tatkAlIna lokabhASA ke tIna svarUpa pracalita the| pUrvI, pazcimI aura pazcimottarI / inhIM boliyoM kA vikAsa bAda meM prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM huaa| mAgadhI evaM arddhamAgadhI azokakAlIna pUrvI bolI ke, zaurasenI pazcimI bolI ke aura paizAcI pazcimottarI bolI ke vikasita rUpa haiM, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai / bharata muni ke anusAra sAta prakAra kI prAkRteM haiM jinheM, mAgadhI, avantI, prAcyA, zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI, bAlIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA kahA jAtA hai| bAda meM vaiyyAkaraNa hemacandra ne paizAcI evaM lATI ko bhI isameM jor3a diyA hai| para sAhitya kI dRSTi se cAra prakAra ko prAkRteM hI mukhya haiM / ve haiM-mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTro / inake sAtha pAli kA kyA sambandha rahA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai / 1. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA zUrasenyarddhamAgadhI / bahlIkadakSiNAtyAzca sata bhASAH prakIrtitAH / / -nA0 zA0 1148 parisaMvAda-4 .
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________________ pAli aura prAkRta 253 pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM kA dhvani-samUha prAyaH eka-sA hai| R, R, lR, ai, evaM au kA prayoga pAli evaM prAkRtoM meM samAna rUpa se nahIM pAyA jAtA hai / ina donoM bhASAoM meM lU ke sthAna para a, i, u svaroM meM se koI eka ho jAtA hai / hrasva e tathA o donoM meM hote haiM / visarga donoM meM nahIM hote / z, S ke sthAna para dantyasa kAhI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai para mAgadhI meM tAlavya za hI hotA hai / mUrddhanya dhvanika donoM meM hI pAye jAte haiM / zabda ke antaHsthita aghoSa sparza ke sthAna para yU, v kA Agama donoM meM hotA hai / zabda ke antaHsthita ghoSa mahAprANa kI jagaha 'ha' ho jAtA hai / zabda ke antaHsthita aghoSa sparzo kA ghoSa meM parivartana donoM bhASAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra pAli evaM prAkRta meM samAnatA dikhAI par3atI hai / prastuta prasaMga meM vicAraNIya yaha hai ki pAli ko prAyaH sabhI vidvAnoM ne 'mAdhI' kahA hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke samaya se lekara vartamAna yuga taka isakA mAgadhI nAma hI pracalita hai / para tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha patA calatA hai ki pAli aura mAgadhI meM antara hai / jisa mAgadhI kA vivecana uttarakAlIna prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne kiyA hai tathA jisake svarUpa kA darzana katipaya abhilekhoM yA nATaka granthoM meM hotA hai, usase to pAli nizcaya hI bhinna hai / mAgadhI bhASA ke rUpa kI tIna mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiM / pratyeka r aura s kA kramazaH 'lU' aura 'za' meM parivartana ho jAnA tathA pulliGga aura napuMsaka liMga akArAnta zabdoM kA prathamA vibhakti eka vacana kA rUpa ekArAnta honA / para pAli meM aisA nahIM hotA varan r aura la donoM dhvaniyoM ke rUpa vahA~ milate haiM / tathA ekArAnta na hokara okArAnta hI hotA haiM / isa prakAra azoka ke pazcimI zilAlekhoM meM rAjA, purA, ArabhitvA jaise prayoga milate haiM to pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM kramazaH lAjA, puluvaM, AlabhituM rUpa dekhe jAte haiM / sa kAza meM parivartana pAli meM kabhI nahIM hotA / kevala azoka ke ( mAnaseharA ) ke zilAlekha meM isakA prayoga avazya huA hai, jaise priyadrazina, priyadarzi, prANazatasahasrAni Adi / parantu mAgadhI zakAra bahulA hai, vahA~ sa, Sa, donoM kA tAlavya 'za' ho jAtA hai, jaise puruSaH kA 'pulize' zuSka kA zuzka / isI prakAra pAli meM pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga akArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa prathamA vibhakti ekavacana meM kramazaH okArAnta tathA anusvarAnta hote haiM ekArAnta nahIM, para azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM lAghulovAde, budhe, 'mige' Adi rUpa bhI milate haiM / ina vibhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve maulika na hokara eka hI sAmAnya bhASA ke prAntIya yA janapadIya rUpa haiM jo uccAraNabheda se parisaMvAda --4 .
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________________ 254 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana utpanna ho gaye haiM : athavA azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA sAmAnya rASTrabhASA hai jisameM prAdezika AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa uccAraNa Adi meM alpa parivartana ho gaye haiM / mUla to una sabakA eka hI hai-magadha kI rAjabhASA mAgadhI, jisameM bhagavAna buddha ne apanA upadeza diyA thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza maukhika the aura unakA saMkalana unake nirvANa ke do tIna zatAbdiyoM ke bAda huaa| unakA lipibaddha rUpa to prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva meM huA / isalie isameM aneka parivarddhanoM aura parivartanoM kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| punaH arddhamAgadhI aura pAli ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ina donoM meM aneka samAnatAe~ haiM jaise pure, suve, bhikkhave, purisakAre, dukkhe Adi / zabda donoM meM samAna haiN| saMskRta tad ke sthAna meM se kA honA jaise tadyathA kA seyyathA / kahIM kahIM varNa-parivartana kA vidhAna bhI samAna dikhAI par3atA hai jaisepAli addhamAgadhI sakkhi sakkha tharU tharU (charU) velu velu naMgala naMgala isa prakAra saMskRta yad ke sthAna meM 'ye' kA ho jAnA tathA 'ra' kA 'la' ho jAnA arddhamAgadhI kI eka bar3I vizeSatA hai jo pAli meM sarvatra nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isameM mAgadhI kI AdhI pravRttiyA~ haiM tathA zeSa pravRttiyA~ zaurasenI prAkRta se milatI haiM jisase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki isa bhASA kA pracAra magadha se pazcima pradeza meM rahA hogA tathA isakA vikAsa Arya bhASA ke dUsare stara se huA hogaa| kucha vidvAnoM ne pAli ke dhvani samUha aura rUpa vidhAna kI sabase adhika samAnatA zaurasenI prAkRta ke sAtha batAyA hai| una vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki zaurasenI meM puliGga akArAnta zabdoM ke prathamA ekavacana kA rUpa okArAnta hotA hai jaise puriso, buddho, naro Adi aura yahI pravRtti pAli kI bhI hai| dUsarI vizeSatA 'Sa' kA 'sa' meM parivartana honA hai / yaha pAli meM bhI usI prakAra vidyamAna hai / 'zabda' kA 'saha' puruSa kA 'purisa' dharma kA 'dhamma' karma kA 'kamma' pazyati kA 'pasati' putra kA 'putta' Adi rUpa pAli aura zaurasenI meM eka jaisA hI hai| zaurasenI meM zabda ke madhya sthita aghoSa sparzoM kA ghoSa sparza meM parivartana ho jAnA pAli meM bhI samAna rUpa se parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 255 pAli aura prAkRta pAye jAte haiM- jaise mAkandika se 'mAgandima' kacaMgala se 'kajaMgala' tathA aciravatI se 'ajiravatI' donoM meM samAna rUpa se hote haiM / para pAli meM isake viparIta pravRtti bhI dikhAI par3atI hai - jaise zabda ke madhya meM sthita ghoSa sparzo kA aghoSa ho jAnAyathA agarU se akalu, muvaMga se mutiMga, kusIda se kusIta Adi / zaurasenI pUrvakAlika avyaya meM dUNa pratyaya lagatA hai, jaise paThidUNa, pAli meM bhI isI artha meM 'tUna' pratyaya dekhA jAtA hai jaise sonUna, kAtUna aadi| yaha pravRtti kevala zaurasenI meM hI nahIM varan paizAcI prAkRta meM bhI hai, jaise gantuna, rantUna, hasitUna Adi / pekkha, gamissati sakkiti jaise rUpoM meM bhI pAli aura zaurasenI meM samAnatA hai / para kahIM-kahIM pAli zaurasenI se nahIM bhI milatI hai, jaise zaurasenI meM vartamAna kAla ke prathama puruSa ekavacana ke kriyA rUpoM ke anta meM 'di' kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai jaise 'karedi' 'gacchedi' jaba ki pAli meM karoti aura gacchati rUpa hI hotA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI ke sAtha pAli ke sambandha ko dekhA gayA tathA yaha jJAta huA ki dhvanyAtmaka aura rUpAtmaka samAnatA hote hue bhI isameM asamAnatAe~ bhI haiM / mahArASTrI bhI zaurasenI kA vikasita rUpa hai / ise aneka vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / isI prakAra pAli aura paizAcI prAkRta meM jo samAnatAe~ haiM, unako isa prakAra dikhAyA jA sakatA hai, yathA ghoSa sparzo ( g, du, va ke sthAna meM aghoSa sparza (k, t, pa) kA honA / zabda ke madhya sthita vyaJjana kA surakSita rahanA / bhariya 'sinAna' 'kasaTa' jaise zabdoM meM saMyukta varNoM kA vizleSaNa pAyA jAnA / jJa, Ny aura nya kA 'jJa' meM parivartana ho jAnA / ya kA j meM parivartana na hokara jyoM kA tyoM rahanA / akArAnta pulliMga zabdoM ke prathamA ekavacana meM akArAnta ho jAnA Adi / 1 ke adhyayana se yaha sahajatayA sambaddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isa prakAra saMkSepa meM prAkRtoM ke sAtha pAli AbhAsa ho jAtA hai ki pAli ko kisI eka prAkRta se apitu sabhI prAkRtoM ke tattva pAli meM pAye jAte haiM prAntIya antara ke kAraNa bhI isameM vividhatA pAI jAtI hai| para isa adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki prAcIna AryabhASA arthAt vaidika saMskRta ke kAla meM jo jana sAdhAraNa kI boliyA~ pracalita thIM usI meM ina donoM mahApuruSoM ne apanA upadeza diyA thA aura prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA meM parivartana ke kAraNa madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA yuga kA udaya huA aura isI se pAli evaM prAkRtoM kA udaya huA / dUsarI bAta jo isase spaSTa hotI hai, vaha yaha ki vaidika bhASA kI durUhatA ke kAraNa isameM aneka parivartana hue aura isI ke phalasvarUpa pAli (magadha yA madhyamaNDala kI bhASA) kA udaya huA isI kA kramazaH parisaMvAda -4
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________________ 256 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana prAntoM aura pradezoM ke parivartana ke kAraNa vikAsa hotA gayA, jisake phalasvarUpa prAkateM udbhUta huI, tadanantara ina saboM kI svataMtratA evaM svacchandatA ko niyamana karane ke lie pANinI ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI, jisase bhASA kI ekarUpatA banI jo saMskRta khlaayii| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, saMskRta yaha krama ThIka ho sakatA hai / yaha kahA~ taka sahI hai isa para vidvAn loga vicAra kreNge| zramaNa saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra inhI donoM bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se huA isIlie inako zramaNa saMskRti kA pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai / Upara ke vicAroM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vaidika bhASA ke prayogoM kI kaThinatA ke kAraNa jo parivartana hae usake phalasvarUpa hI bhASA meM saralatA AyI, jisakA rUpa azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA tathA pAli meM dikhalAI par3atA hai aura isI kA vikAsa anya prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| ataH yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki pAli ko prAkRta se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA varan pAli hI prAkRta kA prArambhika rUpa hai yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| bAda meM isakA vikAsa hotA gayA aura vibhinna prAdezika boliyoM ke kAraNa mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, paizAcI Adi nAma de diye gye| kucha vidvAnoM ne pAli bhASA ko janasAdhAraNa kI bolI nahIM hone kI AzaMkA kI hai| yaha sahI bhI ho sakatA hai kyoMki jisa samaya pAli bolI ke rUpa meM pracalita hogI usa samaya usakA rUpa kucha bhinna avazya rahA hogA para bAda meM sAhitya kI bhASA ho jAne para usake rUpoM meM parivartana evaM saMzodhana bhI avazya hue hoMge / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki ye bhASAe~ janasAdhAraNa kI boliyA~ rahI hoNgii| yaha to una mahApuruSoM dvArA samarthita hai| bhagavAn buddha ne apanI-apanI bhASA meM hI dharma ko sIkhane aura samajhane kI AjJA dI thii| jisake phalasvarUpa hI ina bhASAoM meM vividhatA evaM anekarUpatA hai, sAtha hI tripiTaka meM vijJajanoM se lekara striyoM evaM baccoM taka ko pAli meM saMlApa karate dikhAyA gayA hai jisase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pAli kabhI janasAmAnya kI bhASA avazya rahI hogI, jise bAda meM kucha saMzodhanoM ke sAtha sAhityika rUpa de pAli evaM theravAda vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, uttarapradeza parisaMvAda-4