Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ The Kuvalayamala and Modern Scholarship A. N. UPADHYE THE Kuvalayamala of Uddyotanasuri (A.D. 779) is an important Prakrit Campu, having a distinctive position in Indian literature. The Prakrit text is critically edited by me and lately published in the Singhi Jaina Series, No. 45, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavana, Bombay 1959. It is necessary and interesting to review the studies of modern scholars. in connection with the Kuvalayamala mainly with reference to some of its significant passages. The attention of modern scholars was attracted towards this work only after the Ms. P (No. 154 of 1881-82) was secured for the Collection of Mss. of the Government of Bombay, then belonging to the Deccan College, Poona, and now deposited in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. (H. D. VELANKAR: Jinaratnakosa, Poona 1944, p. 94, gives reference to KIELHORN III, A List of the third Collection of 1881-1882. Dr. P. K. GODE kindly' informed me that the entry regarding Ms. No. 154 of 1881-82 stands thus, p. 207: "[Name] Kuvalayamala (in Prakrit) [Author] Uddyotanasuri, Leaves 133, slokas. 10,000, No. 154 of 1881-82.") In the Jaina Granthavali (published by Sri Jaina Svetambara Conference, Bombay 1909, p. 222) there are references to the Prakrit Kuvalayamala of Uddyotanasuri and the Sanskrit Kuvalayamala of Ratnaprabha, the sources of the information being the Brhattippanika and the Deccan College Lists. The Ms. of the former in the Deccan
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ THE KUVALAYAMALA AND MODERN SCHOLARSHIP : 171 College (Kantivijayaji ?) and of the latter in Cambay and Ahmedabad are mentioned. The attribution of the authorship of Kuvalayamala to Indrasuri is based on a wrong reading in an extract given by P. PETERSON from the Santinathacarita of Devacandra. (A Fifth Report of operation in search of Sanskrit Mss. in the Bombay Circle, Bombay 1896, p. 73.) The Kuvalayamala-katha, a stylistic Sanskrit digest of the Prakrit work of Uddyotana by Ratnaprabhasuri (c. middle of the 13th century A.D.) was edited by Muni CHATURAVIJAYA from three Mss. and was published in 1916 (Sri-Jaina Atmananda Sabha, Bhavanagar 1916. A revised edition of this work is lately published along with the Prakrit text referred to above, and also separately issued, Bombay 1961). The prastavana (in Sanskrit) of this volume introduces most exhaustively, for the first time, the earlier Prakrit work of Uddyotana quoting its significant extracts from the Poona Ms. which correspond to the following passages in my edition : p. 282, 1. 6 to the end of paragraph 432 (omitting a few verses vamdami savva-siddhe to [pani] vayami); p. 173, 1. 31 to p. 174 1. 6; p. 1, 1.2 to l. 8; and p. 3, 1. 14 to p.4, 1.14. A bare outline of the story is indicated; and significantly enough it is stated that Haribhadra, who is styled as bhava-viraha is earlier than Uddyotana and not at all a contemporary of Siddharsi, the author of the Upamitibhava-prapanca katha. The extracts given in this Introduction attracted the attention of various scholars who used some of these references in their studies. It was in 1916 that the Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara ed. by C. D. Dalal and R. A. SHASTRY was published (Gaekwad's Oriental Series, No. 1, Baroda 1916; p. 124 of the Re-issue, Baroda 1924; pp. 204-5, 3rd ed., Baroda 1934); and in its Notes were given extracts from the Kuvalayamala based on the Ms. P and corresponding to our text, p. 3, 1. 18 to p. 4, 1.2, which attracted the attention of some other scholars towards the Kuvalayamala (N. PREMI : Padmacaritam, Bombay 1928, Intro. p. 2; A. N. UPADHYE : Annals of the B.O.R.I., XVI, i-ii, p. 62; also the Varangacarita, Bombay 1938, Intro. pp. 9-10). MUNIRAJ SHRI JINAVIJAYA read a paper (in Sanskrit) at the First [All-India] Oriental Conference (Poona 1919) on The Date of Haribhadrasuri'. (Separately issued, pp. 1-23, in the Jaina Sahitya Samsodhaka Granthamala, Poona.) It is an exhaustive paper which scrutinises the views of earlier scholars, lists the works attributed to Haribhadra, enumerates the traditional sources for his biography, and takes up for discussion the traditional date, A.D. 529, assigned to him, Siddharsi's (A.D. 906) reference to him as me dharma-prabodhakaro *
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 172: SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME guruh and consequent conclusion of H. JACOBI that Haribhadra was a senior contemporary and guru of Siddharsi. JINAVIJAYA shows that Gargarsi was the guru of Siddharsi and correctly interprets the latter's reference to Haribhadra. It is in this context that he quotes the Kuvalayamala (p. 4, 1. 2) and reaches the conclusion that Haribhadra, the author of the Samaradityakatha, could not be later than A. D. 778. Then he studies the various references from Haribhadra's works, quotes an extract from the Kuvalayamala (corresponding to p. 282, 1. 6 to 1. 20) from the Ms. P, and assigns Haribhadra to A.D. 700-770. In the appendix the chronological relation of Haribhadra with santaraksita, Dharmottara, Mallavadi and Samkara are indicated. The Brhattippanika is an old list of Jaina works prepared in Samvat 1440, i.e., A.D. 1383, by some Jaina monk acquainted with the Mss.-collections at Pattan, Cambay and Broach etc. (but not Jaisalmer). It was used by the compilers of the Jaina Granthavali, noted above. It is published (based on the Mss., three to four hundred years old, belonging to the Collection of Sri Kantivijayaji Jaina Jnanamandira, Baroda) by Muni JINAVIJAYA (Jaina Sahitya Samsodhaka I, 2, Poona 1920, Supplement pp. 1-16; see also Ibidem I, 4, pp. 157-58). Therein the references to the Kuvalayam ala (p. 10) stand thus: R20. STATO IT. T [# (?)] <34 ao sentaa aa 3000|| 321. kuvalayamAlA saM0 ratnaprabhasUrIyA 3894 / A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jaina Bhandars at Jaisalmer, compiled by C.D. DALAL and edited with Introduction, Indexes and Notes on unpublished works and their authors by L. B. GANDHI was published in 1923 (G.O.S., No. XXI, Central Library, Baroda 1923). It presents the entry of the Ms. of the Kuvalayamala in this manner (p. 27) : PPS. STA of haat (391701) . 254 leaves. 23x21. Col. : iti kuvalayamAlA nAma saMkIrNa kathA. saMvat 1139 dAtu (Asu) vadi 1 ravidine likhitamidaM pustkm| In this Sanskrit Introduction and its notes (pp. 42-43) Pt. GANDHI gives some bits of information about this work (possibly based on the extracts from the Poona Ms. quoted by the editor in the Introduction to the edition of its Sanskrit digest by Ratnaprabha published from Bhavanagar and noted above), especially quoting references to Uddyotana by Ratnaprabha and Devacandra. (PETERSON in his Fifth Report, already noted above, gave an extract from the Santinathacarita of Devacandra (A.D. 1103). He read the name of the author as Dakkhinnaindasuri. Pt. GANDHI reads indha for imda. Prabhacandra (A.D. 1277) reads the name Daksinyacandra. That only shows how the original reading Dakkhinnaimdha was not correctly understood.)
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ THE KUVALAYAMALA AND MODERN SCHOLARSHIP : 173 H. JACOBI completed his edition of Haribhadra's Samaraiccakaha, Vol. I, Text and Introduction, in 1926 (Bibliotheca Indica, Work No. 169, Calcutta 1926); and in his Introduction (pp. ii & iii), while reviewing the earlier discussion and accepting the revised date of Haribhadra (c. A. D. 750) as proposed by Muni JINAVIJAYA in his paper presented to the First Oriental Conference, Poona (1919), he discusses the exact date of the completion of the Kuvalayamala as specified by its author, ascertaining it as 21st March, 779 A. D. There is an exhaustive essay in Gujarati on the Kuvalayamala by JINAVIJAYA (See Jaina Sahitya Samsodhaka III, 2, pp. 169-94, Poona Sam. 1983, i.e., A.D. 1927; also Vasantarajata Smarakagrantha, Ahmedabad 1927; its English summary by A. S. GOPANI in Bharatiya Vidya II, 1, Bombay 1940). Giving an outline of the Jaina narrative literature with pointed reference to certain works of which the Taramgavai of Padalipta and Samaraiccakaha of Haribhadra are introduced in details. The controversy about the date of Haribhadra and the latest conclusion are reviewed. Then follows an account of the Kuvalayamala based on the study of relevant sections from the Mss. from Jaisalmer (of which a set of Photographs was in the possession of Muni JINAVIJAYA and another set is in the Oriental Institute, Baroda) and Poona, especially the Prasasti portion ( $ 430 with variants of P noted in the foot-notes) which is translated into Gujarati with valuable explanatory comments on some of its references to Toramana, Pavvaiya, Jabalipura, Gupta etc. (A. M. GHATGE : Narrative Literature in Jaina Maharastri, Annals of the B.O.R.I., XVI, i-ii, p. 34; N. C. MEHTA : Jaina Record on Toramana, J. of. the Bihar & O. R. S. XIX, 1928, and Toramana visayaka Jaina ullekha, Jaina Siddhanta Bhaskara, XX, 2, pp. 1-6, Arrah 1953). Pt. L. B. GANDHI edited three Apabhramba works of Jinadattasuri, a senior contemporary of Hemacandra, in the G.O.S. (Apabhramsa Kavyatrayi, G. O. S., XXXVII, Baroda 1927). As an appendage to his Introduction (in Sanskrit), he has added a well-documented essay (in Sanskrit) on the Apabhramsa language. He explains incidentally the background of Prakrit, its relation with Sanskrit and the nature of Ardhamagadhi. In the context of the discussion about Desibhasas, he has introduced in details the Prakrit Kuvalayamala and has quoted a number of passages from it from the Jaisalmer Ms. (giving reference to its palmleaves) and they correspond to our text, in the order they are quoted, as below : [p. 89, f. n.] : p. 282, 1. 19 to p. 283 1. 6; [p. 90, f.n.] : p. 282, II. 4 to 18; (pp. 91-94] : p. 152, 1. 21 to p. 153, l. 12; [p. 91, f.n.] : p. 4, Il. 11-14; p. 281, ll. 22-25; p. 281, 1. 26 to p. 282, 1. 3; (pp. 97-98] :
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 174 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME p. 71, 11. 1-8; (pp. 104-7] : p. 151, 1. 18 to p. 152, 1. 17; (pp. 108-9]; p. 55, II. 10-21; [p. 109] : p. 63, 11, 18-25; [p. 110] : p. 47, 1. 6; [p. Ibid.] : 59, 1. 5. He has added his Sanskrit chaya and minor comments here and there. It is he who published, beside the prasasti verses (already published by Muni CHATURAVIJAYA and Muni JINAVIJAYA) a number of extracts from the Jaisalmer Ms. of the Kuvalayamala. Some of these passages are really important, and as such they have attracted the attention of some scholars. The Paisaci dialect has been of great interest for scholars (A. N. UPADHYE : Paisaci Language and Literature, Annals of the B.O.R. I., XXI, i-ii, pp. 1-37); and A. MASTER who wrote a paper "The Mysterious Paisaci' (Journal of the R. A. S., 1943, pp. 217 f.) was obviously attracted by the Paisaci passages in the Kuvalayamala a detailed acquaintance with which he came to have from Pt. GANDHI'S Introduction noted above. In his paper 'An Unpublished Fragment of Paisaci' (Bulletin of the S. O. A. S., XII, 3-4, London 1948) he gives not only a critical text (based on the two available Mss. J and P) of the Paisaci passage (along with the photo-prints of the relevant leaves of J) corresponding to our text, p. 71, 11. 7-26, but also presents tentative translation accompanied by grammatical and other notes. He contributed his studies on the Kuvalayamali in two more papers 'Gleanings from the Kuvalayamala Kaha, Nos. I and II' (Bulletin of the S. O. A. S., XIII, 2 and XIII, 4, London 1950). In the first he has presented his critical observations on these fragments (corresponding to the printed text, p. 63, 11. 16-26; p. 47, 1. 6; p. 59, 1. 5) and specimens of Desibhasas. His linguistic notes are interesting. In the second he has critically studied (adding grammatical notes) the specimens of prose Apabhramsa and contemporary Middle Indian mixed with Sanskrit, especially the passages corresponding to the printed text, p. 55, 11. 10-21; p. 151, 1. 18 to p. 152, 1. 17. This is prefaced with a few general remarks on the author etc. and concluded with an excursus on the Jaina Katha. Lately, F. B. J. KUIPER, Leiden, in his paper, "The Paisaci Fragment of the Kuvalayamala' (Indo-Iranian Journal, I, 3, pp. 229-40, The Hague 1957), has edited and published at Mr. MASTER's instance the Paisaci passage from the Kuvalayamala (corresponding to the to the printed text, p. 71. ll. 10-26). It is prefaced with a thorough grammatical analysis of the dialect and followed by English translation and notes, both explanatory and textual, which are very helpful to understand certain knotty points in the text. He has given a blockprint of the page from the Ms. P. containing that passage.