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________________ mevADa kI prAcIna jaina citrAMkana-paramparA 10 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNa vaziSTha sahAyaka AcArya, citrakalA vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura rAjasthAnI citrakalA kA prArambhika svarUpa pazcimI bhAratIya citra zailI se banA hai| isake nAmakaraNa hetu aba taka aneka prayAsa kiye gaye haiM / DaoN0 kumArasvAmI ne ise jaina evaM gujarAtI citrazailI kahA hai| normana brAuna ise zvetAmbara jaina tathA pazcimI bhAratIya zailI kahate haiN| rAyakRSNadAsa ise pazcimI bhAratIya zailI va apabhraMza zailI se sambodhita karate haiM to besilagre ise pazcimI bhAratIya zailI kI abhidhA pradAna karate haiN| kaI vidvAnoM kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki isa zailI ke prArambhika udAharaNa elorA, madanapura Adi ke bhitticitroM meM bhI milate haiN| AThavIM sadI ke kharataragaccha ke zrI jinadattasUri ne rAjasthAna meM vibhinna kalAoM ko bahuta adhika saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyaa| unhoMne isa uddezya se kaI grantha bhI likhavAye / mevAr3a bhI isase achUtA nahIM rahA / yahA~ bhI aneka sacitra va kalApUrNa jaina grantha likhe gaye / yahI nahIM, yahA~ para jana zilpa-paramparA bhI kAphI vikasita thii| cittaur3agar3ha ke digambara jaina smAraka (1300 I0) evaM mahAvIra mandira kI mUrtikalA meM jaina zilpa-paramparA ke utkRSTa rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM / ina zilpa kRtiyoM ke dekhane para hama prArambhika rAjasthAnI citrakalA ke vibhinna tattvoM kA sIdhA sambandha pAte haiM / mevAr3a meM citrakalA ke vikAsa krama ko samajhane ke lie yahA~ para likhe gaye jaina grantha bhI kAphI upayogI sAmagrI pradAna karate haiN| haribhadrasUri (700-778 I.) dvArA cittaur3agar3ha meM likhita 'samarAicca kahA' meM to citrakalA sambandhI bahuta sI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI milatI hai| siddharSikRta 'upamiti bhavaprapaMca kathA' bhI isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai| samarAiccakahA meM samarAditya ke dUsare bhava meM siMhakumAra aura kusumAvalI ke prema-prasaMga meM citrakalA sambandhI kaI zabdoM kA ullekha hai| citra banAne evaM raMgoM ko racane hetu raMga peTikA 'vaNNiyA samugayaM' (vaNika samudrakaM) tathA citrapaTa ke lie 'citravaTTiya' (citrapaTTikA) zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isameM rAjakumArI dvArA haMsa aura haMsiniyoM ke citra banAkara darzanotsuka haMsinI ko citrita kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| isI bhAva ko aMkita karate hue kusamAvalI kI dAsI madanalekhA ne eka dvipadI chaMda banAkara citra para likha dene tathA usa citrapaTTa ko rAjakumAra ke pAsa dikhAne jAne kA prasaMga hai| pesiyA rAyadhUyAe' jaise mArmika ullekha haiM / svayaM rAjakumAra dvArA haMsa kA citra banAkara rAjakumArI ko preSita karane Adi ke saMdarbha isameM milate haiM / cittaur3a kI zilpa kRtiyoM meM aisI AkRtiyoM ke utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| isa grantha meM AThaveM bhava meM aise hI vyApaka prasaMga haiM jo zaMkhapura ke rAjA kI kanyA ratnAvalI se sambandhita 1. haribhadrasUrikRta samarAiccakahA, harmana jekobI dvArA sampAdita (kalakattA, 1926) 2. tao ghetUNa eyaM cittavaThThiyaM puvvavaNiyaM ca pAhuDa gayA mAhavIlayA maNDavaM mayaNalehA / -samarA icca-kahA, pR0 72 3. tA Alihau ettha sAmiNI samANavarahaMsayaviuttaM tadasaNusuyaM ca rAyahaMsiyaMti / tao muNiyamayaNalehAbhippAyAe Isi vihasiuNa AlihiyA tIe jahovaiTThA rAyahaMsiyA / -vahI pR0 71 4. mayaNalehAe bi ya avatthAsUyagaM se lihiyaM imaM uvari duvaIkhaNDa / .. . -vahI pR0 71 -
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________________ mevAr3a kI prAcIna jaina citrAMkana-paramparA haiM / rAjakanyA atyanta rUpavatI thI, usake lie ucita vara dekhane ke lie kaI vyakti bheje gaye / unako yaha bhI Adeza diyA ki ve suyogya vyakti kA citra banAkara lAveM / isa kArya ke lie ayodhyA kI ora bhUSaNa evaM citramati nAma ke citrakAroM ko bhejA gyaa| unhoMne rAjakumAra guNacandra ko dhanuSa calAte hue dekhaa| usakA citra eka bAra dekhane para nahIM banA sake 2 to rAjakumAra ke sAmane ve svayaM ko citrakAra batAte hue phuNce| unhoMne rAjakumArI kA eka citra bhI rAjakumAra ke sammukha prastuta kiyA / guNacandra ne usako dekhakara kahA ki yaha citra A~khoM ko sukha dene vAlA hai| tuma sacce artha meM citrakAra ho tabhI aisA citra banA pAye / rAjakumArI ke vizAla netra dAhine hAtha meM ramya sayavattA aMkita thaa| citra svayaM apane mUla rUpa ko pratidhvanita kara rahA thaa| rAjakumAra ne kahA ki citra isalie bhI sundara bana par3A ki rAjakumArI svayaM sundara hai| rAjakumAra ne donoM hI citrakAroM ko, citra se prabhAvita hokara, eka lAkha dInAra (doNara lakkho) puraskAra ke rUpa meM dithe / citra meM rekhAnyAsa5 taka rAjakumArI kI sundaratA ke kAraNa chipa gye| rAjakumAra svayaM bhI acchA citrakAra thA / ata: usane tUlikA kI sahAyatA se raMgoM kA mizraNa karake apane bhAvoM ke anurUpa vidyAdhara yugala kA citra banAyA / rAjakumArI ke citra meM bhI usane kucha pada likhe| kAlAntara meM donoM kA vivAha bhI ho gayA / isa prakAra sAre prasaMga meM jo citrakalA kA varNana AtA hai. vaha pAramparika hote hue bhI apanI sthAnIya vizeSatAoM ke lie hue hai| sAtha hI mevAr3a kI tatkAlIna citrakalA ko vikAsa paramparA darzAtA hai kintu itanA hote hue bhI mevAr3a meM citrakalA kA prAmANika krama 1226 I0 se banatA hai, jinameM utkIrNa rekhAMkana evaM sacitra granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1-zilotkIrNa rekhAMkana samiddhezvara mahAdeva mandira, cittaur3a, vi0 saM0 1286 (1226 I0) 2-zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtracUNi, AghATapura, vi0 saM0 1317 (1260 I0) 2-zilotkIrNa rekhAMkana, gaMgarAra, vi0 saM0 1375-76 (1317-18 I.) 4-kalpasUtra, somezvara grAma gor3avAr3a, vi0 saM0 1475 (1418 I.) 5-supAsanAhacariyaM, delavAr3A, vi0 saM0 1480 (1423 I.) 6-jJAnArNava, delavAr3A, vi0 saM0 1485 (1428 I.) 7-'rasikASTaka' bhIkhama dvArA racita vi0 saM0 1492 (1435 I0) 1. jaMpiya cittamaiNA / are bhUsaNaya, dilai tae acchariyaM / teNa bhaNiyaM / suTTha diTTha, kiM tu visaNNo ahaM / -vahI, pR0 606 2. savvahA aNurUvo esa rAyadhUyAe / kiM tu na tora e eyassa saMpuNapaDicchandayAlihaNaM visesao siNdsnnNmi| -vahI, pR0 606 3. aha taM daLUNa paDaM paui bharijjanta loyaNajueNa / bhaNiyaM guNacandeNaM aho kalAlavaguNo tubbhaM / jai esa kalAe lavo tA saMpuNA u keriso hoii| sundara asaMbhavo cciya ao varaM cittayammAssa / / -vahI, pR0 608 4. esA visAlanayaNA dAhiNakaradhariyarammasayavattA / -vahI, pR0608 5. evaMviho surUvo rehAnAso na diTTho tti / jaivi ya rehAnAso patteyaM hoI sundaro kahavi / / -vahI, pR0608 6. Alihio kumAreNa suvihattujjaleNaM vaNaya kammeNa alarikajjamANehiM guliyAvaehi aNurUvAe suhamarehAe payaDadaMsa NeNa ninnannayavibhAeNaM visuddhAe vaTThaNAe ucieNaM bhUsaNa / kalAveNaM ahiNavanehUsuyattaNeNaM paropparaM hAsupphullabaddhadiTTho ArUDha pemmattaNeNaM laGghiociyaniveso vijjAhara saMghADao tti / -vahI, pR0 615
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________________ 176 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa cittaur3a ke samiddhaM svara mandira ke khambhoM para zilAlekhoM sahita 1229 I0 ke utkIrNa' rekhAMkana prApta hue haiM.. unakI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiN| ye citra tatkAlIna sUtradhAra zilpiyoM ke haiM aura ukta jaina yA apabhraMza zailI meM prathama khambhe para sUtradhAra Ala putra mAukI tathA dUsare khambhe para sUtradhAra zrIdhara ke utkIrNa rekhAMkana bar3e evaM hAtha jor3e dikhAye gaye haiN| inase spaSTa hai ki ye jimI tatkAlIna jaina zailI kI sabhI vidhAoM ke acche jJAtA the| tatkAlIna pitroM kI bhAMti inhoMne eka AMkha bAhara nikalate hue yA cazmI ceharA, vastra laharAte hue nukIlI nAka evaM dAdI Adi kA rekhAMkana kiyA hai, jo mevAr3a bhUkhaNDa meM kalA kA prAmANika svarUpa banAne meM samartha hue| ina zilotkIrNa citroM ke Upara tithi yukta paMktiyAM citroM kI puSTi meM sahAyaka haiN| mevAr3a bhUkhaNDa gujarAta kI sImAjoM se lagA huA hai, yahA~ prArambha se hI jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke kaI kendra rahe haiM / kaI jaina mandira bane tathA grantha likhe gaye / ina kendroM para zvetAmbara sampradAya ke sacitra grantha mile haiN| mahArANA jaisiMha ke zAsanakAla meM kaI grantha likhe gye| inameM opaniyukti vi0 saM0 1204 mukhya hai| cittaur3a ke eka jaina zreSThI rAlhA ne mAlavA meM jAkara 'karmavipAka' vi0 saM0 1265 meM likhaayaa| isakI prazasti meM nalakacchapura nAma spaSTa hai jise nAlachA kahate haiN| cittaur3a meM 'pAkSikavRtti' kI vi0 saM0 1306 (1252 I0 ) meM pratilipi kI gaI, jo jaisalamera meM saMgrahIta hai| isameM bAvaka pratikramaNasUtracUNi hI sacitra hai|" isake citroM meM mevAr3a kI prAcIna paramparA evaM bAda meM Ane vAlI citraNa vizeSatAoM kA ucita samAveza hai | zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtracUrNi grantha meM citra ke dAyeM-bAyeM lipi tathA madhya bhAga meM citra bane haiN| isakI puSpikA meM Alekha citroM ke sAtha hI haiN| isa graMtha meM kula 6 citra haiM, jo bosTana saMgrahAlaya amerikA meM surakSita hai| ina citroM kI vizeSatAeM tatkAlIna citraNa paddhati tathA paramparA ke anusAra hai| nArI citroM evaM alaMkaraNa kA inameM AkarSaka saMyoga hai| ukta zilotkIrNa evaM sacitra grantha meM savA cazma cehare, garur3a nAsikA, paravala vAlI AMkha, ghumAvadAra lambI uMgaliyA~, lAla-pIle raMga kA prAcurya, guMDIdAra jana samudAya, caukar3IdAra alaMkaraNa kA bAhulya, ceharoM kI jakar3ana Adi mahattvapUrNa hai / ina citroM meM raMga yojanA bhI camakIlI hai| pIlA, harA va lAla raMga kA mukhya prayoga milatA hai| raMgoM, rekhAoM va sthAna ke ucita saMyojana kA yaha utkRSTa namUnA hai, jisameM gatipUrNa rekhAoM va jyAmitIya sarala rUpoM kA prayoga hai| ye saMskAra eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI meM avatarita hote rhe| sAtha hI ina citrakAroM ne sAmAjika tatvoM, rahana-sahana Adi kA acchA aMkana kiyA hai, jisa para sArAbhAI navAba ne likhA hai ki terahavIM sadI meM mevAr3a kI striyA~ kaisA pahavAnA pahanatI thIM, yaha ina citroM meM aMkita hai| isa paMkti se isa mahattvapUrNa sacitra graMtha meM sAmAjika veSabhUSA ke aMkana kI kAryakuzalatA bhalI bhA~ti siddha ho jAtI hai / gaMgarAra grAma meM mile kucha zilotkIrNa rekhAcitra vikrama saMvat (1375-1376) ke haiN| inameM digambara sAdhuoM kI tIna AkRtiyA~ haiM tathA unake nIce zilAlekha haiM / ina AkRtiyoM kI apanI nijI vizeSatAe~ haiN| ye 1. saMvat 1286 varSe zrI samadhesa radeva praNamate sutra ( ) Ala putra mAuko na etA / saMvat 1286 varSe zrAvaNa su0 rakho zrI samadhesuradeva nRsava ( ? ) zrIdhara putra jayatakaH sadA praNamati / - zodha patrikA, varSa 25, aMka 1, pR0 53-54 / 2. ojhA, udayapura rAjya kA itihAsa, pR0 166-70 / 3 saMvat 1217 varSe mAha gudi 14 Aditya dine zrI medAghATa durge mahArAjAdhirAja paramezvara parama bhaTTAraka umApativara labdhapraur3ha pratAbhUpa- samalaMkRta zrI tejasiMhadeva kalyANa vijayarAjye tatpAdapadmanAbha jIvini mahAmAtya zrI samudadhare mudrA vyApAra paripaMthayati zrI medAghATa lekhi / vAstavya paM0 rAmacandra ziSyeNa kamalacandreNa pustikAvya - dhAvaka pratiSamaNasUtrapUNi, bosTana saMgrahAlaya, amerikA 4. zodha patrikA, varSa 5, aMka 3, pR0 46 5. zodha patrikA varSa 27, aMka 4, pR0 41-42 .
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________________ mevAr3a kI prAcIna jaina citrAMkana- paramparA 177. AkRtiyA~ eka cazmIna hI haiM, nahIM inameM apabhraMza zailI jaise vastra haiM / ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki yaha vahA~ kI sthAnIya zailI ke anurUpa sAdhuoM kI AkRtiyA~ rahI hoMgI / alAuddIna ke AkramaNa ke pazcAt uttarI bhArata meM jo vikAsa huA, unameM gujarAta va mAlavA ke naye rAjyoM kI sthApanA ullekhanIya hai / jaisA ki Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai, mevAr3a ke zAsaka bhI alAuddIna ke AkramaNa ke bAda adhika zaktisampanna hue| mahArANA lAkhA, mokala evaM kumbhA kA kAla Antarika zAnti kA kAla thA / isa kAla meM kaI mahattvapUrNa kalAkRtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / mevAr3a kI citrakalA kA dUsarA sacitra graMtha kalpasUtra vi0 saM0 1475 (1410 I0) hai, jo somezvara grAma goDavAr3a meM aMkita kiyA gayA yaha graMtha anUpa saMskRta lAibrerI, bIkAnera meM surakSita hai / 76 patroM kI isa prati meM 73 patroM taka to kalpasUtra evaM kAlikAcArya kathA 88 zlokoM kI hai| isa kathA meM citra haiM ke 16 pRSThoM para mitra haiN| inameM se patrAMka aura 32 ke borDara para bhI laghu citra haiM / patrAMka 26 meM do citra hai| citroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM lAla, haldiyA, baiMganI va mUMge raMga kA prayoga hai tathA grantha ke anta meM likhI puSpikA se tatkAlIna kalA paramparA kI bhI ucita puSTi hotI hai / jJAtavya hai ki usa kAla meM gor3avAr3a mevAr3a kA hI bhAga thA, jo mahArANA arisiMha (1761-1773 ) I0 ke rAjyakAla meM mAravAr3a ko de diyA gyaa| isake antima lekha se spaSTa hai ki jaisalamera meM jayasundara ziSya tilakaraMga kI paMcamI tapa ke udyApana meM yaha prati bheMTa kI gaI thI 1 mevAr3a kI kalAkA anya sacitra va mahArANA mokala ke rAjyakAla (1421-1433 I0) kAlavAr3A meM citrita supAsanAhacariyaM vi0 400 hai yaha graMtha saitIsa citroM kA eka anupama citra sampuTa hai jo pATaNa ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| yaha delavAr3A meM muni hIrAnanda dvArA aMkita kiyA gyaa| muni hIrAnanda dvArA viti yaha graMtha mevAr3a kI citraNa - paramparA meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai, jo isase pUrva zrAvakapratikramaNasUtracUrNa kI kalAtmaka vizeSatAoM se eka kadama Age hai| inake dvArA pRSThabhUmi kA aMkana hogalU ke lAla raMga se kiyA gayA hai| striyoM kA hagA nIlA, kaMcukI harI or3hanI halke gulAbI raMga se tathA jaina sAdhuoM ke paridhAna zveta aura pAtra zyAma raMga meM haiM / delavAr3A meM hI mahArANA mokala ke rAjyakAla kA eka anya sacitra graMtha 'jJAnArNava' vi0 saM0 1485 (1427 I0) neminAtha mandira meM likhA gayA digambara jaina graMtha hai| yaha lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI jJAna bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda meM surakSita hai| isa bhUkhaNDa kA eka aura sacitra graMtha rasikASTaka vi0 saM0 1492 haiM, jo mahArANA kumbhA ke rAjyakAla kA eka ullekhanIya graMtha hai| rasikASTaka nAmaka graMtha bhIkhama dvArA aMkita kiyA gayA thA jo puSpikA se bhI spaSTa hai / isa 1. saMvat 1475 varSe caitra sudi pratipadA tithI nizAnAtha dine zrImata medapATa deze somezvara grAme azvino nakSatre meSa rAzisthite candraM vipakAyoge zrImat citrAvAsa gacche zrI vIrendrasUri ziSyeNa dhanasAreNakalpa pustikA AtmavAcanArtha likhApita lipitA, vAcanAcAryeNa zIla pundareNa zrI zrI zrI zubhaM bhavatu / -agaracanda nAhaTA, AkRti ( rA0 la0 aM0) julAI 1676, varSa 11, aMka 1, pR0 11-14 2. muni zrI vijayavallabhasUri smAraka smRti graMtha, bambaI 1656, pR0 176 - saMvat 1480 varSe zAke 1345 pravartamAne jyeSTha yadi 10 zukre banakaraNe medapATa deze devakulavATake rAjAdhirAja rANA mokala vijaya rAjye zrImada gacche mahAhaDIya bhaTTAraka zrI haribhadrasUri parivAra bhUSaNa paM. bhAvacandrasya ziSya sezena muni hIrAgaMdena lilikhere| - sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba ahamadAbAda, jaina citra kalpadruma, 1958, pR0 30 3. saMvat 1485 varSe nija pratApa prabhAva parAkRta taraNa taraNI maMDalAta zrI mahArAjAdhirAja mokaladeva rAjya pravartamAna -lA0 da0 jJa0 bha0 ahamadAbAda | nAM zrI devakula vATake / 4. saMvat 1492 varSe ASAr3ha sudi gurau zrI medapATe deze zrI paM0 bhIkamacanda racita citra rasikASTaka samApta zrI kumbhakarNa AdezAt / " .
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________________ 178 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa - ..........-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. . - . - . -. - . grantha ke chaH zreSTha citra upalabdha hue haiM, jinameM vibhinna RtuoM tathA pazuoM ke gatipUrNa aMkana hai jo tatkAlIna kalAparamparA kI acchI puSTi karate haiM / ye agaracanda nAhaTA saMgraha bIkAnera meM surakSita haiN| mahArANA kumbhA kA kAla kalA kA svarNa yuga thaa| svayaM mahArANA kumbhA jaina dharma meM AsthA rakhatA thaa| kumbhA ke kAla meM sAhitya sandarbho meM bhI citrakalA ke ullekha milate haiM, unameM 'somasaubhAgya kAvya' ullekhanIya hai| usa samaya mevAr3a ke delavAr3A nagara meM zreSThiyoM ke makAnoM meM kaI sundara citra bane hue the| delavAr3A kA sambandha usa kAla meM mANDU, IDara, gujarAta ke pATana, ahamadAbAda, daulatAbAda evaM jonapura Adi se hone ke samakAlIna sAhityika sandarbha upalabdha haiM / jaunapura se eka kharataragaccha kA vizAla saMgha AyA thA, jinhoMne kAvya sUtra graMtha likhavAne kI bhI icchA vyakta kI thii| ina sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mevAr3a meM delavAr3A kalA va sAMskRtika dRSTi se bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| delavAr3A se kucha AlekhAkAroM kA jaunapura meM graMtha lekhana hetu jAnA bhI sambhava hai| mAMDU ke svarNa kalpasUtra kI prazasti ke anusAra zreSThI jasavIra jaba mevAr3a meM AyA to mahArANA kumbhA ne use tilaka lagAkara sammAnita kiyaa| ina rAjyoM meM jaina dharma va kalA kI abhUtapUrva unnati huii| vyApArika varga ne tatkAlIna sultAnoM se kaI suvidhAe~ prApta kara lI thIM / mANDU ke kalpasUtra kI prazasti meM zreSThI jasavIra kA ullekha hai, jisane mevAr3a meM cittaur3a, rANakapura, delavAr3A kumbhalagar3ha, AbU, jIrApallI Adi sthAnoM kI yAtrA kI thI aura mahArANA kumbhA ne ina zreSThiyoM ko sammAnita bhI kiyA thaa| mevAr3a meM aise kaI sAdhu gujarAta va mAlavA kI yAtrA hetu prasthAna karate rahate the| mevAr3a ke delavAr3A meM dakSiNa bhArata ke daulatAbAda va pUrva ke jaunapura se kaI zreSThiyoM ke Ane va graMtha likhAne ke prasaMgavaza varNana haiM / ataeva yaha spaTa hotA hai ki mevAr3a meM pandrahavIM sadI meM sAMskRtika utthAna bar3I tejI se huaa| kintu mevAr3a meM isa kAla kI kRtiyA~ kama milatI haiM, isakA mukhya kAraNa cittaur3a meM do bAra jauhara kA honA hai / ina jauharoM meM hajAroM puruSa mare, kaI nAriyA~ jauhara meM kUda pdd'ii| AkramaNakAriyoM ne mandiroM, bhavanoM aura gratha bhaNDAroM ko Aga lagA dii| inakA varNana pArasI tavArIkhoM meM spaSTataH milatA hai| jisase bar3I saMkhyA meM granthoM ke naSTa hone kI puSTi hotI hai| 0000 1. rAmavallabha somAnI, mahArANA kumbhA, pR0 336