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________________ 27 masIhI dharma meM karma kI mAnyatA samasta dharmoM meM karma ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu usakI mAnyatA pratyeka dharma meM vibhinna prakAra kI hai / hindU dharma, bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma meM karma kI pradhAnatA itanI adhika hai ki usI ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadi tInoM dharmoM kA niSkarSa nikAlA jAve to yaha vidita hotA hai ki karmoM se chuTakArA pAnA hI mokSa, nirvANa aura kaivalya hai / dUsare zabdoM meM karma kI vivecanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki karma, kArya aura kAraNa kA hI rUpa hai jo kabhI bhI samApta nahIM hotA / isI kAraNa karmoM kA vibhAjana zubha aura azubha rUpa se yaha dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jAtA hai ki manuSya jo kucha botA hai, vahI kATatA hai / DaoN. e. bI. zivAjI masIhI dharma meM yadyapi karma ko mAnyatA dI hai jaisA ki paulusa likhatA hai - " vaha hara eka ko usake kAmoM ke anusAra badalA degA / "1 naye niyama meM hI eka anya sthAna para paulusa likhatA hai - "dhokhA na khAo, paramezvara ThaTToM meM nahIM ur3AyA jAtA, kyoMki manuSya jo kucha botA hai vahI kATegA / " arthAt karma manuSya karatA hai aura karma kA nyAya koI adRSTa zakti karatI hai, jisako paramezvara, Izvara, bhagavAn kahate haiM / jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM to Izvara ko bhI mAnyatA prApta nahIM hai / isa kAraNa manuSya hI apane karmoM ko svataMtra rUpa se karatA hai aura unake pariNAmoM ko bhogatA hai, kintu masIhI dharma meM karma ke sAtha vizvAsa aura Izvara ke anugraha para jo prabhu yIzu masIha ke dvArA prApta hotA hai, jora diyA jAtA hai jisakA hama Age calakara adhyayana kareMge / hindU dharma aura jaina dharma meM karma viSayaka bhinnatA : hindU dharmAvalambI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki karma amUrta hai jabaki jaina dharma kI vicAradhArA ke anusAra karma mUrta hai / Jain Educationa International hindU dharma aura jaina dharma meM karmoM kI mAnyatA viSayaka dUsarI bhinnatA smRti se sambandha rakhatI hai / hindU dharmAvalambI yaha mAnate haiM ki mAyA ke kAraNa pUrva janma meM kiye hue karma yAda nahIM rahate jabaki jaina dharma ke matAnusAra smRti ajJAna 1. romiyo 2 : 6 2. galatiyo 6 : 7 For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ masIhI dharma meM karma kI mAnyatA ] [ 203 ke kAraNa se nahIM hotI / yadi jIva tapa aura zubha karmoM ke dvArA prayAsa kare to jIva prajJAna se chuTakArA pA letA hai aura use samasta pUrva janmoM aura kRtiyoM kI smRti ho jAtI hai / ' bhAratIya darzana ke avalokana se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hindU dharma, jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM bhale hI karma viSayaka evaM usakI mAnyatA ke saMbaMdha meM bhinnatA ho, kintu ve sabhI karma hI ko pradhAnatA dete haiM aura naitikatA kA AdhAra karma hI ko mAnate haiM / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne karma siddhAnta para bala dete hue yaha darzAyA hai ki masIhI dharma meM karma vicAra kI kamI hai jaisA ki AcArya rajanIza ne 'mahAvIra vANI' meM kahA hai ki "islAma aura IsAiyata meM bahuta maulika pracAra kI kamI hai, karma ke vicAra kI / 2 hindU dharma meM Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu Izvara karma ke vyApAra meM hastakSepa nahIM karatA / karma ko mAnyatA ko batAte hue lokamAnya bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka ne likhA hai ki " karma kA yaha cakra jaba eka bAra Arambha ho jAtA hai, taba use phira paramezvara bhI nahIM roka sakatA / ' 3 eka anya sthAna para unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai ki "karma anAdi hai; aura usake akhaMDa vyApAra meM paramezvara bhI hastakSepa nahIM karatA / 4 isakA artha yaha huA ki karma kI apanI pRthak sattA hai va Izvara kI alaga pRthak sattA hai / isa prakAra dvata kI vicAradhArA janma letI hai| karma ko anAdi kahanA aura paramezvara kA hastakSepa na mAnane ke kAraNa hI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya darzana evaM dharma meM mAnyatA prApta karma ke pratyaya kI AlocanA kI hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA AlocanA : pharakyUara ne apanI pustaka 'dI krAuna praoNpha hindUijma' meM karma kI AlocanA karate hue likhA hai ki karma aura punarjanma ne eka naye siddhAnta ko rUpa 1. "The other point of difference they stress on is that while Hindus think Karma, as formless, Jains believe Karma to have shape. Karma according to its origin does inflict hurt or benefit, it Must have a form. Some Hindus believe that it is owing to maya (illusion) that all remembrance of the deeds done in previous birth, which led to the accumulation of Karma is forgotten; but Jains hold that it is owing to Ajnana (ignorance) and when the soul by means of austerity and good actions has got rid of Ajnana it attains omniscience and remembers all the births it has undergone and all that happened in them." Heart of JainismStevenson, P. 175. 2. mahAvIra vANI - AcArya rajanIza, pR. 505 3. gItA rahasya - bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, pR. 279 ( hindI anuvAda ) 4. vahI - pR. 288 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 204 ] [ karma siddhAnta diyA hai jaba ki dharAtala para vaha janma aura mRtyu kA siddhAnta hai, vaha eka hindU naitika siddhAnta hai|' haoNga mahodaya ne karma ke viSaya meM eka hI prazna uThAyA hai ki kyA karma naitika rUpa se saMtuSTi detA hai ? e. sI. bokveTa kA mata hai ki sAMsArika nyAya ke rUpa meM karma siddhAnta apane Apa meM nindanIya hai / DaoN. e. esa. thiyoDora kA mata hai ki karma siddhAnta ke nyAyatAvAda meM dayA, pazcAttApa, kSamA, pApoM kA zodhana karane kA sthAna nahIM hai / 3 __ 'gItA rahasya' meM bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka evaM anya bhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA karma ke pratyaya ke pratipAdana ke dvArA jo tathya sAmane Ate haiM unase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki karma kA yaha vicAra Izvara aura manuSya kI svatantratA donoM ko chIna letA hai / isI AdhAra para pAzcAtya vidvAn siDanI keva ne apanI pustaka 'riDempazana-hindUijma eNDa krizyiniTi' meM tIna bAteM prakaTa kI haiM ki isa siddhAnta ke kAraNa saMsAra bare se bahuta burA hotA jA rahA hai / achUta, achUta hI raheMge aura kor3hI, kor3hI hI / zubha karma jo ajita kiye gaye, unakA pariNAma agale jIvana meM hogA jisakA sambandha vartamAna ke jIvana aura usakI cetanA se sambandhita nahIM hai| dUsarA tathya yaha ki yadi karma dRSTikoNa ThIka hai to kor3hI, laMgar3e, andhe aura du:khI vyakti sabhI ko abhiyukta (Criminals) ginA jAnA cAhie kyoMki ve apane pUrva janma ke kiye gaye azubha karmoM kA daNDa (Punishment) bhoga rahe haiM / tIsarA tathya yaha ki karma siddhAnta bhUtakAla ke pApa aura vartamAna ke duHkha sambandha batAne meM asaphala rahA hai kyoMki bhUtakAla kI hameM smRti nahIM hai aura karma siddhAnta hameM koI AzA nahIM dilAtA ki naitika saMgharSa ke dvArA pApa aura burAI se chuTakArA ho jaavegaa| __sTIphana nela gAMdhI jI kI hatyA ko lekara prazna uThAte haiM aura likhate haiM "The heaviest blow at the traditional doctrine of Karma was dealt by Mr. Gandhi, not by his teaching but by the manner of his death at the hand of an assessin. If all misfortune is the fruit of 1. The crown of Hinduism-Farquhar, P.212 2. Christian Faith and Non-Christian Religion-A. C. Bonquet, P. 196 3. Religon and Society vol. No. XIV, No. 4, 1967 4. Redemption : Hinduism and Christianity-Sydney Cave. P. 185. 186, 187 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ masIhI dharma meM karma kI mAnyatA ] [ 205 ancient deeds, then such a violent death should be evidence of gravely sinful part.''1 isI prakAra eka bhAratIya masIha lekhaka ne apane vicAroM ko nimna rUpa se pragaTa kiyA hai "jaba rAmacandrajI ko 14 varSa kA banavAsa diyA gayA, to unhoMne use kyoM grahaNa kara liyA ? kyA ve apane prArabdha ke kAraNa use grahaNa karane ko bAdhya the, yA apanI mAtA kauzalyA ke kAraNa ? 2 masIhI dharma meM karma : masIhI dharma meM karma, vizvAsa aura pazcAttApa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / kevala eka ho pratyaya manuSya ko uddhAra dilAne meM sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatA / eka sthAna para karma kI mahattA para bala dete hue yAkUba jo prabhu yIzu masIha kA bhAI thA, apanI patrI meM likhatA hai ki "so tumane dekha liyA ki manuSya kevala vizvAsa se hI nahIM karmoM se bhI dharmI ThaharatA hai / " 3 arthAt karmoM ke sAtha vizvAsa bhI Avazyaka hai aura vizvAsa karmoM ke dvArA siddha hotA hai jaisA ki eka anya sthAna para yAkUba kA hI kathana hai ki "so tumane dekha liyA ki vizvAsa ne usake karmoM ke sAtha milakara prabhAva DAlA hai aura karmoM se vizvAsa siddha huA / yAkUba vizvAsa aura karma donoM ko sAtha-sAtha lekara calatA hai parantu usakA jhukAva karma kI ora hai / uparokta kathana ke tAratamya meM hI vaha kahatA hai - " jaise deha AtmA binA marI hai, vaisA hI vizvAsa bhI karma binA marA huA hai / "" eka anya sthAna para vaha likhatA hai ki "he nikamme manuSya kyA tU yaha bhI nahIM jAnatA ki karma binA vizvAsa vyartha hai ? " 6 ina kathanoM se spaSTa hai ki masIha dharma meM karma aura vizvAsa vyakti ke sahAyaka haiM / jahA~ yAkUba ne karma ke Upara bala diyA, paulusa vizvAsa para bala detA hai / usakA kathana hai ki "manuSya vizvAsa se dharmI ThaharatA hai karmoM se nahIM / "7 yaha tathya spaSTa kara detA hai ki manuSya ke karma usakA uddhAra nahIM kara sakate / vaha apane karmoM para ghamaNDa nahIM kara sakatA / paulusa kI vicAradhArA meM karma kI apekSA vizvAsa kA mahattva hai / isI kAraNa romiyo kI patrI meM vaha kahatA hai ki "yadi ibrAhIma karmoM se dharmI ThaharAyA jAtA to use ghamaNDa karane 1. Christian Faith and other faiths - Stephen Neill P. 86 2. vedAnta aura bAibala - AcArya jemsa dayAla khrISTAnanda pR. 53 4. yAkUba kI patrI 2 : 22 3. yAkUba kI patrI 2 : 24 5. yAkUba kI patrI 2 : 26 6. yAkUba kI patrI 2 : 20 7. romiyo 5 : 1 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 206 ] 1 [ karma siddhAnta kI jagaha hotI, parantu paramezvara ke nikaTa nahIM / " yaha kathana karane vAlA vahI paulusa hai jo prabhu yIzu masIha kA Arambha meM zatru thA kintu darzana pAne ke bAda vaha masIha dharma kA ananya bhakta huA aura anya ziSyoM ke sAtha yaha vizvAsa karane vAlA huA ki "prabhu yIzu masIha para vizvAsa kara to tU aura terA gharAnA uddhAra pAyegA" 2 prabhu yIzu masIha para vizvAsa hI usakA jIvana darzana thA / naye niyama meM usake dvArA likhita kaI patriyoM meM isa bAta ke pramANa haiM / jIvana meM mokSa kA AdhAra karma nahIM, vizvAsa hai / eka sthAna para paulusa kahatA hai ki "vizvAsa se dharmI jana- jIvita rahegA / " eka anya sthAna para vaha kahatA hai ki "yaha bAta pragaTa hai ki vyavasthA ke dvArA paramezvara ke yahA~ koI dharmI nahIM ThaharatA kyoMki dharmIjana vizvAsa se jIvita rahegA / 4 3 prabhu yIzu masIha ke anya ziSyoM ne bhI vizvAsa para bala diyA hai / isI vizvAsa ko lekara yUhannA prabhu yIzu masIha ke zabdoM ko likhatA hai ki "yadi tuma vizvAsa na karoge ki maiM vahI hU~ to apane pApoM meM maroge / " 5 masIha dharma meM zarIra aura zrAtmA ke karma : masIhI dharma meM zarIra aura AtmA ke karmoM ko ginAyA gayA hai| pavitra zAstra bAibala kA dRSTikoNa hamAre dhArmika kAryoM ke prati jo binA vizvAsa ke haiM, maile cithar3oM ke samAna haiM / purAne niyama meM yazayyAha nabI kI pustaka meM batAyA gayA hai ki "hama to saba ke saba azuddha manuSya ke . se haiM aura hamAre dharma ke kAma saba ke saba maile cithar3oM ke samAna haiM / "6 phira bhI zarIra aura AtmA ke karmoM meM bheda kiye gaye haiM / ina bhedoM kA varNana paulusa ne kiyA hai / vaha likhatA hai - " zarIra ke kAma to prakaTa haiM arthAt vyabhicAra, gande kAma, lucapana, mUrti pUjA, TonA, baira, jhagar3A, IrSA, krodha, virodha, phUTa, vidharma, DAha, matavalApana, lIlA, krIr3A, aise-aise kAma karane vAle paramezvara ke rAjya ke vArisa na hoMge / para AtmA kA phala prema, Ananda, mela, dhIraja, kRpA, bhalAI, vizvAsa, namratA aura saMyama haiM, aise-aise kAmoM ke virodha meM koI vyavasthA nahIM / " 7 karmoM ke dvArA Izvara kI mahimA : kabhI-kabhI zubha karma karane vAlA vyakti arthAt dharmI vyakti bhI Izvara para doSa lagAtA hai ki use acche karma karate hue bhI vipatti, duHkha uThAne par3ate haiM / bAibala meM aise tIna udAharaNa haiM / eka purAne niyama meM aura do naye niyama meM / 1. romiyo 4 : 2 3. romiyo 1 : 17 5. yUhannA 8 : 24 6. yazayyAha 64 : 6 Jain Educationa International 2. 4. prerito ke kAma 16 : 31 galatiyo 3 : 11 7. galatiyo 5 : 16-23 For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ masIhI dharma meM karma kI mAnya [ 207 jisake dvArA masIha dharma meM karma kA jJAna hotA hai ki acche karma karane para bhI vipatti AtI hai, binA karma kiye bhI janma se aMdhA honA par3atA hai aura azubha karma karane ke bAda bhI uddhAra ho jAtA hai| purAne niyama (old testament) meM ayyUba nAmaka eka dharmI vyakti kA bayAna hai| paramezvara use zaitAna ke hAthoM sauMpatA hai aura usa para vipatti AtI hai phira bhI ayyUba Izvara para doSa nahIM lagAtA jaisA ki likhA hai-"ina saba bAtoM meM bhI ayyUba ne na to pApa kiyA aura na paramezvara para mUrkhatA se doSa lagAyA"1 aura zaitAna paramezvara ke bhakta ke sAmane parAjita hotA hai kyoMki jaisA kahA gayA hai ki "dharmI para bahuta sI vipattiyAM par3atI to haiM parantu yahovA unako una saba se mukta karatA hai|"3 vipatti par3ane para bhI ayyUba vicalita nahIM huA aura usake karmoM ke dvArA paramezvara kI mahimA huii| dUsarA varNana eka janma ke aMdhe kA hai jo naye niyama meM yUhannA ke nauva adhyAya meM varNita hai / prabhu yIzu masIha ke cele usase pUchate haiM "rabbI kisa ne pApa kiyA thA ki yaha andhA janmA, isa manuSya ne, yA usake mAtA-pitA ne ?" yIzu ne uttara diyA ki na to isane pApa kiyA thA, na isake mAtA-pitA ne, parantu yaha isaliye huA ki paramezvara ke kAma usameM prakaTa hoN|" isI kAraNa masIhI dharma punarjanma ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| tIsarA varNana prabhu yIzu masIha ke eka mitra lAjara kA hai jo yUhannA racita susamAcAra ke gyArahaveM adhyAya meM varNita hai ki prabhu yIzu masIha ko lAjara kI bImArI kA saMdeza bhejA jAtA hai aura usa samaya ve kahate haiM ki "yaha bImArI mRtyu kI nahIM, parantu paramezvara kI mahimA ke lie hai ki usake dvArA paramezvara ke putra kI mahimA ho|" eka anya udAharaNa DAkU kA hai jisane jIvana bhara azubha karma kiye, prabhu yIzu masIha kI mRtyu ke samaya do DAkU bhI unake sAtha krUsa para laTakAye gaye the / eka prabhu yIzu masIha kI nindA kara kaha rahA thA ki apane Apa ko aura hameM bacA / dUsarA DAkU pahile DAkU ko DAMTatA hai ki hama to apane kukarma kA daNDa pA rahe haiM kintu isa pavitra manuSya ne kyA kiyA ? aura taba vaha yIzu masIha se kahatA hai ki "jaba tU apane rAjya meM pAe, to merI sudhi lenaa|" prabhu yIzu masIha ne usa DAkU se kahA ki "aAja ho tU mere sAtha svarga loka meM hogaa|" ___ ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki manuSya apane pUrva janma ke karmoM ko nahIM bhogatA aura na hI pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA koI uttaradAyitva hai| 1. ayyUba 1 : 22 2. bhajana saMhitA 34 : 16 3. sampUrNa adhyayana ke lie par3hiye ayyUba 1 aura 2 4. lUkA 23 : 36-43 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only
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________________ 208 ] [ karma siddhAnta karma aura anugraha masIhI dharma meM karma ke sAtha hI anugraha kA bahuta adhika mahattva hai kyoMki uddhAra anugraha ke hI kAraNa hai / yadi Izvara anugraha na kare to karma vyartha hai / bAibala meM likhA hai-"jo mujha se, he prabha, he prabhu kahatA hai, unameM se hara eka svarga ke rAjya meM praveza na kregaa|"1 masIhI dharma isIlie anugraha kA pracAra karatA hai kyoMki likhA hai-"kyoMki vizvAsa ke dvArA anugraha hI se tumhArA uddhAra huA hai, aura yaha tumhArI ora se nahIM, varan paramezvara kA dAna hai aura na karmoM ke kAraNa, aisA na ho ki koI ghamaNDa kre|"2 jIvana meM pavitratA anugraha ke hI dvArA AtI hai / paulusa likhatA hai ki "maiM paramezvara ke anugraha ko vyartha nahIM ThaharAtA, kyoMki yadi vyavasthA ke dvArA dhArmikatA hotI to masIha kA maranA vyartha hotaa|"3 paulusa kA pUrNa vizvAsa thA ki prabhu yIzu masIha kI mRtyu hI anugraha ko pRthvI para mAnavatA ke lie lAI hai| anugraha ko kabhI bhI kraya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura na hI dhArmika karmoM ke dvArA ajita kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu anugraha unhIM para hotA hai jo paramezvara kI AjJA mAnatA hai| paulusa samajhAte hue likhatA hai "pApa kI majadUrI to mRtyu hai parantu paramezvara kA varadAna hamAre prabhu yIzu masIha meM ananta jIvana hai|" isI anagraha ke bAre meM vaha Age kahatA hai-"to usane hamArA uddhAra kiyA; aura yaha dharma ke kAryoM ke kAraNa nahIM, jo hamane Apa kie, para apanI dayA ke anusAra nae janma ke snAna, aura pavitra AtmA ke hameM nayA banAne ke dvArA huaa|"5 upasaMhAra : masIhI dharma meM karma kI mAnyatA hote hue bhI anugraha kA mahattva hai| vAstava meM paramezvara kA prema manuSya jAti ke lie usakA anugraha hai jisake dvArA manuSya ko mokSa prApta hotA hai| eka gujarAtI lekhaka dhanajI bhAI phakIra bhAI anugraha ke bAre meM likhate haiM ki "anugraha koI jAdU kA prabhAva nahIM hai athavA koI tattva athavA koI dAna nahIM hai kintu anugraha eka vyakti hai jo prabhu yIzu masIha svayaM haiN|" isa kAraNa masIhI dharma meM karma, vizvAsa aura anugraha kA eka saMgama hai| 4 saya 1. bhattI 7 : 21 2. iphisiyo 2:8-6 3. galatiyo 2 : 21 4. romiyo 6 : 23 5. tItusa 3:5 6. Kristopanished"-Dhanji Bhai kakif Bhai, P. 21 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Use Only