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________________ 112 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vaha anya sabhI dravyoM ke paryAya parivartana meM nimitta kA kAraNa banakara kSamatA ko banAyA hai| kArya karatA hai| puna: yadi kAla dravya meM dhrauvyatva kA abhAva mAneMge to jainoM ke anusAra utsarpiNI kAla meM kramaza: vikAsa aura usakA dravyatva samApta ho jaayegaa| ata: use svatantra dravya mAnane para avasarpiNI kAla meM kramaza: patana hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki kAlacakra kA usameM utpAda-vyaya ke sAtha-sAtha dhrauvyatva bhI mAnanA hogaa| pravartana jaMbUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra Adi kucha vibhAgoM meM hI hotA hai| isa prakAra pA~ca astikAya dravyoM evaM eka anastikAya dravya kAlacakra kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt AtmA evaM pudgala dravya tathA unake ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM kAla kI carcA utsarpiNI pArasparika sambandha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| kAla aura avasarpiNI kAla ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| inameM pratyeka ke chaha-chaha vibhAga kiye jAte haiM, jinheM Are kahA jAtA hai| ye sandarbhachaha Are nimna haiM-1. suSamA-suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duSamA, 4. 1. See J.C. Sikdar, Concept of Matter in Jaina PhilosoduSamA-suSamA, 5. duSamA aura 6. dussmaa-dussmaa| utsarpiNI kAla meM phy,. P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5 inakA krama viparIta hotA hai| avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla milakara 2. uddhRta Jain Conceptions of Space and Time by Nagin eka kAlacakra pUrA hotA hai| jainoM kI kAlacakra kI yaha kalpanA bauddha J. Shah, p. 374, Ref. No. 6, Studies in Jainism, Deptt. aura hindU kAlacakra kI kalpanA se bhinna hai| kintu ina sabhI meM isa . of Philosophy, University of Poona, 1994. bAta ko lekara samAnatA hai ki ina sabhI meM kAlacakra ke vibhAjana kA 3. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-2, pR0 84,87. AdhAra sukha-duHkha evaM manuSya ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI 4. Studies in Jainism, Ed. M.P. Marathe, P. 69. mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA usake AtmA sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya- siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmAsambandhI sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya-sthApana Avazyaka hai| paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM ve isa tathya sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hA~, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna e.sI. mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self' evaM zrI vicArakoM meM AtmAsambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka esa.ke. saksenA ne apanI pustaka "Nature of Consciousness in bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra kiyA hai lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka "bhagavAna buddha" meM yadyapi use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu| kisI ke anusAra AtmA isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| ko) kartA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda- kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye- eka ora sambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura thA upaniSadoM kA sarva-AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora thA buddha kA zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDIya-vyavasthAoM anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina ko prastuta karate the| sambhavata: isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa|
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________________ mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTaya 113 ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva isa dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama- sakatA haisAhitya, jaina-Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha 1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda, tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda, ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, uparyukta sattoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI 6. vibhu AtmavAda, gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo 7. anAtmavAda, antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brhmvaad| detI hai| prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana pAli-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA kramaza: bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hue haiM, jo kAphI bahujanoM dvArA susammatare kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika vistRta haiM sAtha hI loka prasiddha haiN| ata: unakA vivecana prastuta siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svatantra sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho skaa| ata: usakA bhI vivecana ata: yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI isa nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna nindha naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyata: eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai? isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga mAne gaye haiM phira bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ata: unake Atma-darzana ko unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara skeN| anitya-AtmavAda merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai pratinidhitva ajitakezakambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai jainAgamoM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha haiM, sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phalauttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para vipAka nhiiN| yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai, jaba maratA hai taba (zarIra kI) pRthvI vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI bRhadAraNyaka haiM, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha hai... dAna yaha mUoM kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna para ucchinna ho jAte haiN...| AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda sakatA hai| kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana yA lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahA~ ukta sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| lekina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA saMketoM ke AdhAra para unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakezakambala naitika dhAraNA meM sukhavAdI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ata: hama yahA~ kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa deha-daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM adhyayana to svatantra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thaa| yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI to
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 114 use svayaM saMnyAsa - mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI kA sthAna honA thaa| hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura Atma- anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asatya ? sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thaa| vaha loka paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tattva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thaa| usakA yaha kahanA "yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM..." kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki ina sabhI kI zAzvat sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiN| vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM isa prakAra yaha to nirbhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma- zAnti evaM AsaktinAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA ) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thaa| bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAkTisa (535 I.pU.) bhI AlocanA kI thI athavA usake naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anitya vAdI hI thaa| usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapraNAza evaM akRta-karmabhoga ke doSa se yukta kahakara hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kii| anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma vipAka yA karma phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotA / ataH karma phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdarzoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA / sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thaa| kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI? ataH ajita ne yaza yAga evaM yuddha janita hiMsA se mAnavajAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogA | sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha tyAga aura deha- daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma-anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai-- Atma-sukha (Subjective Pleasure) kI - uplbdhi| sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha ( niSkriya) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai| ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNakazyapa the| pUrNakazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai- agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye-- corI kare- prANiyoM ko mAra DAle - paradAra gamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nahIM tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke mA~sa kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai-- dAna, dharma aura satya bhASaNa se koI puNya - prApti nahIM hotii| isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNakazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sakatA, yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka .
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________________ mahAvIrakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 115 virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isameM niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNakazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA the, vastuta: unakI Atma-akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA kiyA hai| sakatA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNakazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda makkhalIputra gozAlaka jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI thA- pUrNakazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka apanA liyA gayA thaa| kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga thA lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA 400 I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ata: nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI ki ye pUrNakazyapa ke Atma-akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko prApta karane ke liye usane niSkriya Atmakapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke ko niyativAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM hai| thaa| sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA prabuddha vyakti aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| thA, usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI AtmA sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone prakRti hI prakRti ko bA~dhatI hai| ata: zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI para usane pUrNakazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra pUrNakazyapa kA darzana kapila ke sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisakA darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI darzana kA pUrvavartI thaa| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAhya svarUpa mahAvIra kI Atma-akriyabAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya sAdhanA-paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahuMcI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ una bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullikhita kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| uparyukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| haiphira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma hetu ke binA- prANI apavitra hotA hai, heta ke binAakriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se prANI zuddha hote haiM- puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA- sarva upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| satva sarva prANI, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, avaza, durbala, nivIrya haiM, ve yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote haiMphira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI se bhraSTa rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva sktii| kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki abhAva meM naitikatA, kartavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvata: hotA rahatA hai| - isa prakAra Atma-akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| karatA? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra
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________________ 116 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| vartamAna yuga meM breDale ne kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoNge| ata: (Mystation and its duties) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM kartavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM cha: abhijAtiyoM (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara samanvaya hai| kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAgastotra meM ekAMta nitya abhijAtiyoM ke kartavya kA pAlana karate hue svata: vikAsa kI kramika AtmavAda aura ekAnta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte gati se Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA vistArabhaya se yahA~ nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtantrya par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA haikoI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA (1) nityatA- AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai svata: vikAsavAdI dhAraNAyeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| arthAt nitya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| nityakUTastha-sUkSma-AtmavAda (2) anityatA- AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai| AtmA ke buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate haiN| AtmA nitya aura kUTastha (akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM paryAya parivartana ke 'brahmajAlasutta' ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA- kAraNa anityatva kA guNa bhI rahatA hai| sAta padArtha kisI ke bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya haiM), ve to (3) kUTasthatA- svalakSaNa kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA avadhya kUTastha- acala haiN|- jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letaa| basa itanA hI (4) pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva- sabhI baddhAtmAe~ karmoM kI kartA aura samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa bhoktA haiN| yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se gayA hai| utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha (5-6) sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA- AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai| to thI hI sAtha hI sUkSma aura achedya bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa Atma-pradeza ghanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI hai| meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendriya jIvoM ke zarIra taka gItA meM use achedya, avadhya kahA gayA hai| ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| doSoM se pUrNa hai| ata: bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tatkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM varan vaha samanvaya mahAvIra kA AtmavAda isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAyeM yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara yahA~ Akara mila jAtI haiN| to hama unake cha: varga banA sakate haiM hemacandra isa samanvaya kI aucityatA ko eka sundara udAharaNa (1) anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda dvArA prastuta karate haiM(2) nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda guDo hi kapha hetuHsyAt nAgaraM pittakAraNama / (3) kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda bdayAtmani na doSosti guDanAgarabheSaje / / (4) pariNAmI AtmavAda yA kartA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda' jisa prakAra gur3a kapha janaka aura soMTha pitta janaka hai lekina (5) sUkSma AtmavAda donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rhte|| (6) vibhu AtmavAda (yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika brahmavAda banA hai) athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta hai, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kiye gaye isa mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM samanvaya meM ve sabhI apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiN| yahI
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________________ jaina darzana meM AtmA mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTaya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 3. (a) sUtrakRtAMga, prathama adhyayana, (ba) bhagavatI 1/9/5, zataka 15 (sa) uttarAdhyayana 14 / 18 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna yA unase kucha paravartI hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru " kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha hai| bRhadA. 2/ 15-17 8. gItA 3/27/ 2 /21, 8/17 aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAtasutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, dharmAnanda kauzambI, pR. 18 5. 6. jaina darzana AtmA yA jIva dravya ko astikAya varga ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| jIva dravya kA lakSaNa upayoga yA cetanA ko mAnA gayA hai| isIlie ise cetana dravya bhI kahA jAtA hai| upayoga yA cetanA ke do prakAroM kI carcA AgamoM meM milatI hai-nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upyog| ina donoM ko kramazaH darzana aura jJAna kahA jAtA hai| nirAkAra upayoga, vastu ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, darzana kahA jAtA hai aura sAkAra upayoga, ko vastu ke viziSTa svarUpa kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa, jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jIva dravya ke sandarbha meM jaina darzana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jIva dravya ko eka akhaNDa dravya na mAnakara aneka dravya mAnatA hai| usake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA hai aura vizva meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jIva astikAya, cetana, arUpI aura aneka dravya hai| jIva ko jaina darzana meM AtmA bhI kahA gayA hai ataH yahA~ AtmA ke sambandha meM kucha maulika praznoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA haiAtmA kA astitva jaina darzana meM jIva yA AtmA ko eka svatantra tattva yA dravya mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ taka hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prazna hai AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pahalI zarta Atma-vizvAsa hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke gaNadharavAda meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa 117 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyA~ vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAeM hai 2 (1) 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita 5 zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, jainoM kA lezyA - siddhAnta kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, (5) padma, (6) zukla (1) jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad vastu kI koI sArthaka saMjJA hI nahIM bntii| - (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirmantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) chAndogya upaniSad, 3 / 14 / 3 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5 / 6 / 1 kaThopaniSad 2/4/12 9. gItA 2/18-20. AtmA : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa - (2) jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI kisI vicArazIla sattA arthAt jIva kI sattA ko siddha kara detA hai / devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa (3) zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~' vahI to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai| yadi AtmA hI na ho to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~ yA nahIM? jo niSedha kara rahA hai vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tatva ke astitva kI anivAryatA hai jo usa vicAra kA AdhAra ho / binA adhiSThAna ke koI vicAra yA cintana sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA caahie| mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM- he gautama! yadi koI saMzayakartA hI nahIM hai to 'maiM hU~' yA 'nahIM hU~' yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai? tuma svayaM apane hI viSaya meM sandeha kaise kara sakate ho, phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA ? kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, ve saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| vastutaH jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM / AtmA svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiM sukha-duHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai / 4 AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra bhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| 4 AtmA ke .