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________________ 26 D DaoN0 ke0 ela0 zarmA 'mImAMsA' zabda 'mAna' dhAtu se jijJAsA artha meM 'san' pratyaya hokara niSpanna hotA hai / 'jijJAsA' rUpa vizeSa artha meM hI mImAMsA pada kI niSpatti sabhI vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM / isa prakAra mImAMsA zabda kA artha hotA haijijJAsA aura jAnane kI icchA / jaiminI RSi 'tatkAlIna mata-matAntaroM ko saMkalita kiyA tathA una para apane vicAroM ko jor3akara sUtroM kI racanA kI / jaiminI ke mImAMsA - sUtra meM 16 adhyAya haiM / 'zraghAto dharma jijJAsA' isakA prathama sUtra hai aura "vidyate vA'nyakAlatvAdyathAyAjyA sampreSo yathA yAjyA sampreSa: " antima sUtra hai / prathama bAraha adhyAyoM kI viSayavastu antima cAra adhyAyoM ( 13 se 16 taka) kI viSayavastu se bilakula bhinna hai tathA ye antima cAra adhyAya 'saMkarSaNa kANDa' ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / zavara svAmI ne prathama 12 adhyAyoM para hI apanA bhASya likhA hai / ata: mImAMsA kA yaha bhAga ( antima cAra adhyAya) utsannaprAya ho cukA hai / mImAMsA sUtra ( prathama 12 adhyAya) kI kula sUtra saMkhyA 2629 hai jo zeSa pAMca darzana- taMtroM (sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika edaM vedAnta) ke sUtroM kI sammilita saMkhyA ke barAbara hai / mImAMsA darzana meM cAra bindunoM para pramukha rUpeNa carcA kI gaI hai : (1) dharma kA svarUpa; (2) karma evaM isakA dharma se sambandha; (3) vedoM kI viSayavastu (vizeSa rUpa se dharma aura karma ke pratyaya) tathA (4) vedoM kA vizleSaNa karane kI paddhati kA sodAharaNa prastutikaraNa ( jisase hama unheM sahIsahI samajha sakeM) / mImAMsA - darzana meM karma kA svarUpa jaiminI ne dharma kI paribhASA 'codanA lakSaNo'rtho dharma : ' (1.1.2 ) kahakara hai / jaiminI ke anusAra kriyA meM preraka vacana se lakSita hone vAlA artha dharma kahalAtA hai / ' dUsare zabdoM meM, codanA dvArA vizleSita artha hI dharma hai / dharma 1. jaiminI adhyAya 1 1 2 R sUtra Jain Educationa International meM dharma kI carcA hetu nimna sUtra draSTavya haiM pAda sUtra saMkhyA 1-5; 24-26 1-14, -12 3 1 4 1 1-2 1-4 -: For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ mImAMsA darzana meM karma kA svarUpa ] [ 197 svayaM meM lakSya hai jo ki svayaM meM zubha aura azubha nahIM hai / spaSTatA ke liye eka udAharaNa leM / mAna lIjiye ki eka kAnUna yA pradeza hai jo kahatA hai ki 'kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanI cAhiye' yA saphAI rakho, yA saphAI rakhanA cAhiye Adi Adi / lekina agara kAnUna kI avajJA karane para daNDa kA vidhAna na ho to koI bhI vyakti usa kAnUna yA rAjyAdeza kA pAlana nahIM karegA / jisa prakAra sabhI nAgarika mAmaloM meM rAjyAdeza sarvazaktimAna hai usI prakAra dhArmika kRtyoM meM vaidika Adeza ' hameM bA~dhatA hai kyoMki isa Adeza ko mAnane para bhAvI jIvana meM puraskAra milegA / isa dRSTi se codanA pada kA artha huA vaidika Adeza ( yA IzvarIya pradeza) jo kisI vyakti ko karma karane ke lie prerita karatA hai athavA kisI viziSTa prakAra kA karma karane se rokatA hai / ata: codanA vaidika AjJA yA nirdeza hai jo vaidika granthoM meM nihita hai / 1 dharma kI utpatti karma', jo ki jIvana kA niyama hai, ke dvArA hotI hai / ataH yahAM karma ke svarUpa, karma ke bheda, karma kA kAraNa, uddezya evaM upakaraNoM Adi para carcA karanA atyanta zrAvazyaka hai / mImAMsA darzana meM karma kA tAtparya vaidika yajJa sambandhI karmakANDa ke anuSThAna ke rUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai / vaise karma hamArI prakRti kA avibhAjya aMga hai / yaha nitya evaM sArvajanIna hai / karma ke pratyaya meM bhautika vastue~ tathA sthAna yA dik anivArya rUpa se pUrvakalpita hotA hai / karma ko uddezya ke AdhAra para bhI vizeSita kara sakate haiM tathA yaha aMzoM se yukta hotA hai / karma meM daihika aMgoM kI gati anivArya hai / mAnasika karmoM 1. vedoM ke racanAkAra ke bAre meM pramukha rUpa se do mata haiM- ( 1 ) veda Izvara praNIta haiM aura dvitIya apauruSeya / hameM vedoM ko paramparA se cale A rahe pradezoM ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhiye / isa dRSTi se inake racanAkAra ke bAre meM prazna uThAnA nirarthaka hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kisI pArivArika paramparA ko le sakate haiM / yaha paramparA kisane DAlI ? yaha prazna nirarthaka hai / prazna yaha adhika samIcIna hai ki yaha paramparA kitanI samayAnukUla hai / isa paramparA ke mUlabhUta AdhAra kyA haiM ? vedoM meM tIna prakAra ke karmoM--- nitya naimittika, niSiddha evaM kAmya karmoM kI bAta kI gaI hai / jinakA AdhAra hai ki vyakti ke vikAsa ke sAtha sAmAjika samAyojana / vedoM ke AdezoM ko AkAra ke rUpa meM lenA cAhiye aura usameM viSayavastu samayAnukUla bhara sakate haiM / lekina dhyAna yaha rahe ki yaha vyakti ke aura samAja ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka honI cAhiye / 2. karma ke bAre meM carcA mImAMsA sUtra ke lagabhaga sabhI adhyAyoM meM huI haiM / 3. yahA~ dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki mImAMsA eka pramukha karma meM karma zRMkhalAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / ataH prazna hotA hai ki maulika yA prAthamika karma zRMkhalA kyA hai ? isa prakAra kI carcA amarIkI dArzanika Arthara sI. DANTo ne kI hai / isa saMdarbha meM merA lekha - "Arthara sI, DANTo ke 'mUla - kriyA' ke pratyaya kA vizleSaNa" ; dArzanika traimAsika, varSa 24 / aprela 1678, aMka 2, draSTavya hai / Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 18] [ karma siddhAnta jaise ki vicAra karanA, kalpanA karanA, jJAna prApta karanA Adi ko bhI samagra evaM khaNDoM ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai / veda pratipAdya karma tIna prakAra ke haiM- ( 1 ) kAmya karma, (2) niSiddha karma tathA (3) nitya naimittika karma / jo karma svarga Adi sukha ko dene vAle # padArthoM ke sAdhaka hoM unheM kAmya karma kahA jAtA hai / svarga kI kAmanA karane vAle vyakti dvArA jyotiSTomena yajJa karane ko kAmya karma ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM liyA jA sakatA hai| zruti vAkyoM meM kAmanA vizeSa kI siddhi ke liye yAgAdi karma kA vidhAna hai ata: inheM 'kAmya karma' kahA gayA hai / jina karmoM ko karane se aniSTa ho jaise ki mRtyoparAnta naraka kI prApti Adi unheM niSiddha karma kahA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM mAMsa kA bhakSaNa, brAhmaNa kI hatyA, Adi niSiddha karma kahe gaye haiM / nitya naimittika karma ve haiM jinheM karane para koI puraskAra yA lAbha to nahIM milatA magara na karane para doSa lagatA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM saMdhyopAsanA karanA, karma paramparA ke pAlana hetu srAddha karanA Adi ko le sakate haiM / veda pratipAdya ina tInoM prakAra ke karmoM ko tIna prakAra ke karttavyoM ke rUpa meM samajha sakate haiM : kyoMki inameM 'cAhiye' kA bhAva chipA huA hai / kucha karmoM ko nahIM karanA cAhiye ( niSiddha karma ), kucha karmoM ko anivArya rUpa se karanA cAhiye ( nitya naimittika karma ) tathA svargAdi sukha kI prApti ke liye dhArmika karmoM kA anuSThAna karanA cAhiye ( kAmya karma ) / prathama do prakAra ke karttavya sAmAjika evaM vyaktigata prakAra ke haiM aura tRtIya prakAra kA karttavya pUrNarUpeNa vyaktigata hai / vidhi kI dRSTi se arthAt yAjJAdi karmoM ke niSpAdana meM anya vyaktiyoM kA saMdarbha Avazyaka ho sakatA hai lekina phala kI dRSTi se yaha karttavya pUrNarUpeNa vyaktigata hai / ina karmoM ke karane para milane vAle phala ke bAre meM jijJAsA honA svAbhAvika hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'yajet svargakAma:' Adi Adeza vAkyoM ke AdhAra para karma karane para yajJa (kAraNa) aura svarga ( uddezya yA phala) ke bIca koI sAkSAt sambandha dikhAI nahIM detA aura kahA jA rahA hai ki phala kI niSpatti tatkAla na hokara bAda meM hotI hai, taba prazna yaha hai ki phala kAla meM karma kI sattA ke prabhAva meM phalotpAdama kisa prakAra hotA hai ? mImAMsakoM ne isa samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu 'apUrva' ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ina vicArakoM ke anusAra apUrva kSaNika karma kA kAlAntara meM bhAvI Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ mImAMsA-darzana meM karma kA svarUpa ] [ 166 phala ke sAtha kArya kAraNabhAva ke upapatyartha eka zakti hai| jo karma se utpanna hotI hai aura vyakti kI AtmA meM rahatI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka karma meM apUrva (puNyApuNya) utpanna karane kI zakti rahatI hai| kumArila ne apane grantha 'tantravArtika' meM apUrva ke svarUpa para carcA kI hai| unake anusAra apUrva pradhAna karma meM athavA kartA meM eka yogyatA hai jo karma karane se pUrva nahIM thI aura jisakA astitva zAstra ke AdhAra para siddha hotA hai / karma dvArA utpanna nizcita zakti jo pariNAma taka pahu~catI hai, apUrva hai / apUrva kA astitva arthApati se siddha hotA hai / kartA dvArA kiyA gayA yajJa karttA meM sAkSAt zakti utpanna karatA hai jo usake andara anyAnya zaktiyoM kI bhAMti janma bhara vidyamAna rahatI hai aura jIvana ke anta meM prati jJAta puraskAra pradAna karatI hai| lekina dUsarI ora prabhAkara aura unake anuyAyI yaha svIkAra nahIM karate ki karma kartA ke andara eka nizcita kSamatA utpanna karatA hai jo antima pariNAma kA nikaTatama kAraNa hai / karttA meM isa prakAra kI kSamatA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se bhI siddha nahIM hoto / dUsare zabdoM meM prabhAkara ke anusAra kSamatA kI kalpanA karma meM karanA cAhiye na ki kartA meM / mImAMsakoM ne apUrva ke cAra prakAroM kI carcA kI hai-(1) paramApUrva, (2) samudAyApUrva (3) utpatyapUrva evaM (4) aMgApUrva / sAkSAt phala ko utpanna karane vAle apUrva ko paramApUrva yA phalApUrva kahate haiN| yaha antima phala kI prApti karAtA hai / jahA~ kaI bhAga milakara eka karma kahA jAtA hai vahA~ samudAyApUrva 1. karma aura phala ke bIca sambandha kI vyAkhyA kaI prakAra se kI gaI hai(1) karma se utpanna zakti jo jIva meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM surakSita rahatI hai aura samayAnusAra svayaM pariNAma utpanna karatI hai (yaha mata jaina, bauddha aura mImAMsakoM kA hai / ) (2) svayaM isa zakti meM phala utpanna karane kA sAmarthya nahIM hotA, isake anurUpa phala utpanna karane ke liye Izvara kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai (yaha mata naiyAyikoM evaM vedAntiyoM kA hai)| prathama mata ke anusAra Rt, adRSTa, apUrva yA saMskAra Adi prAkRtika kAraNakArya niyama kI bhAMti phala utpanna karatA hai| karmotpanna zakti aura phala meM sIdhA sambandha rahatA hai| dUsare mata ke anusAra zakti yA niyama meM kAraNAtmaka sAmarthya nahIM ho sktaa| yaha sAmarthya kevala cetana sattA meM ho sakatA hai / yaha sattA Izvara hai| 2. kumArila Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 200 ] [ karma siddhAnta hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM darza pUrNamAsa yAga ko le sakate haiN| samudAya ke pratyeka yajJa kA apanA apUrva hotA hai jise utpatyapUrva apUrva kahate haiM / aMgoM se utpanna hone vAlA apUrva aMgApUrva kahalAtA hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM karma sambandhI uparyukta vivecana ke bAda yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kyA ye dArzanika mAtra karma kANDa (arthAt vyakti ko kyA karanA cAhiye) ke bAre meM carcA karane ke atirikta kucha nahIM kahate ? unake dvArA kArma-kANDa kA kiyA gayA vivecana karma se sambandhita kyA dRSTi pradAna karatA hai ? ina praznoM para vivecana sambhavataH hameM unake karma sambandhI vicAroM ko ucita prakAra se samajhane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| . jaisA ki hama pahale kaha Aye haiM ki karma hamAre svAbhAvika aMga haiM, inheM tyAgA nahIM jA sktaa| mImAMsaka do prakAra ke karmoM meM bheda karate haiM / prathama sahajakarma aura dvitIya aicchika karma / aicchika karmoM se buddhi kA sambandha hotA hai| aicchika karma eka kAla meM eka hI ho sakatA hai| kriyA kA artha hai viSaya yA vastu kA deza ke sAtha saMyoga / lekina isase karma kA pratyaya sImita evaM sthAnIya nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki eka hI viSaya do alaga-alaga kAloM meM alaga-alaga sthAnoM para ho sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM agara hama yaha kaheM ki 'yaha vyakti mathurA kA rahane vAlA hai' to hama use eka hI sthAna meM sImita nahIM kara sakate / (dekhiye jaiminI sUtra adhyAya 1, pAda 3, sUtra 19-25) karma kA kAraNa koI uddezya-- saMtoSa yA sukha prApti kI icchA hotA hai| kevala jIvita prANiyoM ke karmoM kA uddezya hotA hai| akarma meM bhI uddezya hotA hai| karma, uddezya evaM pariNAma meM usI prakAra kA sambandha hai jisa prakAra kA vibhinna aMgoM kA zarIra ke sAtha hotA hai / icchA jo karmoM kA AdhAra hai, kA sambandha jJAna se hotA hai / icchA ko manas ke guNa ke rUpa meM le sakate haiM / mImAMsA mata ke anusAra karma kriyA pada dvArA abhivyakta hotA hai / kriyA pada ke artha ke liye kartA aura viSaya kI pUrva kalpanA karanI par3atI hai / pratyeka kriyA meM mAdeza chipA rahatA hai| kriyA ko sArthaka tabhI kahA jA sakatA hai jabaki usameM Adeza nihita ho jaise ki yajeta svargakAmaH / ' karma (gati) ke jJAna ke bAre meM prabhAkara kA mata hai ki hameM isakA jJAna anumAna ke dvArA hotA hai aura kumArila ke anusAra pratyakSa dvArA / prabhAkara kA mata hai ki hama vastu kA kevala kisI sthAna vizeSa se jur3anA aura alaga honA dekhate haiM aura usake AdhAra para karma yA gati kA anubhava karate haiM / kumArila kahate haiM ki hameM gati 1. isa bindu kI vyAkhyA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| dekheM merA lekha-bhAvanA kA tattva mImAMsIya svarUpa : 31 vIM oNla iNDiyA oriyanTala kAnphreMsa, jayapura, 1682 / Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ mImAMsA-darzana meM karma kA svarUpa ] [ 201 karma kA pratyakSa hotA hai kyoMki yaha vastu meM hI hotI hai isI se vaha sthAna ke kisI eka bindu se jur3atI hai aura anya se vilaga hotI hai| kumArila kartA ko hI karma kA kAraNa mAnatA hai jabaki prabhAkara kA yaha mata hai ki karmoM ko kisI viziSTakartA, usakI icchAoM aura preraNAoM se svataMtra karake vizleSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prabhAkara karma ke vizleSaNa meM nimna padoM kI carcA karate haiM--(1) kAryatA jJAna, (2) cikIrSA, (3) kRti, (5) ceSTA aura (6) bAhya vyavahAra / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki kumArila karma kI manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA prastuta karate haiM jabaki prabhAkara karma kI vyAkhyA meM hetu upAgama kI sahAyatA lete haiN|' dohe sukha-duHkha Ate hI raheM, jyoM bhATA jyoM jvAra / mana vicalita hove nahIM, dekha car3hAva-utAra / / kapaTa rahe nA kuTilatA, rahe na mithyAcAra / zuddha dharma aisA jage, hoya svaccha vyavahAra // sahaja sarala mRdu nIra-sA, mana nirmala ho jAya / . tyAge kuliza, kaThoratA, gAMTha na baMdhane pAya / / jo nA dekhe svayaM ko, vahI bAMdhatA bandha / jisane dekhA svayaM ko, kATa lie duHkha dvandva / rAga dveSa kI, moha kI, jaba taka mana meM khAna / taba taka sukha kA, zAnti kA, jarA na nAma nizAna / / bhoktA banakara bhogate, baMdhana baMdhate jAyaM / draSTA banakara dekhate, baMdhana khulate jAyaM / / pApa hoya jhaTa roka le, kare na bArambAra / dharmavAna jAgrata rahe, apanI bhUla sudhAra / -satyanArAyaNa goyanakA 1. vistRta vivecanA ke liye mere nimna lekha draSTavya haiM 8. Kumarila & Prabhakara's understanding of actions. Indian ___ Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 1, January, 1984. 2. mImAMsA kA arthavAda aura kucha dArzanika samasyAe~ : parAmarza, khaNDa 5, aMka 3, 1984, Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only