Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a, ema.e., pI-eca.DI. bhAratIya itihAsa meM mAlavA kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai| bhArata ke isa nAbhisthala para prAcInakAla se hI yahAM ke sabhI pramukha dharma pallavita hote rahe haiN| jahA~ taka jainadharma kA prazna hai, sarvaprathama mAlavA meM jainadharma ke astitva kA digambara paramparA se patA calatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI apane sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM ujjaina padhAre the| ve ujjayinI ke atimuktaka nAmaka zmazAna bhUmi meM Akara dhyAna magna hue the, usa samaya rudra nAmaka vyakti ne una para ghora upasarga kiyA thA, parantu vaha apane dhyAna meM dRr3ha aura nizcala bane rhe| rudra kI raudratA unako tapasyA se vicalita na kara skii| triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita meM caNDapradyota, jo ki avanti nareza thA, ke jainadharmAvalambI hone kA vivaraNa milatA hai| vivaraNa saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai ki sindhu sauvIra ke rAjA udAyI ke pAsa jIvaMta svAmI kI pratimA thii| kisI prakAra vaha pratimA caNDapradyota ne hastagata kara lii| isI se udAyI ne caNDapradyota para AkramaNa kara use bandI banA liyaa| dazapura meM cAturmAsa huA aura yahIM jIvaMtasvAmI kI pratimA kI pratiSThA kara eka bhavya mandira kA nirmANa karAyA gayA lekina isa yuga ke abhI taka koI purAtAttvika avazeSa prApta nahIM hote haiN| mauryakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma-samrATa candragupta maurya ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki ve aMtima samaya meM janasAdhu hokara dakSiNa cale gaye the| dakSiNa bhArata kI zramaNabelagolA kI guphA meM jainadharma sambandhI zilAlekha prApta hue haiN| inameM 'candragupti' nAmaka rAjA kA ullekha AtA hai jisakA sambandha vidvAnoM ne candragupta maurya se sthApita kiyA hai| candragupti ne jainadharma meM dIkSA lI, isakA ullekha bhadrabAhu carita, ArAdhanA kathAkoza, puNyAsrava kathAkoza Adi granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| dvAdaza varSIya durbhikSa tathA muniyoM ke dakSiNa jAne kI kathA anyAnya aitihAsika tathyoM se prAmANika siddha hotI hai| taba yaha bhI pramANita ho jAtA hai ki isa samaya mAlavA meM jainadharma acchI avasthA meM thA tathA nirantara unnati kI ora agrasara ho rahA thaa| 1 uttarapurANa 331174 2 The Age of Imperial Unity, Vol. II, page 417.
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma: aitihAsika vikAsa 241 azoka kI mRtyu ke uparAnta maurya sAmrAjya do bhAgoM meM baMTa gayA thA / pUrvI rAjya kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra thI aura vahA~ dazaratha rAja kara rahA thA / pazcimI rAjya kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI aura vahA~ samprati kA rAjya thA / samprati kA jaina sAhitya meM bahuta U~cA sthAna hai / jaina anuzruti ke anusAra samrAT samprati jainadharma kA anuyAyI thA aura usane apane priyadharma ko phailAne ke liye bahuta prayatna kiyA thA / pariziSTa parva meM likhA hai ki rAtri ke samaya samprati ko yaha vicAra utpanna huA ki anArya dezoM meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra ho aura jainasAdhu svachanda rIti se vicara sakeM / isake liye usane ina dezoM meM jainasAdhuoM ko dharma pracAra ke liye bhejA / sAdhuoM ne rAjakIya prabhAva se zIghra hI janatA ko jainadharma aura AcAra kA anugAmI banA liyA / isa kArya ke liye samprati ne aneka lokopakArI kArya bhI kiye| garIboM ko bhojana bA~Tane ke liye aneka dAnazAlAe~ khulvaaiiN| aneka jaina granthoM meM likhA hai ki dharmapracAra ke liye samprati ne apanI senA ke yoddhAoM ko sAdhuoM kA veza banAkara pracAra ke liye bhejA thA / isa yuga ke ullekhanIya AcAryoM meM AcArya bhadrabAhu evaM A suhastisUri kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai / bhadrabAhu dvArA racita Agamika sAhitya isa yuga kI vizeSa dena hai / zaka kuSANa yugIna mAlavA meM jainadharma - isa samaya bhI mAlavA meM jainadharma paryApta unnatAvasthA meM thA / isakA AbhAsa hameM AcArya kAlaka ke kathAnaka se milatA hai / AcArya kAlaka ne zakoM ko avaMtI para AkramaNa karane ke liye AmaMtrita kiyA thA jisakA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha thA ki avaMtInareza gardabhilla ne AcArya kAlaka kI bhaginI jainasAdhvI sarasvatI kA balAt apaharaNa kara liyA thaa| sabhI prayatnoM ke bAvajUda jaba gardabhilla ne sarasvatI ko mukta nahIM kiyA to bAdhya hokara AcArya kAlaka ne zakoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA ki ve gardabhilla ke darpa ko cUrNa kara de / yuddhoparAMta mAlavA meM zakoM kA rAjya sthApita ho gayA thA / isa ghaTanA meM janatA kA bhI pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa se kAlakAcArya ko sahayoga rahA hI hogaa| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki isa kAla meM jainadharma kI sthiti uttama rahI hogI / kSapaNaka vikrama ke navaratnoM meM eka the| inake race hue nyAyAvatAra, darzanazuddhi, sanmatitarkasUtra, aura prameyaratnakoSa nAmaka cAra grantha prasiddha haiM / isa yuga meM aneka yugapradhAna AcArya bhI ho cuke haiM jinameM bhadraguptAcArya, 1 Asoka : V. A. Smith, page 70. 2 maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 653 3 (ka) The Age of Imperial Unity, page 418 (kha) maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 648-49
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 242 mufear abhinandana grantha Arya vajra, tathA AryarakSitasUri ke nAma ginAye jA sakate haiM / Agama sAhitya ko ArakSitasUri ne cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake jainadharma kI dRSTi se isa yuga ke aitihAsika mahatva ko aura bhI bar3hA diyA hai / AryarakSitasUri kA Agama sAhitya kA vibhAjana' isa prakAra hai (1) karaNacaraNAnuyoga (3) dharmakathAnuyoga (2) gaNitAnuyoga (4) dravyAnuyoga isake sAtha hI AcArya AryarakSitasUri ne anuyogadvAra sUtra kI bhI racanA kI jo jainadarzana kA pratipAdaka mahattvapUrNa Agama mAnA jAtA hai / yaha Agama AcArya pravara kI divyatama dArzanika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai | guptakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma - bhAratIya itihAsa meM guptakAla svarNayuga ke nAma se cira-paricita hai / yaha yuga sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA thA / gupta rAjA vaiSNava dharma ke anuyAyI the / candragupta dvitIya, kumAragupta prathama aura skandagupta tInoM ke sikkoM para 'parama bhAgavata' khudA honA guptoM kI usa dharma meM vizeSa niSThA sUcita karatA hai / kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki anya dharmoM kI sthiti nagaNya thI athavA ki rAjA dUsare dharmoM kA Adara nahIM karate the / gupta rAjA sabhI dharmoM ko dRSTi se dekhate the / isakA pramANa yaha hai ki isa kAla meM lagabhaga sthiti meM hone ke pramANa upalabdha hote haiM / samAna Adara kI sabhI dharmoM ke acchI mAlavA meM jainadharma ke liye yaha yuga apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai, kyoMki isI yuga meM jainadharma se sambandhita purAtAttvika sAmagrI milanA prArambha hotI hai / itihAsa prasiddha nagara vidizA ke pAsa udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM bIsa guphAe~ haiM, jo isI yuga kI hai| inameM se krama se prathama evaM bIsaveM nambara kI guphAe~ jainadharma se sambandhita haiM / pahale nambara kI guphA meM eka lekha khudA huA hai jisase siddha hotA hai ki yaha guphA gupta samrAT candragupta dvitIya ke kAla kI hai| bIsaveM nambara kI guphA meM bhI eka padyAtmaka lekha khudA huA hai jisake anusAra isa mUrti kI pratiSThA gupta samvat 106 (IsvI san 426 kumAragupta kA kAla ) meM kArtika kRSNA paMcamI ko AcArya bhadrAnvayI AcArya gozarma muni ke ziSya zaMkara dvArA kI gaI thI / isa zaMkara ne apanA janma sthAna uttara bhAratavartI kurudeza batalAyA hai / " lekha kA hindI anuvAda isa prakAra hai 1 zrImad rAjendrasUri smAraka grantha pRSTha 456 2 vahI, pRSTha 456 3 guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pRSTha 321 4 bhAratIya saMskRti ke jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 311 5 vahI, pRSTha 311
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma: aitihAsika vikAsa 243 "siddhoM ko namaskAra ! zrI saMyukta guNa samudraguptAnvaya ke zreSTha rAjAoM ke varddhamAna rAjya zAsana ke 106 veM varSa aura kArtika mahine kI kRSNA paMcamI ke dina guhAdvAra meM vistRta sarpaphaNa se yukta zatruoM ko jItane vAle jinazreSTha pArzvanAtha jinakI mUrti rAma- damavAna zaMkara ne banavAI jo AcArya bhadra ke anvaya kA bhUSaNa aura Arya kulotpanna gozarma muni kA ziSya tathA dUsaroM dvArA ajeya ripughna mAnI azvapati bhaTTa saMghila aura padmAvatI ke putra zaMkara isa nAma se loka meM vizruta tathA zAstrokta yatimArga meM sthita thA aura vaha uttara kuruvoM ke sadRza uttara dizA ke zreSTha deza meM utpanna huA thA, usake isa pAvana kArya meM jo puNya huA ho vaha saba karmarUpI zatru samUha ke kSaya ke liye ho / " abhilekha meM varNita AcArya bhadra aura unake anvaya ke prasiddha muni gozarma ke viSaya meM abhI kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai phira bhI itanA inake viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye yugapradhAna AcArya the / - isa yuga kI jainadharma sambandhI eka mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi abhI hAla meM hI huI hai / pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne apane eka lekha " rAma gupta ke zilAlekhoM kI prApti meM vidizA ke samIpa besanadI ke taTavartI eka TIle kI khudAI karate samaya prApta guptakAlIna jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI durlabha tIna pratimAoM para prakAza DAlA hai / ye tInoM pratimAe~ balue patthara kI banI haiN| ina tInoM pratimAoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para guptakAlIna brAhmI lipi tathA saMskRta bhASA meM lekha utkIrNa the| eka mUrti kA lekha to pUrNataH naSTa ho cukA hai / dUsarI mUrti kA lekha AdhA bacA hai aura tIsarI mUrti kA lekha pUrA surakSita hai / isake AdhAra para pro0 vAjapeyI ne guptakAlIna eka vivAdAspada samasyA para navIna prakAza DAlA hai / samasyA guptanareza rAmagupta kI aitihAsikatA kI hai / isa nareza kA ullekha sAhitya meM to milatA hai tathA isake tA~be ke sikke bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM upalabdha hote haiM / svayaM pro0 vAjapeyI ne isa nareza ke sikkoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai, kintu abhI taka koI bhI aisA abhilekha prApta nahIM thA jisameM ki rAmagupta ko guptanareza ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA ho| ina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para ina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa "mahArAjAdhirAja zrI rAmagupta ke zAsanakAla " meM huaa| ina pratimAoM ke sambandha meM pro0 vAjapeyI ne likhA hai ki eka pratimA para AThaveM tIrthaMkara candraprabha kA aura dUsarI para naveM tIrthaMkara puSpadanta kA nAma likhA hai / mUrtiyoM kI nirmANa zailI IsvI cauthI zatI ke aMtima caturthAMza kI kahI jA sakatI hai / ina mUrtiyoM meM kuSANakAlIna tathA IsvI pAMcavIM zatI kI guptakAlIna mUrtikalA ke bIca ke yuga ke lakSaNa dRSTavya hai / mathurA Adi se prApta kuSANakAlIna bauddha aura tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI caraNa caukiyoM para siMhoM jaisA aMkana prApta hotA hai vaisA ina mUrtiyoM para lakSita hai / pratimAoM kA aMga vinyAsa tathA siroM ke pIche avaziSTa 1 sAptAhika hindustAna 1666, mArca 30
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 244 munidvaya abhinandana grantha prabhAmaNDala bhI aMtarimakAla ke lakSaNoM se yukta hai / isameM uttara guptakAlIna alaMkaraNa kA abhAva hai / lipivijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI ye pratimA lekha IsvI cauthI zatI ke Thaharate haiM / ina lekhoM kI lipi gupta samrAT candragupta vikramAditya ke una lekhoM se milatI hai jo sAMcI aura udayagiri kI guphAoM meM mile haiM / ina tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke AdhAra para pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne vivAdAspada gupta nareza rAmagupta para paryApta prakAza DAlakara yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki samudragupta pazcAt rAmagupta samrAT huA thA / kintu abhI isa mata ko mAnyatA nahIM milI hai sAtha hI abhI yaha bhI nirAkaraNa honA zeSa hai ki ina pratimAoM ke lekhoM meM ullikhita vahI rAmagupta hai athavA koI anya / isake atirikta isa kAla kI eka aura dUsarI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai jainAcArya siddhasena divAkara | jainagranthoM meM inheM sAhityika evaM kAvyakAra ke atirikta naiyAyika aura tarkazAstriyoM meM pramukha mAnA hai / siddhasena divAkara kA jaina itihAsa meM bahuta U~cA sthAna hai / zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAya unake prati eka hI bhAva se zraddhA rakhate haiN| kiMvadantI hai ki eka bAra rAjA candragupta ne inase kalyANa maMdira stotra kA pATha karane kA Agraha kiyaa| rAjA ke Agraha para inhoMne kalyANa maMdira stotra kA pATha kiyaa| pATha samApta hote hI ujjayinI ke mahAkAla maMdira meM zivaliMga phaTa gayA aura usake madhya se pArzvanAtha kI mUrti nikala AI / paM0 sukhalAlajI ne siddhasena divAkara ke viSaya meM isa prakAra likhA hai, "jahA~ taka maiM jAna pAyA hU~, jaina paramparA meM tarkavidyA ke, aura tarkapradhAna saMskRta vAGmaya ke Adi praNetA haiM siddhasena divAkara / " siddhasena kA sambandha unake jIvana kathAnakoM ke anusAra ujjayinI aura usake adhipati vikrama ke sAtha avazya rahA hai, para yaha vikrama kaunasA hai ? yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai / abhI taka ke nizcita pramANoM se jo siddhasena kA samaya vikrama kI pAMcavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI kA madhya jAna par3atA hai, use dekhate hue adhika sambhava yaha hai ki vaha rAjA candragupta dvitIya yA usakA pautra skandagupta rahA hogA / jo vikramAditya rUpa se prasiddha hue| sabhI naye-purAne ullekha yaha kahate haiM ki siddhasena janma se brAhmaNa the / siddhasena ne gadya meM kucha likhA ho to patA nahIM hai| unhoMne saMskRta meM battIsiyA~ racI haiM, jinameM se ikkIsa abhI labhya haiN| unakA prAkRta meM racA 'sanmatiprakaraNa' jainadRSTi aura mantavyoM ko tarka zailI se spaSTa karane tathA sthApita karane vAlA jaina 1 2 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 117 sva0 bAbU zrI bahAdurasiMha jI siMdhI smRti grantha, pRSTha 10, 11, 12
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 245 vAGamaya meM sarvaprathama grantha hai jisakA Azraya uttaravartI sabhI zvetAmbara-digambara vidvAnoM ne liyA hai| siddhasena hI jaina-paramparA kA Adya saMskRta stutikAra hai|' siddhasena divAkara ne tattvArthAdhigamasUtra kI TIkA bhI bar3I vidvattA se likhI hai / isa grantha ke mUla lekhaka ko digambara sampradAya vAle umAsvAmi aura zvetAmbara sampradAya vAle umAsvAti batalAte haiN| siddhasena kA kalyANamaMdira stotra 44 zlokoM meM hai / yaha pAzrvanAtha bhagavAna kA stotra hai| isakI kavitA meM prasAda guNa kama hai aura kRtrimatA evaM zleSa kI bharamAra hai parantu pratibhA kI kamI nahIM hai| isakI mahattA kA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| isake aMtima bhinna chanda ke eka padya meM isake kartA kA nAma kumudacandra sUcita kiyA gayA hai; jise kucha loga siddhasena kA hI dUsarA nAma mAnate haiN| dUsare padya ke anusAra yaha 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI stuti meM racA gayA hai / bhaktAmara ke sadRza hote hue bhI yaha apanI kAvya kalpanAoM va zabda yojanA meM maulika hI hai| he jinendra ! Apa una bhaktoM ko saMsAra se kaise pAra kara dete haiM, jo apane hRdaya meM ApakA nAma dhAraNa karate haiM ? hA~ jAnA, jo eka mazaka bhI jala meM taira kara nikala jAtI hai, vaha usake bhItara bhare hue pavana kA hI to prabhAva hai| he jineza ! Apake dhyAna se bhavya puruSa kSaNamAtra meM deha ko chor3akara paramAtma dazA ko prApta ho jAte haiM, kyoM na ho ? tIna agni ke prabhAva se nAnA dhAtue~ apane pASANa bhAva ko chor3akara zuddhasuvarNatva ko prApta kara letI hai| siddhasena divAkara dvArA racita varddhamAna-dvAtriMzikA dUsarA stotra hai / yaha 32 zlokoM meM bhagavAna varddhamAna mahAvIra kI stuti hai| isameM kRtrimatA evaM zleSa nahIM hai / prasAda guNa adhika hai / bhagavAna mahAvora ko ziva, buddha, hRSIkeza, viSNu evaM jagannAtha mAnakara prArthanA kI gaI hai| ina donoM stotroM meM siddhasena divAkara kI kAvyakalA UMcI zreNI kI hai| rAjapUtakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma-yadi guptakAla bhAratIya itihAsa kA svarNakAla hai, to rAjapUtakAla mAlavA meM jainadharma ke vikAsa tathA samRddhi ke dRSTikoNa se svarNakAla rahA hai| isa yuga meM kaI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huaa| isake prArambhika kAla meM badanAvara meM janamaMdira vidyamAna the| isakA vivaraNa DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina isa prakAra dete haiM ki jaina harivaMzapurANa kI prazasti meM isake kartA jinasenAcArya ne spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki zaka saMvat 705 (IsvI san 783) meM unhoMne vardhamAnapura ke pAAlaya (pArzvanAtha ke maMdira) kI annarAjavasati meM baiThakara harivaMzapurANa kI racanA kI aura usakA jo bhAga zeSa rahA use vahIM ke zAMtinAtha maMdira meM baiThakara pUrA 1 The Jain Sources of the History of Ancient India, page 150-51 2 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI, pRSTha 116 3 mAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 125-26 4 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI 5 mAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 332-333
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 246 munidvaya abhinandana grantha kiyaa| usa samaya uttara meM 'indrAyudha', dakSiNa meM kRSNa ke putra zrI vallabha va pazcima meM vatsarAja tathA sauramaMDala meM vIravarAha nAmaka rAAoM kA rAjya thaa| yaha vardhamAnapura saurASTra kA vartamAna bar3havANa mAnA jAtA hai| kintu maiMne apane lekha meM siddha kiyA hai ki harivaMzapurANa meM ullikhita vardhamAnapura madhyapradeza ke dhAra jile meM badanAvara hai jisase 10 mIla kI dUrI para dostarikA honA cAhie; jahA~ kI prajA ne jinasena ke ullekhAnusAra usa zAMtinAtha maMdira meM vizeSa pUjA-arcA kA utsava kiyA thaa| isa prakAra vardhamAnapura meM AThavIM zatI meM pArzvanAtha aura zAMtinAtha ke do jaina maMdiroM kA honA siddha hotA hai / zAMtinAtha maMdira 400 varSa taka vidyamAna rhaa| isake pramANa hameM badanAvara se prApta acchuptAdevI kI mUrti para ke lekha meM prApta hote haiM, kyoMki usameM kahA gayA hai ki saMvat 1226 (I0 san 1172) kI vaizAkha kRSNA paMcamI ko vaha mUrti vardhamAnapura ke zAMtinAtha caityAlaya meM sthApita kI gii| vidizA kSetra meM bhI jainadharma isa yuga meM unnatAvasthA meM thA jisakA pramANa hai vahA~ upalabdha jainamaMdira va mUrtiyAM / gyArasapura nAmaka sthAna para jaina maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM / mAlavA meM jaina maMdiroM ke jitane bhagnAvazeSa mile haiM, unameM prAcInatama avazeSa yahIM para hai jo vinyAsa evaM stambhoM kI racanA zailI meM khajurAho ke samAna hai| phargusana ne inakA nirmANakAla 10vIM sadI ke madhya nirdhArita kiyA hai| isa kAla ke aura bhI aneka avazeSa isa kSetra meM mile haiN| sAtha hI yadi ina saba avazeSoM kA vidhivata saMkalana evaM adhyayana kiyA jAya to jaina vAstukalA ke eka dIrgharikta sthAna kI pUrti ho sakatI hai| rAjapUtakAlIna khajurAho zailI ke kucha jaina maMdira kharagona jile ke 'Una' nAmaka sthAna meM mile haiN| ina maMdiroM kI upalabdhi se yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai ki isa samaya isa kSetra meM jainadharma apanI unnati ke zikhara para thaa| Una meM vaise (1) hindU aura (2) jaina maMdiroM ke do samUha prApta hue haiN| jo kalA kI dRSTi se apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhate haiN| yahA~ bahuta bar3I mAtrA meM jaina mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM jina para vi0 saM0 1182 yA 1192 ke lekha aMkita haiM jisase yaha vidita hotA hai ki yaha mUrti AcArya ratnakIti dvArA nirmita kI gaI thii| yahAM ke maMdira pUrNata: pASANa khaNDoM se nirmita haiM, cipaTI chata va garbhagRha, sabhAmaMDapayukta tathA pradakSiNApatha rahita haiM jisase inakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| bhittiyoM aura stambhoM para sarvAMga utkIrNana hai, jo khajurAho kI kalA se samAnatA rakhatA hai| 11vIM sadI ke jaina maMdiroM ke kucha avazeSa narasiMhagar3ha jilA rAjagar3ha (byAvarA) 1 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Vol. II, page 55. 2 vahI, pR0 55 3 Progress Report of Archaeological Survey of India,W.C. 1919, page 61. 4 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pRSTha 336
Page #8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 247 se 7 mIla dakSiNa meM vihAra nAmaka sthAna para bhI upalabdha hue haiN| yahA~ jaina maMdiroM ke sAtha hI hindU, bauddha va islAma dharma ke avazeSa bhI mile haiN| isake atirikta DaoN0 eca0 vhI0 trivedI ne nimnAMkita sthAnoM para rAjapUtakAlIna jaina maMdira ke prApti kI sUcanA dI hai : (1) bIjavAr3A jilA devAsa, (2) bIthalA jilA gunA, (3) borI jilA jhAbuA, (4) chapesa jilA rAjagar3ha (byAvarA) (5) gurilA kA pahAr3a jilA gunA (6) kar3oda jilA dhAra (7) purA gulAnA jilA maMdasaura evaM (8) baIkher3A jilA maMdasaura / baIkher3A zvetAmbara matAvalambiyoM kA tIrthasthAna bhI hai| yahAM cittaur3a kI caubIsI ke mukhya maMdira ke dvAra stambhoM kI kalA se milatI-julatI kalA vidyamAna hai| cittaur3a kI caubIsI mukhya maMdira kA kAla 10vIM-11vIM zatAbdI hai aura yahI samaya yahA~ ke dvAra stambhoM kA bhI hai| "vaIpArasanAtha" tIrtha ke sambandha meM kiMvadantI hai ki yahA~ jo pratimA hai vaha pahale eka bimba meM thii| eka seTha kI gAya jaMgala meM carane ke liye jAtI thii| usa gAya kA dUdha pratimA pI letI thii| seTha va usake parivAra vAle Azcarya karate the ki gAya kA dUdha kahA~ jAtA hai ? eka bAra seTha ko svapna huA ki merA (pArzvanAtha kA) maMdira banavAkara pratiSThA krvaao| isa para usa seTha ne vaIkher3A grAma meM ukta maMdira banavAyA aura bar3I dhUmadhAma se pratimA kI pratiSThA karavAI / yahA~ ke maMdira kA sabhAmaNDapa citrAMkita hai| isa kAla meM itane maMdiroM kI prApti hI isa bAta ko pramANita kara detI hai ki jainadharma isa samaya meM apanI zreSTha sthiti meM rahA hogA / dhAra meM bhI isa samaya ke aneka maMdiroM kA ullekha milatA hai / jisa prakAra isa yuga meM aneka jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa ke ullekha ke sAtha hI sAtha unake avazeSa milate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra isa yuga meM aneka jaina vidvAna bhI ho cuke haiM jinhoMne apanI vidvattA se rAjapUta kAla ke gaurava ko bar3hAyA hai unameM se pramukha jainAcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM kA paricaya unake dvArA likhe gaye granthoM sahita nimnAnusAra diyA jA sakatA hai (1) jinasena-ye punnATa saMgha kI AcArya paramparA meM hue| ye AdipurANa ke karttA, zrAvaka dharma ke anuyAyI evaM paMcastUpAnvaya ke jinasena se bhinna haiN| ye kIrtiSaNa ke ziSya the| inakA "harivaMza" itihAsa pradhAna carita kAvya zreNI kA grantha hai / isa grantha kI racanA vardhamAnapura vartamAna badanAvara jilA dhAra meM kI gaI thii| digambara sampradAya ke kathAsaMgrahoM meM isakA sthAna tIsarA hai| (2) hariSeNa-punnATa saMgha ke anuyAyiyoM meM eka-dUsare AcArya hariSeNa hue haiM, 1 Bibliography of Madhya Bharat, Part I, page 7.
Page #9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 248 munidvaya abhinandana grantha unakI guru-paramparA maunI bhaTTAraka zrI hariSeNa, bharatasena, hariSeNa isa prakAra baiThatI hai| Apane kathAkoSa kI racanA vardhamAnapura yA bar3havANa-badanAvara meM vinAyaka pAla rAjA ke rAjyakAla meM kI thii| vinAyakapAla pratihAra vaMza kA rAjA thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI kannauja thii| isakA 688 vi0 saM0 kA eka dAna patra milA hai| isake eka varSa pazcAt arthAt 986 zaka saMvat 853 meM kathAkoSa kI racanA huii| hariSeNa kA kathAkoSa sAr3he bAraha hajAra zloka parimANa kA bRhad grantha hai| (3) mAnatuga-inake jIvana ke sambandha meM aneka virodhI vicAradhArAyeM haiN| inakA samaya 7vIM yA 8vIM sadI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai / inhoMne bhaktAmara stotra kA praNayana kiyA jisakA zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAya vAle samAna rUpa se Adara karate haiN| kavi kI yaha racanA itanI lokapriya rahI ki isake pratyeka antima caraNa ko lekara samasyA pUAtmaka stotra kAvya likhe jAte rahe / isa stotra kI kaI samasyA pUrtiyA~ upalabdha haiN| (4) AcArya devasena-mArgazIrSa sudi 10 vi0 saM0 660 ko dhArA meM nivAsa karate hue pArzvanAtha ke mandira meM 'darzanasAra' nAmaka grantha samApta kiyaa| inhoMne 'ArAdhanA sAra' aura 'tattvasAra' nAmaka grantha bhI likhe / 'AlApa paddhati' 'nayacakra' Adi racanAyeM Apane dhArA meM hI likhIM athavA anyatra yaha racanAoM para se jJAta nahIM hotaa| (5) AcArya mahAsena-ye lAr3a bAgar3a saMgha ke pUrNacandra the| AcArya jayasena ke praziSya aura guNAkarasena sUri ke ziSya the| inhoMne 'pradyumna carita' kI racanA 11vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM kii| ye muMja ke darabAra meM the tathA muMja dvArA pUjita the| na to inakI kRtti meM hI racanA kAla diyA haA hai aura na hI anya racanAoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| (6) amitagati-ye mAthura saMgha ke AcArya the| mAdhavasena sUri ke ziSya the| vAkpatirAja muMja kI sabhA ke ratna the| vividha viSayoM para Apake dvArA likhI gaI kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM (ka) subhASita ratna saMdoha kI racanA vi0 saM0 664 meM huii| isameM 32 pariccheda haiM, jinameM pratyeka meM sAdhAraNataH eka hI chanda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isameM jaina nItizAstra ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM para ApAtataH vicAra kiyA gayA hai; sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNoM ke vicAroM aura AcAra ke prati isakI pravRtti visaMvAdAtmaka hai| pracalita rIti ke DhaMga para striyoM para khuba AkSepa kiye gaye haiN| eka pUrA pariccheda 24 vezyAoM ke sambandha meM hai| jainadharma ke AptoM kA varNana 28 veM pariccheda meM kiyA gayA hai| (kha) dharma parIkSA bIsa sAla anantara likhA gayA hai| isameM bhI brAhmaNa dharma para AkSepa kiye gaye haiM aura isase adhika AkhyAnamUlaka sAkSya kI sahAyatA lI gaI hai|
Page #10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 246 (ga) paMcasaMgraha-vikrama saM0 1073 meM masUtikApura vartamAna masUdabilodA meM jo dhArA ke samIpa hai, banAyA gayA thaa| (gha) upAsakAcAra (ca) ArAdhanA sAmAyika pATha (cha) bhAvanAdvAtriMzatikA (ja) yogasAraprAbhUta / jo upalabdha nahIM haiM, ve grantha haiM(1) jambUdvIpaprajJapti (2) candraprajJapti (3) sArdhadvayadvIpaprajJapti (4) vyAkhyAprajJapti / (7) mANikyanandI-ye dhArA nivAsI the aura vahA~ darzanazAstra kA adhyayana karate the| inakI ekamAtra racanA 'parIkSAmukha' nAma kA eka nyAyasUtra grantha hai jisameM kula 207 sUtra haiM / ye sUtra sarala, sarasa aura gambhIra artha ke dyotaka haiN| (8) nayanandI-ye mANikyanandI ke ziSya the| inakI racanAyeM-(1) sudarzanacarita-eka khaNDa kAvya hai, jo mahAkAvyoM kI zreNI meM rakhane yogya hai| (2) sakalavihivihANa-vizAla kAvya hai| isakI prazasti meM itihAsa kI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta kI gaI hai| usameM kavi ne grantha banAne ke preraka harisiMha muni kA ullekha karate hue apane pUrvavartI jaina, jenetara aura kucha samasAmayika vidvAnoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| samasAmayikoM meM zrIcandra, prabhAcandra aura zrIkumAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| rAjA bhoja, harisiMha ke nAmoM ke sAtha baccharAja aura prabhuIzvara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| kavi ne vallabharAja kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jisane durlabha pratimAoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| yaha graMtha itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatva kA hai| kavi ke donoM grantha apabhraMza bhASA meM haiN| (e) prabhAcandra-mANikyanandI ke vidyA-ziSyoM meM prabhAcandra pramukha rhe| ye mANikyanandI ke 'parIkSAmukha' nAmaka sUtra grantha ke kuzala TIkAkAra haiN| darzana sAhitya ke atirikta ye siddhAnta ke bhI vidvAna the| Apako bhoja ke dvArA pratiSThA milI thii| Apane vizAla dArzanika granthoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha anya aneka graMthoM kI bhI racanA kii| inake graMtha isa prakAra haiM (1) prameyakamalamArtaNDa-darzanagraMtha hai jo ki mANikyanandI ke parIkSAmukha kI ___ TIkA hai / yaha graMtha rAjA bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM likhA gayA / (2) nyAyakumudacandra-nyAya viSayaka graMtha hai| (3) ArAdhanA kathAkoza-gadya graMtha hai| (4) puSpadaMta ke mahApurANa para ttippnnii| (5) samAdhitaMtra TIkA (ye saba rAjA jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meN)| (6) prvcnsrojbhaaskr| (7) paMcAstikAyapradIpa (8) AtmAnuzAsana tilaka / (9) kriyAkalApa ttiikaa| (10) ratnakaraNDa ttiikaa|
Page #11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 250 munidvaya abhinandana grantha (11) vRhat svayaMbhUstotra ttiikaa| (12) zabdAmbhoja ttiikaa| ye saba graMtha kaba aura kisake rAjyakAla meM likhe gaye koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| inhoMne devanandI kI tattvArthavRtti ke viSama padoM kI eka vivaraNAtmaka TippaNI likhI hai| inakA samaya 11vIM sadI kA uttarArddha evaM 12vIM sadI kA pUrvArddha ThaharatA hai / inake nAma se aSTapAhuDa paMjikA, mUlAcAra TIkA, ArAdhanA TIkA Adi graMthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jo upalabdha nahIM haiN| (10) AzAdhara-ye saMskRta sAhitya ke pAradarzI vidvAna the| ye mAMDalagar3ha ke mUla nivAsI the / mevAr3a para musalamAna bAdazAha zahAbuddIna gaurI ke AkramaNa se trasta hokara mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI dhArA meM apane evaM apane parivAra kI rakSArtha anya logoM ke sAtha Akara basa ge| ye jAti ke bagheravAla the| pitA sallakSaNa evaM mAtA kA nAma zrIratnI thaa| patnI sarasvatI se eka putra chAhar3a huaa| inakA janma vi0 saM0 1234-35 ke Asa-pAsa anumAnita hai| nAlachA meM 35 varSa taka rahe aura use apanI sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA kendra bnaayaa| inakI racanAeM isa prakAra haiM (1) sAgAradharmAmata-sapta vyasanoM ke aticAra kA varNana hai| zrAvaka kI dinacaryA aura sAdhaka kI samAdhi vyavasthA Adi kA varNana isameM hai| (2) prameyaratnAkarasyAdvAda vidyA kI prtisstthaapnaa| (3) bharatezvarAbhyudaya-mahAkAvya meM bharata ke aizvarya kA varNana hai| bharatezvarAbhyudaya ko siddhacakra bhI kahate haiM kyoMki isake pratyeka sarga ke anta meM siddhi pada AyA hai / (4) jJAna dIpikA / (5) rAjamati vipralambha-khaNDa kAvya hai / (6) adhyAtma rahasya-yoga grantha hai / (7) mUlArAdhanA ttiikaa| (8) iSTopadeza TIkA / (6) bhUpAla caturviMzatikA ttiikaa| (10) kriyaaklaap| (11) ArAdhanAsAra ttiikaa| (12) amarakoza TIkA / (13) kAvyAlaMkAra TIkA / (14) sahasranAma stavana ttiikaa| (15) jinayajJakalpa-saTIka isakA dUsarA nAma pratiSThAsAroddhAra dharmAmRta kA eka aMga hai| (16) triSaSTi smRtizAstra saTIka (17) nityamahodyota abhiSeka pATha-snAna zAstra / (18) ratnatraya vidhAna (19) aSTAGga hRdayI dhotinI TIkA-vagbhaTa ke Ayurveda grantha aSTAGga hRdayI kI TIkA / (20) dharmAmRta mUla aura (21) bhavyakumudacandrikA-dharmAmRta para likhI gaI ttiikaa| (11) zrIcandra-zrIcandra dhArA ke nivAsI the / lAr3a bAgar3a saMgha ke AcArya the| inake graMtha isa prakAra haiM :-(1) raviSeNa kRta padmacarita para TippaNa (2) purANasAra (3) puSpadaMta ke mahApurANa para TippaNa (uttarapurANa para TippaNa) (4) zivakoTi kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA para ttippnn| purANasAra vi0 saM0 1080 meM, padmacarita kI TIkA vi0 saM0 1087 meM, uttarapurANa kA TippaNa vi0 saM0 1080 meM rAjA bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM rcaa| TIkA prazastiyoM meM zrIcandra ne sAgarasena aura pravacanasena nAmaka do saiddhAMtika vidvAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye donoM dhArA nivAsI the| isase spaSTa
Page #12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 251 vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya dhArA meM aneka jaina vidvAn aura AcArya nivAsa karate the| inake guru kA nAma zrInandI thaa| (12) kavi dhanapAla-ye mUlataH brAhmaNa the| laghubhrAtA se jainadharma kI dIkSA lii| pitA kA nAma sarvadeva thaa| vAkpatirAja muMja kI vidvatsabhA ke ratna the| muMja dvArA inheM 'sarasvatI' kI upAdhi dI gaI thii| saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM para inakA samAna adhikAra thaa| muMja ke sabhAsada hone se inakA samaya 11vIM sadI nizcita hai| inhoMne aneka graMtha likhe, jo isa prakAra haiM-(1) pAilacchI nAmamAlA-prAkRta koza (2) tilaka maJjarI-saMskRta gadya kAvya (3) apane choTe bhAI zobhana muni kRta stotra graMtha para eka saMskRta TIkA / (4) RSabhapaMcAzikA-prAkRta (5) mahAvIra stuti (6) satyapurIya (7) mahAvIra utsAha-apabhraMza aura (8) viirthuii|| (13) kavi dAmodara-vi0 saM0 1287 meM ye gurjara deza se mAlavA meM Aye aura mAlavA ke sallakhaNapura ko dekhakara saMtuSTa ho gye| ye mer3ettama vaMza ke the| pitA kA nAma kavi mAlhaNa thA, jisane dalha kA caritra banAyA thaa| kavi ke jyeSTha bhrAtA kA nAma jinadeva thA / kavi dAmodara ne sallakhaNapura meM rahate hue pRthvIdhara ke putra rAmacandra ke upadeza evaM Adeza se tathA malha ke putra nAgadeva ke anurodha se neminAtha caritra vi0 saM0 1287 meM paramAra vaMzIya rAjA devapAla ke rAjya meM banAkara samApta kiyaa| (14) merutugAcArya-inhoMne apanA prasiddha aitihAsika sAmagrI se paripUrNa graMtha "prabandha ciMtAmaNi" vikrama saM0 1361 meM likhaa| isameM pAMca sarga haiN| isake atirikta vicAra zreNI, sthavirAvalI aura mahApuruSa carita yA upadeza zatI jisameM RSabhadeva, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura vardhamAna tIrthaMkaroM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI hai, kI racanA kii| paramAra kAla meM jainadharma tathA sArasvatoM ke dRSTikoNa se DaoN0 jyotiprasAda jaina kA kathana hai ki muMja ke sambandha meM prabandha cintAmaNi Adi jaina graMthoM meM aneka kathAyeM milatI haiN| navasAhasAMkacarita ke lekhaka padmagupta, dazarUpaka ke lekhaka dhanaJjaya, usake bhAI dhanika, jaina kavi dhanapAla Adi aneka kaviyoM kA vaha AzrayadAtA thaa| jainAcArya mahAsena aura amitagati kA yaha rAjA bahuta sammAna karatA thaa| ina jainAcAryoM ne usake kAla meM aneka graMthoM kI racanA kii| muMja svayaM jainI thA yA nahIM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu vaha jainadharma kA prabala poSaka thA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai / usakA uttarAdhikArI aura bhAI siMdhula yA siMdhurAja kumAra nArAyaNa navasAhasAMka (666-1006 I0) bhI jainadharma kA poSaka thaa| pradyumna carita ke kartA muni mahAsena kA guruvat poSaka thaa| abhinava kAlidAsa, kavi parimala kA navasAhasAMkacaritra isI rAjA kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA hai| 1 bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi, pRSTha 167 se 166
Page #13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ munidvaya abhinandana grantha muMja kA bhatIjA aura sindhula kA putra bhoja (1010 1053 I0 taka) bhAratIya loka kathAoM meM prAcIna vikramAditya kI bhAMti hI prasiddha hai / bhoja bhI jainadharma kA poSaka thA / usake samaya meM dhArA nagarI digambara jainadharma kA pramukha kendra thI aura rAjA bhoja jaina vidvAnoM aura muniyoM kA bar3A Adara karatA thA / sarasvatI vidyA mandira ke nAma se usane eka vizAla vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI thii| usane jaina maMdiroM kA bhI nirmANa karavAyA batAyA jAtA hai / Upara batAye gaye vidvAnoM meM se aneka diggaja jainAcAryoM ne usase sammAna prApta kiyA thA / AcArya zAMtisena ne usakI rAja sabhA meM aneka ajaina vidvAnoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita kiyA thA / bhoja kA senApati kulacandra bhI jainI thA / dhanaMjaya, dhanapAla, dhanika Adi gRhastha jaina kaviyoM ne isake Azraya meM kAvya sAdhanA kI thii| bhoja ke uparAnta jayasiMha prathama (1053-60 I0) rAjA huA / usake uttarAdhikArI nirbala rhe| unameM naravarmanadeva (11041107 I0) mahAna yoddhA aura jainadharma kA anurAgI thA / ujjaina ke mahAkAla mandira meM jainAcArya ratnadeva kA zaivAcArya vidyA zivavAdI ke sAtha zAstrArtha usI samaya huA / isa rAjA ne jaina guru samudraghoSa aura zrI vallabha sUri kA bhI sammAna kiyA thA / usake putra yazovarmanadeva ne bhI jainadharma aura jaina guruoM kA Adara kiyA / jinacandra nAmaka eka jainI ko usane gujarAta prAnta kA zAsaka niyukta kiyA thA / 12vIM - 13vIM zatAbdI meM dhArA ke paramAra nareza vindhyavarmA aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM meM subhaTa varmA, arjunavarmA, devapAla aura jaituMgadeva ne paM0 AzAghara Adi jaina vidvAnoM kA Adara kiyA thA / 252 ratnamaNDana gaNikRta jhAMjhaNa prabandha aura pRthvIdhara caritra tathA upadeza taraMgiNI se jJAta hotA hai ki paramAra rAjA jayasiMhadeva tRtIya ( I0 san 1261-80 ) ke maMtrI pethaDa kumAra ne mAMDava meM 300 jaina mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA aura una para sone ke kalaza car3havAye the / isI prakAra aThAraha lAkha rupaye kI lAgata kA "zrI zatruMjayAvatAra' nAma kA vizAla mandira banavAyA thA / pethaDa ke putra jhAMjhaNa ne bahuta-sI dharmazAlAe~, pAThazAlAeM, jainamandira sthAna-sthAna para banavAe aura eka bahuta vizAla graMthAlaya sthApita kiyA thA / 700 jaina mandiroM kI saMkhyA kevala jaina zvetAmbaroM kI thI / cAMdAzA nAma ke dhanI vyApArI ne 72 jina devAlaya aura 36 dIpastambha mAMDava nagara meM banavAye the / dhanakubera zrImAla bhUpAla laghu zAMticandra jAvar3azA ne RSabhadeva, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke sauMdhazikharI pA~ca jina devAlaya banavAe aura unameM eka gyAraha sera sone kI tathA dUsarI bAIsa sera cA~dI kI aura zeSa pASANa kI jina pratimAeM sAdhu ratnasUri kI AjJA se sthApita karAI thiiN| isa utsava meM 11 lAkha rupaye vyaya kiye / eka lAkha rupaye to kevalamuni ke mAMDava nagara praveza ke samaya vyaya kiye the / isa prakAra aura bhI pramANa isa bAta kI puSTi karane vAle milate haiM ki I0 san 1310 yAni musalamAnoM ke Ane taka paramAra rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI mAMDava eka samRddha nagara thA, jisakA vidhvaMsa bAda meM musalamAnI zAsana kAla meM huA aura
Page #14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma: aitihAsika vikAsa 253 sadiyoM ke bane hue devAlayoM tathA anya imAratoM kI sAmagrI kA rUpAntarita karake yAvanI takSaNakalA kI tarja kI maujUdA AlIzAna imArateM musalamAnI samaya meM nirmANa huIM jisase hindU rAjatvakAla kI eka bhI imArata jamIna ke Upara abhagna na rhii| muslimakAlIna mAlavA meM jainadharma:- rAjapUta kAla meM jainadharma mAlavA meM apanI unnati ke zikhara para thA / rAjapUtoM ke patana ke pazcAt mAlavA muslima zAsakoM ke adhikAra meM A gyaa| isa kAla meM na kevala jainadharma apitu anya dharmoM ko bhI hAni uThAnI par3I phira bhI jahA~ aneka mandira aura mUrtiyA~ dhvasta huIM vahIM dUsarI ora inakA nirmANa bhI huA lekina kama saMkhyA meN| jaina mandiroM ko masjidoM ke rUpa meM bhI parivartita kiyA gyaa| jisake udAharaNa ujjaina ke biloTIpurA sthita binA nIMva kI masjida evaM Agara kI hozaMgazAhI masjida hai / ujjaina ke jaina mandira kA parivartana dilAvara khA~ gorI ne kiyA thA tathA Agara kA usake putra hozaMga gaurI ne / yadyapi isa yuga meM mandiroM ke dhvaMsa kI jAnakArI milatI hai kintu isa yuga meM aise bhI udAharaNa milate haiM ki aneka jainamatAvalambI mAMDava ke sulatAna ke yahA~ ucca padoM para kAryarata the tathA aneka jaina matAvalambiyoM ne sAhitya ko amUlya dena dI hai / aise hI adhikAriyoM, vidvAnoM, muniyoM kA aura unake dvArA racita sAhitya kA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA jA sakatA hai: 1- tAraNa svAmI - ye tAraNapaMtha ke pravartaka AcArya the| inakA janma puhupAvatI nagarI meM san 1448 meM huA thA / pitA kA nAma gar3hA sAva thaa| ve dillI ke bAdazAha bahalola lodI ke darabAra meM kisI pada para kArya kara rahe the / ApakI zikSA zrI zrutasAgara muni ke pAsa huI / Apane kula 14 granthoM kI racanA kI jo isa prakAra haiM: - ( 1 ) zrAvakAcAra (2) mAlA jI (3) paMDita pUjA (4) kalama battIsI (5) nyAyasamuccayasAra (6) upadeza zuddhasAra ( 7 ) tribhaMgIsAra (8) caubIsa ThAnA (6) mamalapAhu (10) sunnasvabhAva ( 11 ) siddha svabhAva ( 12 ) ravAta kA vizeSa (13) chadmastha vANI aura (14) nAmamAlA / 2 - maMtrI maMDana-maMDana dilAvara khA~ gorI ke putra amalakhAna yA hozaMga gorI kA pradhAnamaMtrI thA / hozaMga gorI ne I0 sana 1405 se 1432 taka mAlavA para svataMtra zAsaka ke rUpa meM zAsana kiyA / maMDana pradhAnamaMtrI to thA hI kintu isake atirikta vaha eka udbhaTa vidvAna bhI thA / zrI mohanalAla dulIcanda desAI ne kavi mahezvara ke 'kAvya manohara' nAmaka grantha ke AdhAra para maMDana ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki vyAkaraNa meM jAgrata, nATaka evaM alaMkAra 1 vikrama smRti grantha, pRSTha 568-66 2 saMskRti kendra ujjayinI 3 Agara kA itihAsa, pRSTha 86
Page #15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 254 munidvaya abhinandana grantha kA vizeSajJa, saMgIta meM atula pravINa, gambhIra zAstra yukta, cAturya kI ekamAtra nivAsa bhUmi, atula sadguNoM se unnati karane vAlA zrImAlavaMza kA nirmala buddhi maMDana virAjatA hai| mahezvara kavi ke kAvya manohara ke sarga 1 aura 2 meM maMDana ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki maMDana jhAMjhaNa saMghavI ke dUsare putra bAhar3a kA choTA putra thaa| vaha vyAkaraNa, alaMkAra, saMgIta, tathA anya zAstroM kA mahAna bidvAna thaa| vidvAna vyaktiyoM para isakA bar3A prema thaa| isake yahA~ vidvAnoM kI sabhA lagI rahatI thI, jisameM uttama kavi acche kAvyoM kI, prabandhoM kI aura prAkRta bhASA ke kaviyoM kI udAra kathAoM kI stuti karate the aura naiyAyika, vaizeSika, bhATTa, vedAntI, sAMkhya, prabhAkara, bauddhamata ke mahAna vidvAna upasthita rahakara isakI prazaMsA karate the| gaNita, bhUgola, zakuna, prazna bheda, muhUrta aura vRhata jAtaka meM niSNAta, deza RtukAla, prakRti roga, braNa cikitsA Adi ke lakSaNoM ke jJAtA, asAdhyasAdhyAdi rasakriyA meM nipuNa vaidya, sAhityavid, nAyaka nAyikA bheda ko jAnane vAle isakI sabhA meM upasthita rahate the| uttama-uttama gAyikAeM, gAyaka Adi isake yahA~ Ate rahate the aura isakI saMgIta zAstra kI advitIya yogyatA ko dekhakara avAk raha jAte the| yaha sabako bhUmi, vastra, AbhUSaNa, dhana Adi dAna meM detA thaa| yAcakoM ko bhI yaha dAna karatA thA / maMDana ke graMtha zRgAramaMDana aura sArasvatamaMDana ke AdhAra para DA0 pI0 ke0 gauDe ne nimnAMkita jAnakArI maMDana ke viSaya meM prakAzita kI hai: zRMgAra maMDana-isameM kula 108 zloka haiM jo zRMgAra rasa se sambandhita haiN| (1) zloka kramAMka 102 mAlavA ke zAsaka se sambandhita hai jisakI rAjadhAnI maNDapa durga yA mAMDU thii| (2) uparyukta mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI kA zAsaka AlamasAhi thaa| ___(zloka kramAMka 103) (3) AlamasAhi ne gujarAta tathA dakSiNa kI lar3AiyoM meM vijaya prApta kI thii| _ (zloka kramAMka 104) (4) jhAMjhaNa (maMDana kA pitAmaha) zrImAlavaMza kA thaa| yaha sona girAnvaya kA maMtrI kahalAtA thA jaisA ki kAvyamaMDana ke zloka kramAMka 55 meM batAyA gayA hai| isake chaH putra the jinake nAma kAvyamaMDana meM batAye gaye haiN| (zloka kramAMka 105) (5) ina putroM meM bAhar3a eka pratiSThita vyakti thaa| (zloka kramAMka 106) 1 jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa, pRSTha 476 2 vahI, pRSTha 482 3 The Jain Antiquary, Vols. IX, No. II of 1943, XI No. 2 of 1946.
Page #16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 255 (6) bAhar3a ke putra maMDana ne "sArasvata maMDana" aura "kAvyamaMDana" kI racanA kii| (zloka kra0 107) (7) maMDana ne isa zRgAra viSayaka zatazlokI grantha kI racanA kii| (zloka kra0 108) (8) zRMgAra maMDana kI pAMDulipi saM0 1504 (I0 san 1448) ke kArtika mAha meM kAvya maMDana kI pratilipi, jo ki bhAdrapada meM kI gaI thI, ke bAda kI gaI hai| (9) kAvya maMDana aura sArasvata maMDana kI racanA zRgAra maMDana ke pUrva kI gii| sArasvata maMDana-isa grantha meM maMDana ke vaMza, gaccha tathA pitA ke nAma ke atirikta aura bhI jAnakArI milatI hai (1) maMDana jaina thaa| usakA sambandha sonagira kharatara gaccha se thaa| vaha saMghapati bhI thaa| usako sarvavidyAvizArada kahA gayA hai--jo ki usake grantha kAvya maMDana, zRgAra maMDana, sArasvata maMDana aura saMgIta maMDana se pramANita hotA hai / (2) vaha mAMDU ke zAsaka Alama yA alma kA pradhAnamaMtrI thaa| sArasvata maMDana meM nizcita rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vaha AlamasAhi kA mahApradhAna thaa| yaha vivaraNa pradarzita karatA hai ki jaba sArasvata maMDana kI racanA kI gaI taba vaha mAlavA ke AlamasAhi kA pradhAnamaMtrI thaa| sambhavataH isI samaya usane kAvya maMDana kI racanA kI, kyoMki zRgAra maMDana meM donoM granthoM kA saMdarbha hai| (3) usake pitA bhI usI kI taraha saMghezvara yA saMghapati the| (4) maMDana ke pitA kA padma nAmaka bhAI thaa| padma ko bhI amAtya kahA gayA hai| DAkTara gauDe ne AlamasAhi kI pahicAna dilAvara khAM ke putra hozaMga gaurI se kI hai| kAvya maMDana graMtha ke AdhAra para DAkTara gaur3e maMDana ke viSaya meM nimnAMkita jAnakArI aura dete haiM - (1) maMDana ne apane graMtha 'kAvya maMDana' ke prathama sarga ke prArambha meM 'vItarAga pareza' aura anta meM 'jinendra' kA sandarbha diyA hai jisase vidita hotA hai ki kAvya maMDana kA lekhaka jaina thaa| (2) maMDana 'mahAjina' kA anuyAyI thaa| (3) jaba mAMDavagar3ha meM AlamasAhi nAmaka rAjA rAjya kara rahA thA, usa samaya 'kAvya maMDana' grantha kI racanA kI gii| maMDana dvArA racita granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai(1) kAvya maMDana-isameM pAMDavoM kI kathA kA varNana hai /
Page #17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 256 munidvaya abhinandana grantha (2) zrRMgAra maMDana-yaha zRMgAra rasa kA grantha hai, isameM 108 zloka haiN| (3) sArasvata maMDana-yaha sArasvata vyAkaraNa para likhA gayA grantha hai| isameM 3500 zloka haiN| (4) kAdambarI maMDana-yaha kAdambarI kA saMkSiptikaraNa hai, jo sulatAna ko sunAyA gayA thaa| isa graMtha kI racanA saM0 1504 meM huI thii| (5) campU maMDana-yaha grantha pAMDava aura draupadI ke kathAnaka para AdhArita jaina saMskaraNa hai / racanA tithi saM0 1504 hai / (6) candravijaya prabandha-graMtha kI racanA tithi saM0 1504 hai| isameM candramA kI kalAe~, sUrya ke sAtha yuddha aura candramA kI vijaya kA varNana hai| (7) alaMkAra maMDana-yaha sAhitya zAstra kA pAMca pariccheda meM likhita grantha hai| kAvya ke lakSaNa, bheda aura rIti, kAvya ke doSa aura guNa, rasa aura alaMkAra Adi kA isameM varNana hai / isakI bhI racanA tithi saM0 1504 hai| (8) upasarga maMDana-yaha vyAkaraNa racanA para likhita graMtha hai| (e) saMgIta maMDana-yaha saMgIta se sambandhita grantha hai| (10) kavikalpadra maskaMdha-isa grantha kA ullekha maMDana ke nAma se likhe grantha ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki maMDana na kevala eka pradhAnamaMtrI thA varan vaha cahu~mukhI pratibhA kA dhanI bhI thaa| maMDana para svataMtra rUpa se zodha kara isa pratibhAzAlI vidvAna maMtrI ke sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAne kI AvazyakatA hai| 3-dhanadarAja-yaha maMDana kA cacerA bhAI thaa| isane zatakatraya (nIti, zRgAra aura vairAgya) kI racanA kii| nItizataka kI prazasti se vidita hotA hai ki ye grantha usane maMDapadurga meM saM0 1490 meM likhe / 4-bhaTTAraka zrutakIti-ye nandI saMgha aura sarasvatI gaccha ke vidvAna the| tribhuvanakIrti ke ziSya the| apabhraMza bhASA ke vidvAna the| ApakI upalabdha sabhI racanAyeM apabhraMza bhASA ke paddhar3iyA chanda meM racI gaI haiN| ApakI cAra racanAeM upalabdha haiM, jinakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai (1) harivaMzapurANa-jerahaTa nagara ke neminAtha caityAlaya meM vi0 saM0 1552 mAgha kRSNA paMcamI somavAra ke dina hasta nakSatra ke samaya pUrNa kiyA / (2) dharmaparIkSA-isa grantha ko bhI vi0 saM0 1552 meM banAyA kyoMki isake race jAne kA ullekha Apane dUsare grantha parameSThiprakAzasAra meM kiyA hai| (3) parameSThiprakAzasAra-isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1553 kI zrAvaNa guru paMcamI ke dina mAMDava ke durga aura jerahaTa nagara ke nemizvara jinAlaya meM huii|
Page #18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAlavA meM jainadharma : aitihAsika vikAsa 257 (4) yogasAra-yaha graMtha vi0 saM0 1552 maMgasira mAha ke zukla-pakSa meM racA gyaa| isameM gRhasthopayogI saiddhAMtika bAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| sAtha meM kucha municaryA Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 5-saMgrAmasiMha sonI--yaha mAlavA ke sulatAna mahamUda khilajI ke samaya meM khajAMcI ke pada para kAryarata thaa| saMgrAmasiMha sonI zvetAmbara matAnuyAyI jaina (osavAla) thaa| mahamUda khilajI ke dvArA rANA kumbhA aura dakSiNa ke nijAma ke sAtha lar3e gaye yuddhoM meM saMgrAmasiMha sonI ne madada kI aura kIrti ajita kii| saMgrAmasiMha sonI kevala rAjanItika vyakti hI nahIM thA, varan vaha eka vidvAna bhI thaa| isane buddhisAgara nAmaka graMtha kI racanA bhI kI thii| isane eka hajAra svarNa mudrAe~ vyaya karake alaga-alaga sthAnoM para jJAna bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA kI thii| isako bAdazAha ne "nakda-ula-mulka" kI upAdhi dI thii| yaha vahI saMgrAmasiMha sonI hai jisane maksI pArzvanAtha tIrtha ke mandira kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| ___ isa samaya ke anya ullekhanIya jaina rAjyAdhikAriyoM meM maMDana ke vaMza kA megha gayAsuddIna khilajI kA maMtrI thaa| jise "phakra-ula-mulka" kI upAdhi prApta thii| isakA bhatIjA puMjarAja bhI ucca pada para thaa| yaha hinduA rAya vajIra kahalAtA thA aura bar3A vidvAna thaa| sana 1500 meM usane "sArasvata prakriyA" nAmaka vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thI aura usakI preraNA para Izvara sUri ne "lalitAMga carita' kI racanA kI thii| jIvaNazAha, gopAla Adi kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai| mAMDavagar3ha meM eka lAkha jaina gharoM kI AbAdI thI jisameM sAta lAkha jainI nivAsa karate the / aisI kiMvandatI hai ki yahA~ jaba bhI koI nayA jainadharmAvalambI rahane AtA to usako pratyeka ghara se eka svarNamudrA evaM eka IMTa dI jAtI thI jisase rahane ke liye makAna bana jAtA thA aura Ane vAlA lakhapati bana jAtA thaa| isI se mAMDava kI sampannatA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / - - vizeSa-mAlavA meM jainadharma ke vaibhava kI jhAMkI yahAM kevala sAra rUpa meM hI prastuta kI gaI hai| jaina kalA ko to lagabhaga isa lekha meM chor3a hI diyA hai| mAlavA kI jaina kalA aura jaina sAhitya tathA mAlavA ke jainAcArya para to svataMtra rUpa se zodha karane kI AvazyakatA hai| jainAcAryoM para yadi svataMtra rUpa se kArya kiyA jAtA hai to jaina sAhitya aura aneka jainAcAryoM ke lupta itihAsa kA prakaTIkaraNa sambhava hai| -saMpAdaka