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________________ Jain Edu badrIprasAda paMcolI ema0 e0 (hindI, saMskRta ) sAhityaratna mahAvIra dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya aura usakI paramparA svataMtratA, samatA aura bhrAtRtva para AdhArita gaNataMtra ko Adhunika saMsAra ne sabase adhika vikasita tathA janakalyANakArI vyavasthA ghoSita kiyA hai. isa prakAra kI vyavasthA kA parIkSaNa prAcIna bhArata meM ho cukA hai. varddhamAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ke samaya bhArata meM aneka gaNarAjya the jinake viSaya meM jaina aura bauddha sAhitya se paryApta sUcanA milatI hai. avadAnazataka meM gaNAdhIna va rAjAdhInarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai. AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI rAjArahita gaNazAsita rAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai. isI kAla kI anya racanA pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI bhI gaNazAsana ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa sUcanA detI hai. mahAbhArata meM gaNarAjyoM ko naSTa karane vAle pArasparika phUTa Adi doSoM kA bar3e vistAra se varNana milatA hai. sAre bhAratIya sAhitya meM prApta isI taraha ke ullekhoM kA adhyayana karane se gaNarAjyoM kI eka sudRr3ha va vikasita paramparA kA patA calatA hai jisako mahAvIra svAmI va mahAtmA buddha kI mahattvapUrNa dena hai. 2 Arya jAti ke prAcInatama vaidika granthoM se gaNajIvana ke vikAsa ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa sUcanA milatI hai. Rgveda meM gaNa, gaNapati Adi hI nahIM, janarAjJa zabda bhI prayukta huA hai. sAMmanasya sUkta meM svataMtra sahajIvana ke vikAsa kI ra saMketa kiyA gayA hai jise vizvavyavasthA kA AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai. svarAjya sUkta se prajAtAMtrika vyavasthA ke viSaya meM vyApaka jAnakArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai. isa sUkta ke RSi rAhugaNa gotama haiM. RSivAcI zabda sadaiva hI vaidikamaMtroM ke arthajJAna kI kuMjI hotA hai. rAhugaNa gotama nAma bhI isI taraha isa sUkta ke artha para prakAza DAlatA hai. raha (tyAga karanA) dhAtu se 'ra' zabda niSpanna hai jisakA artha hai tyAgI, dAnI, AtmatyAdiyoM meM zreSTha gine jAne vAle vyaktiyoM kA gaNa yA samUha (rAhugaNa ) hI svarAjya kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai. yahI nahIM, svarAjya ke nirmAtA gautamavedoM meM zreSTha bhI hote haiM. yajurveda meM na kevala rASTra ke jAgarUka va Adarza nAgarika banane kI bhAvanA ke hI darzana hote haiM, varan prajAtaMtra ko zatrunAzaka bhI kahA gayA hai 1. keciddezA gaNAdhInAH kecidrAjAdhInAH - avadAnazataka 2/103. 2. AcArAMga sUtra 1 / 3 / 160. 3. mahAbhArata zAnti parva- rAjadharmaprakaraNa. 4. Rgveda 1874, 3/35 6, 5/61 / 13, 7/581, 2.23/1 Adi. 5. Rgveda 2 231, 10/1126. 6. Rgveda 11531. 7. Rgveda 10/61. 8. Rgveda 1180. 6. vayaM rASTra jAgRyAmaH purohitAH - yajurveda 8|23. Ponate & Fel cals of elibrary.org
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________________ badrIprasAda paMcolI : mahAvIra dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya aura usakI paramparA : 647 svarADasi sapatnahA satrarADasi abhimAtihA janarADasi rakSohA sarvarADasi amitrahA.' atharvaveda meM zAsaka ke varaNa va abhiSeka samaya kI maryAdAoM kA ullekha milatA hai. brahmagavI va brahmajAyA ke nAma se rAjya kI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jinheM prajA kI sAmUhika bhAvanAyeM rAjya meM nikSipta karatI haiM. pRthivIsUkta meM satya, Rta, dIkSA, tapa, brahma, yaja aura bRhat rASTra ke AdhArabhUta tattva kahA gayA hai. vaidika rAjyavyavasthA kA varNana karanA yahA~ abhISTa nahIM hai, kevala itanA svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki gaNavyavasthA kA Adarza bhI bhAratIyoM ko vedoM se milA hai. Rgveda meM do prakAra ke gaNoM kA varNana milatA hai. jinameM eka hai RbhuoM kA gaNa aura dUsarA marutoM kA gaNa. prathama sArasvatagaNa (Educational Republics) hai aura dUsarA sainika gaNa. marut devatAoM meM vaizyavarNa ke kahe gaye haiM ata : inakA gaNa sainika gaNa hote hue bhI kRSi va gopAlana kI samRddhi para nirbhara kahA jA sakatA hai. ye donoM prakAra ke devagaNa bhAratIya gaNarAjyoM ke preraNAsrota kahe jA sakate haiM. RbhugaNa sundhavA ke putra Rbhu, vibhu aura vAja kA hai. inakA vistRta vivecana svataMtra nibandha kA viSaya hai. isa viSaya meM jJAtavya saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiM-'Rbhu pahale manuSya the bAda ko Rta kA Azraya lekara unhoMne devatva prApta kiyA. Rta kI sAdhanA RbhugaNa kA Adarza hai." devatva sadA se manuSyoM kA lakSya rahA hai. RbhuoM ne RtasAdhanA dvArA devatva prApta kiyA thA. Rta kI sAdhanA ke liye paita-bhAvanA Avazyaka hai. sAdhaka, siddha va sAdhya kA zrata prAcIna graMthoM meM aneka prakAra se ullikhita hai. RbhutrayI meM vAja hai sAdhaka, vibhu siddha aura Rbhutva sAdhya. zikSaNavyavasthA meM vAja kA sambandha vidyArthI se hai. vidyArjana vAjapeya (vAja ko peya banAnA yA pInA) yajJa tathA vidyAprApta snAtaka ko vAjapeyI kahA jAtA hai. vibhu guru hai aura Rbhutva prApta karane vAlA Rbhu kahA jAtA hai. vidyArjana kI prakriyA ko nema (adhUre jJAna vAlA) kA bhArgava (tejasvI, jJAnasampanna) ho jAnA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai. isa viSaya meM nemabhArgavaRSidRSTa Rgveda kA sUkta vicAraNIya hai. sAmUhika dRSTi se vAja, vibhu aura Rbhu kA eka gaNa banatA hai. RbhugaNa dvArA sarvadughA go kA nirmANa, eka camasa ke cAra camasa kara denA Adi bAtoM ko yahA~ aprAsaMgika samajha kara chor3a diyA jAtA hai. RbhuvoM ke gaNa ke Adarza para Rta kI sAdhanA ke kendra zikSA-AzramoM kA vikAsa huA thA jinheM sArasvatagaNarAjya' kahA jA sakatA hai. sikandara ke samaya kaThoM kA gaNa vArtAkRSi-upajIvI saMgha thA. yuddhakAla meM sikandara kA sAmanA karane ke liye yaha AyudhajIvIsaMgha bana gayA thA / isakA prArambha sArasvata gaNa ke rUpa meM huA thA jisameM yajurveda kI kAThakasaMhitA kA pravacana hotA thA. kAThakasaMhitA va kaThopaniSad isa gaNa kI cintanaparamparA ke avazeSa haiM. naimiSAraNya ke RSigaNa kI smRti dhArmika kathAoM meM banI huI hai. bAdarAyaNa vyAsa ke vizAla purANa-sAhitya ko surakSita banAye rakhane kA zreya isI gaNa ko haiM, jisake 88hajAra RSi AraNyakajIvana bitAte hue sAhitya va dharma kI carcA meM samaya bitAyA karate the. prApya prAcIna 1. yajurveda 5/24. 2. atharvaveda 518. 3. atharvaveda 5117. 4. atharvaveda 12 / 11. 5. Rgveda 413521. 6. Rgveda 316013, 326011, 41358, 4/3313, 4353, za11014. 7. Rtena bhAnti iti RbhavaH-yAska, nirukta 11 / 2 / 3, Rgveda 4/34/2. 8. Rgveda 8/100 hai. Rgveda 413318,434/8, 4136/4. 10. Rgveda 41352,5,4/36/4. 11. sArasvata gaNarAjyoM ke liye draSTavya lekhaka kA 'prAcIna bhArata ke sArasvata gaNataMtra' nAmaka nibandha 'tripathagA varSa 7 aMka 11. JainEdelione rearersmaro www.jainellorary.org
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________________ Jain Educ 648 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti grantha : tRtIya adhyAya bhAratIya sAhitya kA rakSaNa bhI aise hI gaNoM meM huA hai. dakSiNa meM 'saMghama' paramparA dvArA tamila sAhitya kI abhivRddhi huI hai. ye bhI sArasvatagaNa hI kahe jA sakate haiM. rAjya ke Avazyaka aMga prabhusattA saMbhUyabhAvanA (Civic Sense ) aura taMtra ( vyavasthA ) ke darzana ina zaikSaNika saMsthAoM meM hote haiM. isIlie inheM gaNarAjya kahanA upayukta hai. takSazilA, nAlandA Adi prasiddha vidyA kendra bhI gaNatAMtrika Adarza para saMghaTita hue the. bhArata ke pazcimI dvAra kI argalA khola kara AkrAntA sikandara kA svAgata karane vAlA AmbhIka takSazilA ke vidrohI AcArya cANakya yA candraguptAdi chAtroM ko, jo pratyakSa rUpa meM gAndhAranareza kI nIti kA virodha kara rahe the, pakar3a nahIM sakatA thA. duSyanta vaikhAnasoM se yaha sUcanA milane para AzramamRgo'yaM rAjan ! na hantavyo na hantavyaH AkheTa se uparata hokara Azrama kI prabhusattA ke sammAna meM ratha se utara gayA thA. rAjyoM meM rAjA svayaM vidvatsabhAoM kI yojanA karate the jinheM prabhusattA ke abhAva ke kAraNa svAyattasaMsthA hI kahA jA sakatA hai, gaNarAjya nahIM. Rgveda meM marutoM ke devagaNa kA vistAra se ullekha milatA hai. marutoM kI saMkhyA 46 hai. yajurveda meM inake nAma bhI milate hai ye saba eka hI pitA rudra ke putra haiM bAe~ inakI prabhUta samRddhi kI yotaka hai. ataH inako 'pRznimAtaraH " yA gomAtaraH * vizeSaNa bhI diye gae haiM. ye saba bhAI haiM, na inameM koI jyeSTha hai na kaniSTha. ye saba samAna vicAra vAle haiM aura eka hI taraha se inakA poSaNa huA hai. inakI paitRkaparamparA [ yoni ] va nIDa bhI samAna haiM. 5 ve uttama patniyoM vAle (bhadrajAnayaH ) 6 haiM, pratibhAzAlI haiM svayaMdIpta haiM, rathoM para calate haiM 1 aparimita zakti se sampanna haiM " " aura baccoM kI taraha 0 krIDAlu haiM, marutoM kA eka anya vizeSaNa sindhumAtaraH 13 hai. 12 marutoM kA kArya vahI hai jo devarAja indra, agraNI agni yA samrAT varuNa kA hai. marutoM ke kArya indriya [indra ke] 14 va indra ke kArya marutoM ke [ marutvatI ] 15 kahe gae haiM. marut divyagAyaka haiM apane gAna dvArA hI ve parvatoM kA bhedana karate haiM" aura indra kI zatruvijaya kI sAmarthya bar3hA dete haiM. purANoM se patA calatA hai ki indra aura marut eka dUsare ke virodhI bhI rahe haiM. Rgveda ke eka maMtra se isa vaimanasya kI sUcanA milatI hai. taittirIya brAhmaNa ke anusAra marutoM 1. yajurveda 1780-85. 2. Rgveda 8202, 5/57 1 5/52/16, 5 60 5. 3. Rgveda 557 2, 356/6 185/2, 1123/10, 7, 87 3 6 3415. 4. Rgveda 1853, 5. Rgveda 5566, 5 60 5. 6. Rgveda 8/2011. 7. Rgveda 7/5811. 8. Rgveda 1 / 165/1, 7/56 1. 6. Rgveda 561/4. 10. Rgveda 1881, 5/571, 11. Rgveda 5582, 1/167/6. 12. Rgveda 1 / 166/2, 756/16. 13. Rgveda 10/78 6. 14. Rgveda 185/2. 15. Rgveda 11804. 16. Rgveda 56018 7 356 557 5. 17. Rgveda 185/10. 18. Rgveda 5/3016, 185/25 26 2 1 265/11 1 100 10. 19. Rgveda 1170 2. www.jamendrary.org
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________________ badrIprasAda paMcolI : mahAvIra dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya aura usakI paramparA : 646 ne indra kA sAtha chor3a diyA thA, parantu indra ko Rgveda meM pradhAna mAnA gayA hai.2 vaha sammAnanIya hai aura marudgaNa usake putra ke samAna haiM. marutoM ke devagaNa ke saMkSipta varNana se nimna niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiM : (1) samAna kula-paramparA, paitRka saMbaMdha Adi ke dvArA gaNa meM ekatA banI raha sakatI hai. (2) sabako eka sUtra meM bAMdhane vAlI vastu dhana-samRddhi hai. dravyAdi kA samAna vitaraNa, pazudhana ke prati pUjyabhAva ekatA ke anya kAraNa haiM. (3) mAtRbhUmi kA prema ekatA ko janma detA hai. maruta eka hI sindhu-siMcita bhUmi kI santAna (sindhumAtaraH) kahe (4) gaNapramukhoM tathA gaNasadasyoM meM koI bar3A-choTA nahIM hotA, unameM vicAra vaibhinya nahIM hotA, sabako santati ke vikAsa ke samAna sAdhana upalabdha hote haiM. (5) gaNasadasyoM kI patniyA~ uttama va sahakarmiNI hotI haiM. krIr3A, utsava Adi kI samyak vyavasthA bhI ekatA kA kAraNa hai. (6) rAjA ke hote hue bhI gaNoM kI sattA raha sakatI hai. ve apanI zakti va ekatA ke svara se rAjA kI sAmarthya ko zataguNita kara diyA karate haiM. mahAmAtya cANakya ne saMghalAbha ko rAjA ke liye sarvottama lAbha mAnA hai.5 / / (7) gaNoM se samrATa kA vaimanasya bhI ho sakatA hai, parantu gaNa rAjA ke putra ke samAna haiM. rAjA ko unheM naSTa karane kA prayatna nahIM karanA cAhie. bhArata meM gaNoM kA vikAsa inhIM mAnyatAoM ko lekara huA thA. mahAbhAratayuddha ke pahale taka bhArata meM gaNarAjya va rAjataMtra sAtha-sAtha panapa rahe the. ugrasena ke rAjya meM andhaka va vRSNi gaNa rAjya apanA svataMtra astitva rakhate the. bhArata meM dharma ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai jisake prati rAjA va gaNa donoM hI uttaradAyI haiM. isa prakAra yahA~ na rAjA hI niraMkuza the aura na gaNataMtra hI. rAjA dharma aura prajA ke prati isa sImA taka uttaradAyI thA ki use sabase adhika parAdhIna vyakti kahA jA sakatA hai. isI taraha gaNataMtra itane svataMtra the ki vaha svataMtratA hI bandhana bana kara unheM saMyata banA diyA karatI thI. mahAbhArata yuddha ke bAda bhArata meM jisa yuga kA prAraMbha huA, usameM saMghazakti kI pradhAnatA (saMghe zaktiH kalau yuge) svIkAra kI gaI hai. saca to yaha hai ki bhArata kA kaliyuga kA 5 hajAra varSoM kA itihAsa saMghazakti ke utthAna, patana va punarutthAna kA itihAsa kahA jA sakatA hai. prabala va samartha rAjyoM ke vikAsa ke bAda gaNajIvana kI ora abhiruci kA eka kAraNa mahAbhArata ke bhISaNa yuddha meM bhArata ke pratiSThita rAjaparivAroM kA naSTa ho jAnA bhI hai. isake pahale bhI rAjataMtra ke sAtha panapane vAle gaNataMtroM ke pAsa rAjya ke pAribhASika sabhI adhikAra the, parantu mahAbhArata ke bAda ye gaNasaMsthAe~ rAjya ke sthAnApanna hokara vikasita huI aura unakI suvyavasthA va sAmarthya kA pramANa isa bAta se milatA hai ki mahAbhAratapUrva bhArata para AkramaNa karane vAle kAlayavana ke bAda sikandara ke samaya taka bhArata para AkramaNa karane kA dussAhasa koI videzI AkrAntA na kara sakA. 1. tattirIyabrAhmaNa 217/111. 2. Rgveda 1238. 3. Rgveda110015. 4. Rgveda 10 / 786. 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra 111111. Jain Education in ate&Rerson Maanelibrass.org
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________________ 650 muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM pUrva ke kucha gaNarAjyoM ke viSaya meM vistRta sUcanA milatI hai. zeSa sAre bhArata meM phaile hue gaNarAjyoM aura unake kAryoM ke prati bhAratIya sAhitya mauna hai. kevala kahIM-kahIM unake nAma mAtra mila jAte haiM. mahAbhASya meM eka sthAna para kSudrakoM kI mahattvapUrNa vijaya kI ora maharSi pataMjali ne saMketa kiyA hai. saMbhavataH yaha vijaya kSudrakamAlavoM kI saMyukta senA ne sikandara para prApta kI ho jisakA ullekha kucha itihAsakAroM ne kiyA hai. AraTTa (vAhIka), kSudraka, mAlava, vATadhAna, AbhIra, aparItI (apharIdI), carmakhaNDika (samarakanda), kaTha, gAndhAra, sindhu, sauvIra, brAhmaNa-rAjya, madra, tuSAra, darda, paktha, hArahaNa, zaka, kekaya, dazamAnika (dazanAmI), kAmboja, dazeraka, uluta, tomara, haMsamArga, zivi, vasAti, urasA, ambaSTha, yaudheya, malla, zAkya, licchivi Adi uttarI bhArata ke prAcIna gaNarAjyoM ke nAma haiM. varddhamAna mahAvIra aura gautama buddha ke samaya inameM se kaI gaNarAjya bar3e hI prabala the, parantu sAmAnyatayA yaha kAla gaNarAjyoM ke hrAsa kA thA. janapadoM meM rAjatantra zaktimAn ho rahe the. magadha ke rAjya se AtaMkita hokara usake sImAvartI kaI gaNarAjyoM ne mila kara vajjisaMgha kI sthApanA kI thI jisakI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thI. isa saMgha kI prabalatA kA pramANa yaha hai ki tatkAlIna rAjA saMgha ke vibhinna gaNoM meM vivAha karake unakI mitratA ke AkAMkSI the. vatsarAja udayana vaidehiputra kahA gayA hai. bimbasAra kI rAnI vAsavI bhI videhakumArI thI. zAkya zuddhodana kI mAyA aura mahAmAyA nAmaka striyA~ licchivi thIM. kozalarAja prasenajita kI patnI zAkya kanyA thI. mahAtmA buddha ne licchiviyoM ke caritrabala, pArasparika-sammAnabhAva, bhrAtRtva, zAlInatA, zaktimattA, dharmaparipAlana, nivilAsitA, niralasatA Adi guNoM kI prabhUta prazaMsA kI hai. parantu sAre gaNa aise nahIM the, unameM gaNasadasyoM meM mithyAbhimAna, jAtIyagurutA kI bhAvanA, vilAsitA, Alasya, caritrahInatA Adi durguNa samAviSTa ho rahe the. yahI kAraNa thA ki eka eka karake samasta gaNarAjya samApta ho rahe the. mahAtmA buddha va mahAvIra svAmI ne jina naitika AndolanoM kA samArambha kiyA, ve mAnavamAva ke liye the. ataeva unake liye gaNajIvana hI uttama mAnA jA sakatA thA. ina donoM hI mahApuruSoM ne eka ora to gaNoM ke durguNoM kI nindA kI hai aura dUsarI ora apane saMghoM kI sthApanA karake AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya-paramparA kI nIMva DAlI hai. AdhyAtmika-gaNarAjyaparamparA ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM buddha va mahAvIra kA yogadAna maulika va yugAntarakArI rahA hai. varddhamAna mahAvIra kazyapa gotrIya jJAtRka kSatriya kula ke the. unheM 'sarvoccajina mahAvIra jJAtRputra' kahA gayA hai. jJAtRka vajjisaMgha ke aSTakuloM (aTThakula) meM pramukha gine jAte the. inakI mAtA licchivi vaMza kI thI. mahAvIra ko saMghaparamparA kA jJAna apane parivAra meM hI ho gayA hogA. ataH kaThora tapasyA ke bAda arhattva prApta karake unhoMne apane anuyAyiyoM ko 'saMgha' ke rUpa se prabodhita kiyA. ataeva unako buddha ke samaya meM hI saMghI, gaNI, gaNAcArya Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA.5 kadAcit prArambha meM aise dharmasaMghoM kA virodha huA ho, dhammapada se isa prakAra kI sUcanA milatI hai. arhatAM zAsanaM yastu prAryANAM dharmajovinAm , pratikrozati durmedhAH dRSTiM nizcitya pApikAm / / vaidika samAja kI nIMva zrama-yajJa para AdhArita hai, jisakA rUpa Azrama-vyavasthA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA. zrama ko 1. ekAkibhiH kSudrakerjitam . aSTAdhyAyI sUtra 5 / 3 / 52 para pAtaMjalamahAbhASya. 2. DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-hindUsabhyatA pR0 284-85. 3. prAcIna pustaka mAlA 222266. 4. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 1111527. 5. DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-hindU sabhyatA 232, 6. dhammapada 12.8. . . . OOD . . .... DO.COOT .. ... TOON H Jain Educ.C O . TO........................ .......................................... org
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________________ badrIprasAda paMcolI : mahAvIra dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya aura usakI paramparA : 351 devatva, amaratva tathA indrapada kA sAdhaka mAnA gayA hai.' jisake vinA devatA bhI sahAyatA nahIM karate.2 usakI gaNanA Rta, satya tathA tapa jaisI AdhyAtmika vibhUtiyoM aura rAjya, dharma aura karma jaisI pArthiva zaktiyoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai. AzramavyavasthA kA hrAsa hone para zrama ko jIvana meM punaH pratiSThita karane ke liye zramaNavAda kA udaya huA. vyAvahArika jIvana meM zrama mAnavatAvAda ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai. vyAvahArika jIvana kI isa zrama-sAdhanA ko jaina granthoM meM tapa kA mArga kahA gayA hai. yahI zramasAdhanA sUkSma zarIra meM jAgRta hokara mokSa sAdhikA banatI hai. bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane saMgha ke cAra varga niyata kiye the--muni, AryikAgaNa, zrAvaka tathA zrAvikAe~, inameM antima do meM jaina zAsana ke anuyAyI aise gRhastha strI-puruSa gine jAte haiM jo kevala vyAvahArika jIvana meM zrama kI pratiSThA ke anurAgI hoM. prathama do, ve haiM jo vItarAgajIvana grahaNa karake zrama ke vyAvahArika rUpa kI pratiSThA 'zama' meM kareM, mahAvIra kI taraha buddha kA dhyeya bhI 'zrama' kI pratiSThA 'zama' meM karanA hI rahA hai. zamayitA hi pApAnAM zramaNa iti kathyate.5 zrama ko zama se bhinna mAna kara jIvana-yApana karane vAle logoM ko mahAvIra ne 'mithyAdRSTi anAryazramaNa' kahA hai. zrama ke prati buddha aura mahAvIra kA yaha dRSTikoNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM meM nitAnta dUradarzitApUrNa thA. usa samaya bhAratavarSa meM gaNavyavasthA kA patana ho rahA thA aura bhArata ke par3osa meM phArasa meM vizAla sAmrAjya janma le rahA thA. kisI bhI kSaNa sAmrAjyavAdI dRSTi sampUrNa bhArata ko AtmasAt kara sakatI thI. kendrIya zakti ke abhAva meM pArasparika phUTa, vilAsitA aura Alasya se jarjarita gaNa apanI rakSA meM samartha nahIM ho sakate the. ata: samAja ke kalyANa ko apanI dAyAdya mAnane vAle brAhmaNa bikharI huI zaktiyoM ko rAjatantra dvArA kendrita karane kA prayatna karane lage aura dUsarI ora zramaNa (zramajIvI) zrama ko hI tantra (vyavasthA) kA AdhAra mAna kara gaNabhakti chor3a na sake. brAhmaNa 'somo'smAkaM brAhmaNAnAM rAjA' kA udghoSa karate hue svayaM svatantra rahakara kevala 'viz' (sAdhAraNa prajA) ke liye rAjA kI vyavasthA dete the. ataH nitAnta svatantratA ke abhilASI logoM ko isameM brAhmaNoM ko svArthasiddhi dikhAI dI aura isa prakAra donoM vicAradhArAoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke bIca bhI khAI bar3hatI gaI. yaha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA zAzvata virodha videzI AkrAntAoM ko nimaMtrita kara sakatA thA. sacamuca hI eka bAra phArasI sAmrAjya kI sImA sindhu taka A pahu~cI thI. buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne hI isa virodha ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA. unhoMne zramaNatva aura brAhmaNatva ko abhinna mAnA hai. mahAvIra ne kahA hai : 'jo aise dAnta, mokSayogya aura kAyAvyutsRSTa (mamatAtyAgI) haiM, unheM brAhmaNa kaha sakate haiM, zramaNa, bhikSu yA nirgrantha bhI kaha sakate hai. isa prakAra ina donoM hI yugadarzI mahApuruSoM ne sAmAjika kSetra meM zrama ke prati jisa navIna dRSTikoNa ko upasthita kiyA vaha rASTra rakSA kI dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa thA. 1. Rgveda 316012, 141103, 316013, 1411004. 2. Rgveda 4 / 34/4. 3. atharvaveda 1zahA17, 8186. 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra-adhyAya 13. 5. dhammapada 20110. 6. sUtra kRtAMgasUtra sh11|36. 7. yeSAM virodhaH zAzvatikaH ityasyAvakAzaH zramaNa brAhmaNam. pAtaMjala mahAbhASya 24 / 6. 8. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 1111 / 36. MERO Jain E i srary.org
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________________ 652 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya vaidika pratIka-yajJa isa samaya nirarthaka kriyAkalApa mAtra raha gae the. unakI sAmAjika upayogitA nagaNyaprAya thI. jisa prakAra ke yajJa kI jIvanapratiSThA vAMchita thI vaha mahAvIra ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai : 'tapa Aga hai, jIva jyotisthAna (vedI) hai, yoga juvA hai, zarIra sUkhA gobara hai (kArisaMga), karma IMdhana hai, saMyama kI pravRtti zAntipATha hai. aisA homa maiM karatA hU~. RSiyoM ke liye yahI homa prazasta hai.' isa navIna jIvana-darzana aura navIna sAmAjika dRSTikoNa ko lekara mahAvIra ne apane anuyAyiyoM ko saMgaThita kiyA. zrama, cAhe vaha kisI bhI prakAra kA ho, samAna mahattva rakhatA hai isalie usake AdhAra para samAja meM pracalita U~canIca kI bhAvanA ko unhoMne tyAjya ThaharAyA. unhoMne kahA-"Na vi deho vandijjai, Na vi ya kulo Na vi ya jAisaMjutto2-arthAt deha vandanIya nahIM hotA, kula aura jAti bhI vandanIya nahIM hote." pArasparika sAmya para AdhArita mahAvIra kA saMgha gaNaparamparA para AdhArita thA. bauddha piTakoM meM bauddhasaMgha kI sabhA va usakI kAryapraNAlI kA svarUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai. ThIka usI taraha jJapti, anuzrAvaNa aura dhAraNA dvArA sammatigrahaNa, chandagrahaNa Adi kA nirvAha jainasaMgha kI sabhAoM meM bhI hotA thA. bauddhasaMgha meM sthavira va sthavirAe~ hI bhAga le sakate the, parantu jaina saMgha meM muni va AryikAoM ke atirikta sadgRhasthadampatI bhI bhAga le sakate the. ata: ise adhika udArabhAvanA para saMgaThita kahA jA sakatA hai. bauddhasaMgha ke bhArata se lupta ho jAne para bhI jainasaMgha ke bane rahane kA kAraNa usakA sArvajanika grAhya rUpa hI hai. isa saMgha kI sthApanA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke do uddezya the. pahalA-samakAlIna gaNataMtroM ke samakSa zrama kI pratiSThA para AdhArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya kA svarUpa upasthita karanA, tathA dUsarA zramaNa-brAhmaNa-bheda ko dUra kara, zrama kA paryavasAna 'zama' meM karane kI preraNA dekara mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa kA prasAra karanA. saMgha ko jaina logoM ne guNoM kA krIDAsadana, parAsphUrtipradAna karane vAlA tathA pApahArI" kahA hai. isase prakaTa hai ki jainasamAja meM bhI saMghabhAvanA kA mahattva bauddhasamAja se kama nahIM thA. prAcIna bhArata ke gaNataMtroM kA vikAsa kSetrIya suvidhAoM para AdhArita thA, parantu mahAvIra svAmI dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya meM sampUrNa bhArata ko hI nahIM, mAnava mAtra ko saMgaThita karane kI saMbhAvanA vidyamAna thI. ataH apane samaya meM yaha yugAntarakArI prayatna thA. samakAlIna gaNarAjyoM ne mahAvIra kI AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya sambandhI vicAradhArA ko apanA liyA. licchiviyoM kA to yaha rAjapoSita dharma bana gayA. licchiviyoM meM sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI ceTaka mahAvIra ke mAmA the. ceTaka kI putrI cellanA bimbasAra ko, prabhAvatI sindhu sauvIra ke rAjA udAyaNa ko, padmAvatI campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana ko, mRgAvatI kauzAmbI ke zatAnIka ko, zivA avantI ke rAjA caNDapradyota ko byAhI gaI thIM. ina sambandhoM se jainadharma kA vyApaka pracAra huA. mahAvIra ke vyApaka prabhAva kI sUcanA isa bAta se milatI hai ki unake nirvANa ke samaya kAzI aura kauzala ke 18 gaNarAjyoM, 6 mallakoM aura 6 licchiviyoM ne milakara prakAzotsava kiyA thA. mahAvIra ko mallarAjA zastipAla ke prAsAda meM nirvANa prApta huA. isase malloM para bhI unakA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai. 1. tavo joI jIvo joiThANaM, jogA suyA sarIraM kArisaMgaM / kammehA saM jamajoga santI, homaM huNAmi isiNa pasatya / uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12 / 43. 2. darzanapAhui 27. 3. somaprabhAcArya viracita sUktimuktAvalI, zlokasaMkhyA 23. 4. upayukta zloka 22. 5. upayukta zloka 23. 6. hindUsabhyatA DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-hindI anuvAda pR0 228. 7. bhagavatI sUtra 46. 8. DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-hindUsabhyatA pR0 226. hwwwjanellorary.org
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________________ badrIprasAda paMcolI: mahAvIra dvArA pracArita AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya aura usakI paramparA : 653 mahAvIra ne apane jIvanakAla meM hI jaina-zAsana ko adhika loka priya banAne ke lie apane pramukha 11 ziSyoM ko gaNadhara niyukta kiyA. ye jaina-zAsana ke sarvocca vyAkhyAtA the. inhoMne 6 gaNoM ko jainazAsana kA upadeza diyA. ina 11 gaNadharoM tathA mahAvIra svAmI kI vANI kA saMkalana siddhAnta kahalAtA hai. mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke uparAnta jainasaMgha ke pramukha sudharmA bane. inake bAda jambU svAmI gaNapramukha bane. 3 gaNapramukha aura hue. lagabhaga 150 varSoM ke sudIrgha kAla meM jaina saMgha meM koI ullekhanIya ghaTanA nahIM huI. antima nandarAjA ke samaya jainasaMgha ke do pramukha sambhUtivijaya aura bhadrabAhu hue. ina donoM ne jaina siddhAntoM kA saMkalana kiyA. jainasaMgha kI prArambhika saphalatA kA kAraNa samakAlIna gaNarAjyoM meM panapane vAlI gaNabhAvanA to thI hI, sAtha hI jaina AcAryoM kA udAra va udAtta vyaktitva bhI thA. naitikatA para Azrita gaNavyavasthA adhika se adhikatara rucikara hotI gaI thI. kAlAntara meM jainasaMgha kA kAryakSetra to bar3hatA gayA parantu sevAbhAvI, udAttavyaktitva vAle AcAryoM kI saMkhyA kama hotI gaI. saMghabheda ke kAraNa vibhinna sampradAyoM meM spardhA bar3hatI gaI aura pracArakArya kama ho gayA. gaNarAjya samApta ho gae. maurya va gupta zAsakoM ke yuga meM rAjatantra kI saphalatA dekha kara gaNoM para se lokavizvAsa uThatA gayA. jainasaMgha ke logoM meM uddezya gauNa ho gayA. jisa mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ko lekara AdhyAtmikagaNa kI sthApanA mahAvIra ne kI thI, usI dRTTikoNa se parivartita rUpa meM vikasita hone vAle brAhmaNadharma se sahayoga karane ko jainasaMgha taiyAra na thA. yadyapi hemacandra jaise udAra vicAraka arhat, ziva, buddha, brahma va viSNu meM abheda darzana karate the. jinaprabhasUri jaise vidvAn 'gAyatrIrahasya' jaise bhASya likhate the, Adijina kI pUjA ke lie vaidikamaMtra grahaNa kiye jA rahe the. sarasvatI kI zrutadevI ke nAma se upAsanA kI jA rahI thI, parantu pArasparika spardhA kaTutA meM badalatI jA rahI thI. pahale zrAvaka ke rUpa meM koI bhI jainamandira meM jA sakatA thA, parantu aba brAhmaNa-dharmAvalambI 'na gacchet jainamandiram' kA nArA bulanda karane lage. ina saba bAtoM ko jainasaMgha kI avanati ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai. Adhunika kAla meM bhI janasaMgha vibhAjita hai. aba jaina vidvAn apane Apako ahindU kahane meM garva anubhava karate haiM. pichalI janagaNanA meM jainoM ko hinduoM se pRthak likhA gayA hai. mahAvIra ke tapomArga tathA AryamArga ko kinhIM anAryaparamparAoM kA avazeSa siddha kiyA jA rahA hai. mahAvIra Aryadarzana se dUra rahane vAle anAryoM kI nindA karate the, zramaNa, brAhmaNa, bhikSu yA nirgrantha meM koI bheda nahIM mAnate the.5 unhoMne apane mArga ko satpuruSa AryoM dvArA pUrva vyAkhyAta kahA hai.6 kintu vidvAn pArasparika kaTutA ko janma dene vAlI bhedakArI nIti se kaba paricita hoMge kahA nahIM jA sakatA. mahAvIra dvArA pracArita paramparA ko 'panapI aura avagati ko prApta huI' itanA hI mahattva nahIM hai. usase vigata do sahasrAbdiyoM ke bhArata ke sabase bar3e lokanAyaka AcArya zaMkara ne preraNA lekara, sAre bhArata kI eka ikAI ke rUpa meM kalpanA karake AdhyAtmika gaNarAjya kI bhAvanA ko aura Age bar3hAyA. unhoMne bhArata ke cAroM konoM meM cAra maThoM kI sthApanA karake dhArmika dRSTi se bhArata kA saMgaThana kiyA. thothe matoM ko ukhAr3a pheMkA. AcArya zaMkara ke ina prayatnoM kA hI phala thA ki eka sahasrAbda ke videzI zAsana meM bhI bhArata ne sAMskRtika dRSTi se kisI na kisI rUpa meM apane gaurava ko surakSita banAe rakkhA. dIvAroM meM cuna jAne vAle, zikhA ke pahale zira kaTA dene vAle vIroM ko sphUrti pradAna karane kA zreya zaMkarAcArya kI dhArmika gaNaparamparA ko hai, aura isIlie isakA zreya apratyakSa rUpa se mahAvIra svAmI ko bhI prApta hai. svatantra bhAratIya gaNarAjya ko bhI mahAvIra kI AdhyAtmika gaNaparamparA se preraNA prApta hotI rahegI. 1. yaM zaivAH samupAsate ziva iti brahmeti vedAntino, bauddhA buddha iti pramANapaTavaH karteti naiyAyikAH / ____ arhannityatha jainazAsanaratAH karmeti mImAMsakAH, so'yaM vo vidadhAtu vAMchitaphalaM trailokyanAtho hariH / / 2. oM catvAraH zRMgA trayo'syapAdA dve zIrSe saptahastAstridhA baddho vRSabho rauti mahAdevo matyaM Avezaya svAhA-Jain Konography meM pR066 para pratiSThAsArasaMgraha se uddhata. 3. satrakRtAMgasUtra 1 / 3 / 4. 4. uparyukta 2 / 5 / 18. 5. uparyukta 1 / 16 / 1. 6. uparyukta 25 // 13.