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________________ mahAkavi dhanapAla : vyaktitva aura kRtitva 0 zrI mAnamala kudAla, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura apabhraMza sAhitya ke kaviyoM meM dhanapAla kA pramukha sthAna hai| yadyapi kavi dhanapAla ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakarI abhI taka nahIM mila sakI hai, para svayaM dhanapAla ne jo paricaya apanI kRti bhavisayatakahA meM diyA hai vaha saMkSipta hone para bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| kavi ne dhakkar3a nAmaka vaizya vaMza meM janma liyA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma mAesara (mAtesara) aura mAtA kA nAma dhanazrI thaa| dhakkaDavaNivaMsi mAesarahu samunbhaviNa / dhaNasiradevi sueNa viraiu sarasahu saMbhaviNa // -bha0 ka022,1 kahA jAtA hai ki unheM sarasvatI kA varadAna prApta thAcintiya dhaNavAle vaNivareNa sarasai bahuladdha mahAvareNa / -bha0 ka0 1,4 kavi nizcita hI pratibhAzAlI vidvAn rahe hoMge aura unhoMne anya racanAe~ bhI likhI hoNgii| kintu Aja unako khoja nikAlanA asambhava-sA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki dhanapAla nAma ke kaI vidvAnoM ke ullekha milate haiM / paM0 paramAnanda zAstrI ne dhanapAla nAma ke cAra vidvAnoM kA paricaya diyA hai| ye cAroM hI bhinna-bhinna kAla ke vibhinna vidvAn haiM / unameM se do saMskRta bhASA ke vidvAn tathA grantha racayitA the aura do apabhraMza ke / saMskRta ke prathama dhanapAla rAjA bhoja ke Azrita the, jinhoMne tilakamaMjarI aura pAiyalacchI grantha kI racanA 10vIM zatI meM kI thii| dUsare dhanapAla 13vIM zatI ke haiN| unake dvArA likhita tilakamaMjarI nAmaka grantha kA hI aba taka patA laga pAyA hai| tIsare dhanapAla apabhraMza bhASA meM likhita bAhubalicarita ke racayitA haiM, jinakA samaya 15vIM zatI hai| ye gujarAta ke puravADa vaMza ke tilaka the| inakI mAtA kA nAma suhaDA devI aura pitA kA nAma seTha suhaDaputra thaa| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai gujjarapuravADavaM satilar3a sira suhaDaseTThi guNasaNaNilau / taho maNahara chAyAgehaNiya suhaDAevI NAme maNiya / / taho uvarijAu vadu viNayajuo dhaNavAlu vi suu NAmeNa huo| taho viNi taNubbhava viulaguNa saMtosu taha ya harirAu puNa // -bAhubalicarita, antya prazasti, anekAnta se uddhata cauthe dhanapAla bhavisayatakahA kathA kAvya ke lekhaka dhakkar3a vaMza meM utpanna hue the| dharmaparIkSA ke kartA kavi hariSeNa bhI isI vaMza ke the| dharmaparIkSA kA racanA kAla vi0 saM0 1044 hai| mahAkavi vIra kRta jambUsvA carita meM bhI mAlava deza meM dhakkar3a vaMza ke tilaka mahAsUdana ke putra takkhaDu zreSThI kA ullekha milatA hai| delavAr3A 1. paM0 paramAnanda jaina zAstrI : dhanapAla nAma ke cAra vidvAn kavi, anekAnta, kiraNa 7-8, pR0 82. 2. paM. paramAnanda jaina zAstrI-apabhraMza bhASA kA jambUsvAmicariu aura vIra, anekAnta, varSa 13, kiraNa 6 pR0 155.
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________________ "578 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : paMcama khaNDa ke vi0 saM0 1287 tejapAla vAle zilAlekha meM bhI dharkaTa jAti kA ullekha hai / isase patA lagatA hai ki 10vIM se 13vIM zatI taka yaha vaMza atyanta prasiddha rahA hai| ataeva bhavisayatakahA ke lekhaka dhanapAla kA honA isI samaya sambhAvita hai| kAla-nirNaya-kavi dhanapAla ke samaya ke bAre meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke alaga-alaga vicAra haiM (1) bhASA ke AdhAra para DaoN0 harmana jekobI inheM 10vIM zatI kA mAnate haiN| kyoMki inakI bhASA haribhadra sUri ke neminAhacariu se milatI hai| muni jinavijaya ne haribhadra kA samaya 705 se 775 ke bIca mAnA hai|' (2) zrI dalAla aura guNe ke anusAra bhavisayatakahA kI bhASA AcArya hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM prayukta bhASA kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hai| dhanapAla ke samaya meM apabhraMza bolI jAtI rahI hogI, jabaki hemacandra ke samaya meM vaha mRtabhASA ho gayI thii| ataH donoM meM bIca 250 varSa kA antara honA cAhie / (3) DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI kI 'bhavisayatakahA tathA apabhraMza kAvya' pR0 64 ke anusAra bha0 kahA kI upalabdha pratiyoM meM sabase prAcIna saMvat 1480 kI prati milatI hai, jo DaoN0 zAstrI ko AgarA bhaNDAra se prApta huI hai (vahI pR0 155) / isI kAvya kI prazasti meM isako vi0 saM0 1393 meM likhA huA kahA gayA hai / ullikhita paMkti isa prakAra haiM susaMvacchare akkirA vikkameNaM ahiehi teNavadite rahasaeNaM / varisseya pUseNa seyammi pakkhe tihI vArisI somirohiNihirikkhe // suhajjoimayaraMgaovuddhapatto io sundaro ketthu suhadiNi smtto| (4) aitihAsika dRSTi se isa grantha meM jo tathya prApta hote haiM, unase yaha kAla ucita jAna par3atA hai| dhanapAla ne dillI ke siMhAsana para muhammada zAha (1325-51 I0) kA zAsana karanA likhA hai| san 1328 I0 meM AcArya jinacandrasUri kA muhammadazAha ko dharma zravaNa karAnA eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA mAnI jAtI hai| sambhavataH isIlie musalamAna use kAphira kahate haiN| isa prakAra aitihAsika pramANoM ke AdhAra para kavi dhanapAla kA 14vIM zatI meM bhavisayatakahA kI racanA karanA sunizcita pratIta hotA hai| dhanapAla kA sampradAya-dhanapAla jaina dharma ke digambara sampradAya ke anuyAyI the| ataeva yaha svAbhAvika thA ki kavi apanI racanA meM apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra varNana karatA / bhavisayatakahA ke 'jeNa bhaMjivi diyambari lAya ke atirikta katipaya varNanoM tathA saiddhAntika vivecana ke anusAra bhI unakA digambaramatAnuyAyI honA nirvivAda siddha hotA hai| kavi ne aSTamUlaguNoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki madhu, madya, mAMsa aura pA~ca udumbara phaloM ko kisI bhI janma meM nahIM khAnA cAhie / jaisA ki kahA hai mahu majju maMsu paMcuMbarAI khajjaMti Na jammaMtara sayAi (16,8) kavi kA yaha kathana bhAvasaMgraha ke kartA devasena ke anusAra hai mahumajjamaMsaviraI cAo puNa uMbarANa paMcaNhaM / aTThede mUlaguNA havaMti phuDa desvirymmi| -(bhAvasaMgraha, gAthA 356) 1. jai0 sA0 saM0 1 2. saMpAdaka sI0 DI0 dalAla aura pI0 DI0 guNe : dhanapAla kI bhavisayatakahA, 1923, paricaya pR0 4. 3. vahI, pR0 86. 4. bha0 ka0 tathA apabhraMza kathA kAvya-devendrakumAra zAstrI, pR0 87.
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________________ mahAkavi dhanapAla : vyaktitva aura kRtitva 576 ................................................................ . ..... yaha bhI dhyAna meM dene yogya bAta hai ki kavi ne apabhraMza ke kavi vibudha zrIdhara se bhI bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA thaa| kyoMki A0 jinasena tathA samantabhadra ne aSTa mUlaguNoM meM tIna makAroM aura pA~ca aNuvratoM ko ginAyA hai| parantu vibudha zrIdhara ne madya, mAMsa, madhu aura pA~ca udumbara phaloM ke tyAga ko ATha mUlaguNa kahA hai majjumaMsu mahaNau bhAkkhejjai paMcaMbaraphala Niyarumuijjai / aTThamUlaguNu e pAlijahiM sahuM saMdhANa ehi Na gasijahiM // -(bhavisayambali, 5, 3) racanAe~-dhanapAla kI ekamAtra apabhraMza racanA bhavisayatakahA prApta hotI hai| yaha kathA 22 saMdhiyoM meM vibhAjita hai / isake tIna khaNDa haiM / prathama meM bhaviyata ke vaibhava kA varNana hai / dvitIya khaNDa meM kururAja aura takSazilArAja ke yuddha meM bhaviSyadatta kI pramukha bhUmikA evaM vijaya kA varNana hai| tRtIya khaNDa meM bhaviSyadatta ke tathA unake sAthiyoM ke pUrvajanma aura bhaviSya janma kA varNana hai| __ kathAvastu-caritanAyaka bhaviSyadatta eka vaNik putra hai| vaha apane sautele bhAI bandhudatta ke sAtha vyApAra hetu paradeza jAtA hai, dhana kamAtA hai aura vivAha bhI kara letA hai| kintu usakA sautelA bhAI use bAra-bAra dhokhA dekara duHkha pahu~cAtA hai / yahA~ taka ki use eka dvIpa meM akelA chor3akara usakI patnI ke sAtha ghara lauTa AtA hai aura usase vivAha karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isI bIca bhaviSyadatta bhI eka yakSa kI sahAyatA se ghara lauTa AtA hai; apanA adhikAra prApta karatA hai aura rAjA ko prasanna kara rAjakanyA se vivAha karatA hai / anta meM muni ke dvArA dharmopadeza va apane pUrvabhava kA vRttAnta sunakara virakta ho, putra ko rAjya de, muni ho jAtA hai| yaha kathAnaka zrutapaMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya prakaTa karane ke lie likhA gayA hai| grantha ke aneka prakaraNa bar3e sundara aura rocaka haiN| bAlakrIr3A, samudra-yAtrA, naukA-bhaMga, ujAr3anagara, vimAna-yAtrA Adi varNana par3hane yogya haiN| kavi ke samaya vimAna ho athavA na ho kintu usane vimAna kA varNana bahuta sajIva rUpa meM kiyA hai| vastu-varNana-kavi dhanapAla ne apane kAvya bhavisayatakahA meM vastu-varNana kaI rUpoM meM kiyA hai| kavi ne jahA~ paramparAmukta vastu-parigaNana, itivRttAtmaka zailI ko apanAyA hai, vahI loka pracalita zailI meM bhI jana-jIvana kA svAbhAvika citraNa kara lokapravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| vastu-varNana meM nagara-varNana, kaMcanadvIpa yAtrA varNana, samudravarNana, vivAha-varNana, yuddha-yAtrA-varNana , yuddha-varNana, tela car3hAne kA varNana, basanta-varNana, bAla varNana, rAjadvAra varNana, zakunavarNana, vana-varNana, rUpa-varNana, megAnadvIpa kA varNana aura prakRti-varNana Adi kA sajIva varNana kiyA hai, jisameM rasAtmakatA dekhI jA sakatI hai / ghaTanA-varNanoM ke bIca aneka mArmika sthaloM kI niyojanA svAbhAvika rUpa se huI hai, jinameM kavi kI pratibhA atyanta sphuTa hai| varNana ke kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiMvivAha-varNana kiya maMDavasoha dhari dhari, babai tornnii| ulloca sayAI raiyai, jaNamaNa cornnii|| -(bha0 ka0 1, 8) rUpa-varNana sA kamalasirI jAuM tahu pattI akhaliya jinnvrsaasnnibhttii| samacakkala kaDiyala sumaNohara viyaDaramaNaghaNapoNapaohara / chaNasasi biMba samujjalavayaNI nnvkuvlyvldiihrnnaaynnii| -(bha0 ka0 1, 12) bhAva-vyaMjanA-prabandha meM paristhitiyoM aura ghaTanAoM ke anukUla mArmika sthaloM kI saMyojanA atyanta mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai, kyoMki kavi kI pratibhA aura bhAvukatA kA saccA paricaya unhIM sthaloM para milatA hai, jinameM manulya hRdaya kI vRttiyA~ sahaja rUpa meM, prasaMga ko hRdayaMgama karate hI bhAvanAoM meM tanmaya ho jAtI haiN| dhanapAla kI racanA meM
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________________ 0. 580 +0+0 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : paMcama khaNDa +88 nimnalikhita sthala atyanta marmasparzI kahe jA sakate haiM-bandhudatta kA bhaviSyadatta ko akelA megAnadvIpa meM chor3a denA aura sAtha ke logoM kA santapta honA, mAtA kamasabhI ko bhaviSyadatta ke na lauTane kA samAcAra milanA, bandhudatta kA kA lauTakara Agamana, kamaladhI kA vilApa aura bhaviSyadatta kA milana Adi / kamaladhI vilApa karatI hai ki hA hA putra ! maiM tumhAre darzana ke lie kaba se utkaNDita hai| cirakAla se AzA lagAye baiThI hU~ / kauna A~khoM se yaha saba dekhakara aba samAzvasta raha sakatA hai ? he dharatI ! mujhe sthAna de, maiM tere bhItara samA jAU~ pUrvajanma meM maiMne aisA kauna-sA kArya kiyA thA, jisase putra ke darzana nahIM ho rahe haiN| isa prakAra ke vacanoM ke sAtha vilApa karate hue use eka muhUrta bIta gayA / hA hA puta puta utkaMThiyAM ghoraMtafrakAlipariTThiyaI / ko pikcavi maNu ummurabhi mahi vivaru dehiviM paisarami hA puvvajammi kiu kAI maI Nihi desaNi NaM NayaNaI hayaI / isake alAvA isameM rasa-vyaMjanA kI dRSTi se zrRMgAra, vIra aura zAnta rasa kA paripAka huA hai / saMvAda - yojanA - kavi dhanapAla ke kathAkAvya meM saMvAdapUrNa kaI sthala dRSTigocara hote haiM, jinameM kAvya kA camatkAra bar3ha gayA hai aura kathAnaka meM svAbhAvika rUpa se gatizIlatA A gayI hai| mukhya rUpa se nimna saMvAda bhavisayatakA meM draSTabdha hai-- pravAsa karate samaya putra bhavizyadatta aura mAtA kamaladhI kA vArtAlApa, bhaviSyadattabhaviSyAnurUpA kA saMvAda, rAkSasa-bhavizyadatta saMvAda, bhaviSyadatta datta saMvAda, kamalazrI muni-saMvAda, bandhudatta-sapA -saMvAda aura manovega vidyAdhara- bhaviSyadatta tathA munivara saMvAda Adi / -- zailI - dhanapAla ke kathAkAvya meM apabhraMza ke prabandha kAvyoM ko kaDavakabandha zailI prayukta hai / kaDavaka bandha sAmAnyataH 10 se 16 paMktiyoM kA hai| kaDavaka, pajArikA, aDillA yA vastu se samanvita hote haiN| sandhi ke prArambha meM tathA kavaka ke anta meM dhruvA, dhruvaka yA dhattA chanda prayukta hai / dhattA nAma kA eka chanda bhI hai kintu sAmAnyataH kisI bhI chanda ko dhattA kahA jA sakatA hai / - ( bha0 ka0 8, 12) bhASA - dhanapAla kI bhASA sAhityika apabhraMza hai para usameM lokabhASA kA pUrA puTa hai| isalie jahA~ eka aura sAhityika varNana tathA ziSTa prayoga hai vahIM loka-jIvana kI sAmAnya bAtoM kA vivaraNa gharelU vAtAvaraNa meM gaNita hai| udAharaNa ke lie sajAtIya logoM kA jevanAra meM par3ha rasoM vAle vibhinna vyaMjanoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM ghevara, laDDU, khAjA, kasAra, mAMDA, bhAta, kacariyA, pApar3a Adi mukhya haiM / guNAdhAriyA laDDuvA khIrakhajjA kasAraM susAraM suhAlI maNojjA / puNo kacarA pappaDA DiSNa bheyA jayaMtANa ko vaNNae divva teyA // DaoN0 harmana jekobI ke anusAra dhanapAla kI bhASA bolI hai, jo uttara-pradeza kI hai| apabhraMza kI jina vizeSatAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai ve bhavisayatakA meM bhalI bhAMti dRSTigocara hotI hai|" - ( bha0 ka0 12, 3) DaoN0 nagAre ne pazcimI alaMkAra - yojanA- dhanapAla ne isa kathA kAvya meM soddezyamUlaka alaMkAroM meM upamA aura utprekSA kA prayoga kiyA hai / upamA meM kaI rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM / mUrta aura amUrta bhAva meM sAmya hai / jaise 1. DaoN0 gajAnana vAsudeva nagAre hisTArikana grAmara Ayu apabhraMza, pUnA, 1940 pR0 230 : te vidiTTu kumArU akAyarU kaDavANAliNa NAI rayaNAkha - ( bha0 ka05, 18 ) isI prakAra prakRti-varNana meM mAnavIya rUpoM tathA bhAvoM kI sundara abhivyakti huI hai / kavi kI urvara evaM anubhUtimayI kalpanA kA paricaya usakI alaMkAra yojanA meM milatA hai|
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________________ mahAkavi dhanapAla : vyaktitva aura kRtitva 581 . ......................-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-... anya alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa isa prakAra hai1. kali-taruvaraho mUlu chidijjai (rUpaka) (kalaha rUpI vRkSa kI jar3a bhI naSTa kara denI caahie| ) 2. kiu apamANDa Niutta muhallau aharau NAvai dADimahullau (vyatireka) (sukha se saMlagna adhara (nicale oTha) ne anAra ke phala ko nIcA dikhAkara usakA apamAna kiyaa|) 3. jo bhakkhai maMsu tAsu kahimi ki hoi daya (kAvyaliMga) (jo mAMsa khAtA hai usake dayA kahA~ se ho sakatI hai ? ) chanda-apabhraMza ke kAvyoM meM mukhyataH mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| mAtrika racanA paravartI prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya kI nijI vizeSatA hai| kavi dhanapAla ne apane kAvya meM nimnalikhita chanda vizeSa rUpa se prayukta kiye haiM paJjharikA, aDillA, duvaI, marahaTThA, sihAvalokana, kAvya, plavaMgama, kalahaMsa, gAthA, dhattA, ullAlA, abhisArikA, vibhramavilAsavadana, kinnaramithunavilAsa, markarikA, cAmara, bhujaMgaprayAta, zaMkhanArI, lakSmIdhara aura mndaar| kucha chandoM ke udAharaNa draSTavya haipajjharikA ki karami khINavihavappahAi gau lahami soha sajjaNa sahAi / aha NivaNu sohai Na koi dhaNu saMpaya viNu guNNahi Na Neha // -(bha0 ka0 1, 2) zaMkhanArI raNe NosaMrate bhayaM viisrte| mahAvANi vagge pure haTTa magge // -(bha0 ka0 14,8) kAvya piyavirahANaleNa saMtattau so hiutau / paisai caMdakAMti caitAlai savva suhAlai // -(bha0 ka0 7,8) kAvya rUr3hiyA~-dhanapAla ne apane kAvya meM ina sAta kAvya rUr3hiyoM ko prayukta kiyA hai-(1) maMgalAcaraNa (2) vinaya-pradarzana (3) kAvya-racanA kA prayojana, (4) sajjana-durjana vargana (5) vandanA (6) zrotA-vaktA zailI (7) Atmaparicaya / samAja aura saMskRti-dhanapAla ke kAvya meM rAjapUtakAlIna samAja aura saMskRti kI jhalaka dRSTigocara hotI hai| bhaviSyadatta kevala sakala kalAe~, jJAna-vijJAna, jyotiSa, tantra-mantrAdika hI nahIM sIkhatA hai, varan vividha AyudhoM kA vividha prakAra se saMcAlana, saMgrAma meM vibhinna cAturiyoM se bacAva, mallayuddha tathA hAthI ghor3e kI savArI Adi kI bhI zikSA prApta karatA hai, jo usa yuga kI vizeSa kalAe~ thiiN| usa yuga meM striyA~ vibhinna kalAoM meM tathA vizeSakara saMgIta aura vINAvAdana meM nipuNa hotI thIM / sarUpA ina kalAoM se yukta thI-vINAlAvaNigeyaparikkhaNu kuDilAviyAri sarosaNi rikavaNu / (bha0 ka0 3, 3) loka-jIvana aura loka-rUr3hiyA~-dhanapAla ne tatkAlIna loka-jIvana aura lokarUr3hiyoM kA vivaraNa prastuta 1. zrI dalAla guNe : bhavisayatakahA kI bhUmikA, pR0 28-29
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________________ 582 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana prantha : paMcama khaNDa kiyA hai, jisameM priyaviyoga meM bhAratIya lalanAe~ kauoM ko ur3AtI thIM aura unake mAdhyama se pati taka sandeza pahu~cAtI thiiN| putra ke paradeza-gamana para mAtAe~ beTe ke sira para dahI, dUrvA aura akSata lagAkara pUjA-vandanA karatI thiiN| jaladevatA kA pUjana bhI loka-rUr3hi thii| usa samaya bahu-vivAha kI prathA thii| vivAha kAryoM meM atyadhika dhana-vyaya kiyA jAtA thaa| isa avasara para damAmA, zaMkha, turahI aura mAdala bajAte the| kintu yuddha ke samaya nagAr3A bajAte the| zRMgAra prasAdhana meM mahilAe~ atyadhika ruci rakhatI thIM / karadhanI, hAra, kuNDala aura kezakalApa meM kusumoM kA prasAdhana sAmAnya vanitAe~ bhI karatI thiiN| isI prakAra aMgUThI, bhujabanda, kaMgana, bichue, kaTisUtra, maNisUtra Adi kA bhI sAmAnya janatA meM pracalana thaa| usa kAla meM yuddha kisI sundarI yA rAjya-vistAra ke nimitta hote the| usa samaya kaI choTe-choTe rAjya the| dhArmika vizvAsa--apabhraMza ke sabhI kAvya jaina-kaviyoM dvArA racita haiM / isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki inameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana tathA unake dvArA nirdiSTa dharma kA svarUpa evaM mokSa-prApti kA upAya varNita haiN| kintu madhyakAlIna devI-devatAviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA ullekha bhI ina kAvyoM meM milatA hai| yahI nahIM, jala (varuNa) devatA kA pUjana, jala-devatA kA pratyakSa honA, saMkaTa par3ane para devI-devatAoM dvArA saMkaTa-nivAraNa Adi dhArmika vizvAsa kathAoM meM lipaTe hue pratIta hote haiN| isa prakAra bhavisayatakahA kathA-kAvya se kavi dhanapAla kA vyaktitva aura kRtitva dekhA jA sakatA hai, jo apabhraMza kAvya meM apanA pramukha sthAna rakhate haiN| 1000