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________________ karmatattva karmagranthoM ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha tathA hindI anuvAda prakAzaka AtmAnanda jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala ke sAtha merA itanA ghaniSTha saMbandha rahA hai ki isa anuvAda ke sAtha bhI pUrvakathana rUpa se kucha na kucha likha denA mere lie anivArya-sA ho jAtA hai| jaina vAGmaya meM isa samaya jo zvetAmbarIya tathA digambarIya karmazAstra maujUda haiM unameM se prAcIna mAne jAnevAle karmaviSayaka granthoM kA sAkSAt saMbandha donoM paramparAe~ AgrAyaNIya pUrva ke sAtha batalAtI haiN| donoM paramparAe~ AgrAyaNIya pUrva ko dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aGgAntargata caudaha pUrvo meM se dUsarA pUrva kahatI haiM aura donoM zvetAmbara-digambara paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se mAnatI haiM ki sAre aGga tathA caudaha pUrve yaha saba bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sarvajJa vANI kA sAkSAt phala hai| ' isa sAmpradAyika cirakAlIna mAnyatA ke anusAra maujUdA sArA karmaviSayaka jaina vAGmaya zabdarUpa se nahIM to antataH bhAvarUpa se bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt upadeza kA hI paramparA prAsa sAramAtra hai| isI taraha yaha bhI sAmpradAyika mAnyatA hai ki vastutaH sArI aGgavidyAe~ bhAvarUpa se kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra kI hI pUrvakAlIna nahIM, balki pUrva-pUrva meM hue anyAnya tIrthaGkaroM se bhI pUrvakAla ko ataeva eka taraha se anAdi haiM / pravAharUpa se anAdi hone para bhI samaya-samaya para honevAle nava-nava tIrthadaroM ke dvArA ve pUrva-pUrva aGgavidyAe~ navIna navInatva dhAraNa karatI haiN| isI mAnyatA ko prakaTa karate hue kalikAla sarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA meM, naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa kA anukaraNa karake bar3I khUbI se kahA hai ki-'anAdaya evaitA vidyAH saMkSepavistaravivakSayA navanavI. bhavanti, tattatkartRkAzcocyante / kinnAauSIH na kadAcidanIdRzaM jagata / ' ukta sAmpradAyika mAnyatA aisI hai ki jisako sAmpradAyika loga Aja taka akSarazaH mAnate Ae haiM aura usakA samarthana bhI vaise hI karate Ae haiM jaise mImAMsaka loga vedoM ke anAditva kI mAnyatA kA / sAmpradAyika loga do prakAra ke hote haiM--buddhi-aprayogI zraddhAlu jo paramparAprApta vastu ko buddhi kA prayoga binA kie hI zraddhAmAtra se mAna lete haiM aura buddhiprayogI zraddhAlu jo paramparAprApta vastu ko kevala zraddhA se mAna hI nahIM lete para usakA buddhi ke dvArA yathA sambhava
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________________ 206 jaina dharma aura darzana samarthana bhI karate haiN| isa taraha sAmpradAyika logoM meM pUrvokta zAstrIya mAnyatA kA AdaraNIya sthAna hone para bhI isa jagaha karmazAstra aura usake mukhya viSaya karmatattva ke saMbandha meM eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA prApta hai / vaha dRSTi hai aitihAsika / eka to jaina paramparA meM bhI sAmpradAyika mAnasa ke alAvA aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane kA yuga kabhI se prArambha ho gayA hai aura dUsare yaha ki mudraNa yuga meM prakAzita kiye jAnevAle mUla tathA anuvAda grantha jainoM taka hI sImita nahIM rhte| jainatara bhI unheM par3hate haiN| sampAdaka, lekhaka, anuvAdaka aura prakAzaka kA dhyeya bhI aisA rahatA hai ki ve prakAzita grantha kisa taraha adhikAdhika pramANa meM jainetara pAThakoM ke hAtha meM pahu~ceM / kahane kI zAyada hI jarUrata ho ki jainetara pAThaka sAmpradAyika ho nahIM sakate / ataeva karmatattva aura karmazAstra ke bAre meM hama sAmpradAyika dRSTi se kitanA hI kyoM na soce aura likheM phira bhI jaba taka usake bAre meM hama aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra na kareMge taba taka hamArA mala evaM anuvAda prakAzana kA uddezya ThIka-ThIka siddha ho nahIM sktaa| sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke sthAna meM aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane ke pakSa meM aura bhI prabala dalIleM haiM / pahalI to yaha ki aba dhIre-dhIre karmaviSayaka jaina vAGmaya kA praveza kAlijoM ke pAThyakrama meM bhI huA hai jahA~ kA vAtAvaraNa asAmpradAyika hotA hai| dUsarI dalIla yaha hai ki aba sAmpradAyika vAGmaya sampradAya kI sImA lA~dhakara dUra-dUra taka pahu~cane lagA hai| yahA~ taka ki jarmana vidvAn glejhanapa jo 'jainismas'--jainadarzana jaisI sarvasaMgrAhaka pustaka kA prasiddha lekhaka hai, usane to zvetAmbarIya karmagranthoM kA jarmana bhASA meM ulthA bhI kabhI kA kara diyA hai aura vaha usI viSaya meM pI-eca0 DI0 bhI huA hai| ataeva meM isa jagaha thor3I bahuta kamatattva aura karmazAstra saMbandhI carcA aitihAsika dRSTi se karanA cAhatA huuN| ___ maiMne abhI taka jo kucha vaidika aura avaidika zruta tathA mArga kA avalokana kiyA hai aura usa para jo thor3A bahuta vicAra kiyA hai usake aAdhAra para merI rAya meM karmatattva se saMbandha rakhanevAlo nIce likhI vastusthiti khAsa taura se phalita hotI hai jisake anusAra karmatattvavicAraka saba paramparAoM kI zRMkhalA aitihAsika krama se susaGgata ho sakatI hai / __ pahilA prazna karmatattva mAnanA yA nahIM aura mAnanA to kisa AdhAra para, yaha thA / eka pakSa aisA thA jo kAma aura usake sAdhanarUpa artha ke sivAya anya koI puruSArtha mAnatA na thaa| usakI dRSTi meM ihaloka hI puruSArtha thA / ataeva vaha aisA koI karmatattva mAnane ke lie bAdhita na thA jo acche-bure janmAntara yA
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________________ karmatattva 207 paraloka kI prApti karAnevAlA ho / yahI pakSa cArvAka paraMparA ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / para sAtha hI usa ati purAne yuga meM bhI aise ciMtaka the jo batalAte the ki mRtyu ke bAda janmAntara bhI hai' / itanA hI nahIM balki isa dRzyamAna loka ke alAvA aura bhI zreSTha kaniSTha loka hai| ye punarjanma aura paralokavAdI kahalAte the aura ve hI punarjanma aura paraloka ke kAraNarUpa se karmatattva ko svIkAra karate the| inakI dRSTi yaha rahI ki agara karma na ho to janma janmAntara evaM ihalokaparaloka kA saMbandha ghaTa hI nahIM sktaa| ataeva punarjanma kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para karmatattva kA svIkAra Avazyaka hai| ye hI karmavAdI apane ko paralokavAdI tathA Astika kahate the / ___karmavAdiyoM ke mukhya do dala rahe | eka to yaha pratipAdita karatA thA ki karma kA phala janmAntara aura paraloka avazya hai, para zreSTha janma tathA zreSTha paraloka ke vAste karma bhI zreSTha hI cAhie / yaha dala paralokavAdI hone se tathA zreSThaloka, jo svarga kahalAtA hai, usake sAdhanarUpa se dharma kA pratipAdana karanevAlA hone se, dharma-artha-kAma aise tIna hI puruSArthoM ko mAnatA thA, usakI dRSTi meM mokSa kA alaga puruSArtha rUpa se sthAna na thA / jahA~ kahIM pravartakadharma kA ullekha AtA 1 merA aisA abhiprAya hai ki isa deza meM kisI bhI bAharI sthAna se pravartaka dharma yA yAjJika mArga aAyA aura vaha jyoM-jyoM phailatA gayA tyoM-tyoM isa deza meM usa pravartaka dharma ke Ane ke pahale se hI vidyamAna nivartaka dharma adhikAdhika bala pakar3atA gyaa| yAjJika pravartaka dharma kI dUsarI zAkhA IrAna meM jarathosthiyanadharmarUpa se vikasita huii| aura bhArata meM AnevAlI yAjJika pravartaka dharma kI zAkhA kA nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM ke sAtha pratidvandvIbhAva zurU huaa| yahA~ ke purAne nivataka dharmavAdI AtmA, karma, mokSa, dhyAna, yoga, tapasyA Adi vividhi mArga yaha saba mAnate the| ve na to janmasiddha cAturvarNya mAnate the aura na cAturAzramya kI niyata vyvsthaa| unake matAnusAra kisI bhI dharmakArya meM pati ke lie patnI kA sahacAra anivArya na thA pratyuta tyAga meM eka dUsare kA saMbandha viccheda ho jAtA thA / jaba ki pravartaka dharma meM isase saba kucha ulTA thaa| mahAbhArata Adi prAcIna granthoM meM gArhasthya aura tyAgAzrama kI pradhAnatAvAle jo saMvAda pAye jAte haiM ve ukta donoM dharmoM ke virodhasUcaka hai| pratyeka nivRtti dharmavAle ke darzana ke sUtragranthoM meM mokSa ko hI puruSArtha likhA hai jaba ki yAjJika mArga ke saba vidhAna svargalakSI batalAe haiN| Age jAkara aneka aMzoM meM una donoM dharmoM kA samanvaya bhI ho gayA hai|
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________________ 208 jaina dharma aura darzana hai, vaha saba isI tripuruSArthavAdI dala ke mantavya kA sUcaka hai / isakA mantavya saMkSepa meM yaha hai ki dharmazubhakarma kA phala svarga aura adharma-azubhakarma kA phala naraka Adi hai| dharmAdharma hI puNya-pApa tathA adRSTa kahalAte haiM aura unhIM ke dvArA janma-janmAntara kI cakrapravRtti calA karatI hai, jisakA uccheda zakya nahIM hai| zakya itanA hI hai ki agara acchA loka aura adhika sukha pAnA ho to dharma hI kartavya hai| isa mata ke anusAra adharma yA pApa to heya haiM, para dharma yA puNya heya nhiiN| yaha dala sAmAjika vyavasthA kA samarthaka thA, ataeva vaha samAjamAnya ziSTa evaM vihita AcaraNoM se dharma kI utpatti batalAkara tathA nindha AcaraNoM se adharma kI utpatti batalAkara saba taraha kI sAmAjika suvyavasthA kA hI saMketa karatA thA vahI dala brAhmaNamArga, mImAMsaka aura karmakANDI nAma se prasiddha huaa| karmavAdiyoM kA dUsarA dala uparyukta dala se bilakula viruddha dRSTi rakhane vAlA thaa| yaha mAnatA thA ki punarjanma kA kAraNa karma avazya hai / ziSTasammata evaM vihita karmoM ke AcaraNa se dharma utpanna hokara svarga bhI detA hai / para vaha dharma bhI adharma kI taraha hI sarvathA heya hai| isake matAnusAra eka cauthA svatantra puruSArtha bhI hai jo mokSa kahalAtA hai / isakA kathana hai ki ekamAtra mokSa hI jIvana kA lakSya hai aura mokSa ke vAste karmamAtra, cAhe vaha puNyarUpa ho yA pAparUpa, heya hai| yaha nahIM ki karma kA uccheda zakya na ho| prayatna se vaha bhI zakya hai / jahA~ kahIM nibateka dharma kA ullekha aAtA hai vahA~ sarvatra isI mata kA sacaka hai / isake matAnusAra jaba zrAtyantika karmanivRtti zakya aura iSTa hai taba ise prathama dala kI dRSTi ke viruddha ho karma kI utpatti kA asalI kAraNa batalAnA par3A / isane kahA ki dharma aura adharma kA mUla kAraNa pracalita sAmAjika vidhiniSedha nahIM; kintu ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa hai / kaisA hI ziSTasammata aura vihita sAmAjika AcaraNa kyoM na ho para agara vaha ajJAna evaM rAgadveSa mUlaka hai to usase adharma kI hI utpatti hotI hai| isake matAnusAra puNya aura pApa kA bheda sthUla dRSTi vAloM ke lie hai| tattvataH puNya aura pApa saba ajJAna evaM rAga-dveSamUlaka hone se adharma evaM heya hI hai / yaha nivartaka dharmavAdI dala sAmAjika na hokara vyaktivikAsavAdI rahA / jaba isane karma kA uccheda aura mokSa puruSArtha mAna liyA taba isa karma ke ucchedaka evaM mokSa ke janaka kAraNoM para bhI vicAra karanA par3A / isI vicAra ke phalasvarUpa isane jo karmanivartaka kAraNa sthira kiye vahI isa dala kA nivartaka dharma hai / pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma kI dizA bilakula paraspara viruddha hai / eka kA dhyeya sAmAjika vyavasthA kI rakSA aura suvyavasthA kA nirmANa hai jaba dUsare kA dhyeya nijI prAtyantika sukha kI prApti hai, ataeva mAtra
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________________ karmatattva 206 AtmagAmI hai| nivartaka dharma ho zramaNa, parivrAjaka, tapasvI aura yogamArga Adi nAmoM se prasiddha hai| karmapravRtti ajJAna evaM rAga-dveSa janita hone se usakI Atyantika nivRtti kA upAya ajJAnavirodhI samyag zAna aura rAga-dveSavirodhI rAgadveSanAzarUpa saMyama hI sthira huaa| bAkI ke tapa, dhyAna, bhakti Adi sabhI upAya ukta zana aura saMyama ke hI sAdhanarUpa se mAne ge| nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM meM aneka pakSa pracalita the| yaha pakSabheda kucha to vAdoM kI svabhAva-mUlaka ugratA-mRdutA kA aAbhArI thA aura kucha aMzoM meM tattvajJAna kI judI-judI prakriyA para bhI avalaMbita thaa| aise mUla meM tIna pakSa rahe jAna par3ate haiN| eka paramANu vAdI, dUsarA pradhAnavAdI aura tIsarA paramANuvAdI hokara bhI pradhAna kI chAyA vAlA thaa| isameM se pahalA paramANuvAdI mokSa samarthaka hone para bhI pravartakadharma kA utanA virodhI na thA jitane ki pichale do| yahI pakSa zrAge jAkara nyAya-vaizeSika darzanarUpa se prasiddha huA | dUsarA pakSa pradhAnavAdI thA aura vaha Atyantika karmanivRtti kA samarthaka hone se pravartakadharma arthAt zrauta-smArtakarma ko bhI heya batalAtA thA / yahI pakSa sAMkhya-yoga nAma se prasiddha hai aura isI ke tattvajJAna kI bhUmikA ke Upara tathA isI ke nivRttivAda kI chAyA meM Age * jAkara vedAntadarzana aura saMnyAsamArga kI pratiSThA huii| tIsarA pakSa pradhAna cchAyApanna arthAt pariNAmI paramANuvAdI kA rahA jo dUsare pakSa kI taraha hI pravartakadharmakA Atyantika virodhI thA / yahI pakSa jaina evaM nimrantha darzana ke nAma se prasiddha hai / bauddhadarzana pravartaka dharma kA prAtyantika virodhI hai para vaha dUsare aura tIsare pakSa ke mizraNa kA eka uttaravartI svatantra vikAsa hai| para sabhI nivartakavAdiyoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa yaha hai ki kisI na kisI prakAra karmoM kI jar3a naSTa karanA aura aisI sthiti pAnA ki jahA~ se phira janmacakra meM aAnA na pdd'e| aisA mAlUma nahIM hotA hai ki kabhI mAtra pravartakadharma pracalita rahA ho aura nivartaka dharmavAda kA pIche se prAdurbhAva huaA hai| phira bhI prArambhika samaya aisA jarUra bItA hai jaba ki samAja meM pravartaka dharma kI pratiSThA mukhya thI aura nivartaka dharma vyaktiyoM taka hI sImita hone ke kAraNa pravartaka dharmavAdiyoM kI tarapha se na kevala upekSita hI thA balki usase virodha kI coTeM bhI sahatA rhaa| para nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM kI judI-judI paramparAoM ne jJAna, dhyAna, tapa, yoga, bhakti Adi Abhyantara tattvoM kA kramazaH itanA adhika vikAsa kiyA ki phira to pravartakadharma ke hote hue bhI sAre samAja para eka taraha se nivartakadharma kI hI pratiSThA kI muhara laga gii| aura jahA~ dekho vahA~ nivRtti kI carcA hone lagI aura sAhitya bhI nivRtti ke vicAroM se hI nirmita evaM pracArita hone lgaa| ...
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________________ 210 jaina dharma aura darzana nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM ko mokSa ke svarUpa tathA usake sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM to UhApoha karanA hI par3atA thA para isake sAtha unako karmatattvoM ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta vicAra karanA par3A / unhoMne karma tathA usake bhedoM kI paribhASAe~ evaM vyAkhyAeM sthira kii| kArya aura kAraNa kI dRSTi se karmatattva kA vividha vargIkaraNa kiyaa| karma kI phaladAna zaktiyoM kA vivecana kiyA / jude-jude vipAkoM kI kAla maryAdAe~ socI / karmoM ke pArasparika saMbaMdha para bhI vicAra kiyaa| isa taraha nivartaka dharmavAdiyoM kA khAsA karmatattvaviSayaka zAstra vyavasthita ho gayA aura isameM dina pratidina nae-nae praznoM aura unake uttaroM ke dvArA adhikAdhika vikAsa bhI hotA rahA / ye nivartaka dharmavAdI jude-jude pakSa apane subhIte ke anusAra judA-judA vicAra karate rahe para jabataka ina saba kA saMmilita dhyeya pravartaka dharmavAda kA khaNDana rahA taba taka unameM vicAra vinimaya bhI hotA rahA aura unameM ekavAkyatA bhI rhii| yahI sababa hai ki nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, jaina aura bauddha darzana ke karmaviSayaka sAhitya meM paribhASA, bhAva, vargIkaraNa Adi kA zabdazaH aura arthazaH sAmya bahuta kucha dekhane meM AtA hai, jaba ki ukta darzanoM kA maujUdA sAhitya usa samaya kI adhikAMza paidAiza hai jisa samaya ki ukta darzanoM kA paraspara sadbhAva bahuta kucha ghaTa gayA thaa| mokSavAdiyoM ke sAmane eka jaTila samasyA pahale se yaha thI ki eka to purAne baddhakarma hI ananta haiM, dUsare unakA kramazaH phala bhogane ke samaya pratyekakSaNa meM nae-nae bhI karma baMdhate haiM, phira ina saba karmoM kA sarvathA uccheda kaise saMbhava hai, isa samasyA kA hala bhI mokSavAdiyoM ne bar3I khUbI se kiyA thaa| Aja hama ukta nivRttivAdI darzanoM ke sAhitya meM usa hala kA varNana saMkSepa yA vistAra se eka-sA pAte haiM | yaha vastusthiti itanA sUcita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki kabhI nivartakavAdiyoM ke bhinnabhinna pakSoM meM khUba vicAra vinimaya hotA thaa| yaha saba kucha hote hue bhI dhIredhIre aisA samaya A gayA jaba ki ye nivartakavAdI pakSa Apasa meM prathama jitane najadIka na rhe| phira bhI haraeka pakSa karmatattva ke viSaya meM UhApoha to karatA hI rahA / isa bIca meM aisA bhI huA ki kisI nivartakavAdI pakSa meM eka khAsA karmacintaka varga hI sthira ho gayA jo mokSasaMbaMdhI praoM kI apekSA karma ke viSaya meM hI gaharA vicAra karatA thA aura pradhAnatayA usI kA adhyayana-adhyApana karatA thA jaisA ki anya anya viSaya ke khAsa cintaka varga apane-apane viSaya meM kiyA karate the aura Aja bhI karate haiN| vahI mukhyatayA karmazAstra kA cintakavarga jaina darzana kA karmazAstrAnuyogadhara varga yA karmasiddhAntajJa varga hai | karma ke baMdhaka kAraNoM tathA usake ucchedaka upAyoM ke bAre meM to satra
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________________ kargatattva mokSavAdI gauNamukhyabhAva se ekamata hI haiM para karmatattva ke svarUpa ke bAre meM Upara nirdiSTa khAsa karmacintaka varga kA jo mantavya hai use jAnanA jarUrI hai| paramANuvAdI mokSamArgI vaizeSika Adi karma ko cetananiSTha mAnakara use cetanadharma batalAte the jaba ki pradhAnavAdI sAMkhya-yoga use antaHkaraNa sthita mAnakara jar3adharma batalAte the| parantu zrAtmA aura paramANu ko pariNAmI mAnanevAle jaina cintaka apanI judI prakriyA ke anusAra karma ko cetana aura jar3a ubhaya ke pariNama rUpa se ubhaya rUpa mAnate the| inake matAnusAra AtmA cetana hokara bhI sAMkhya ke prAkRta anta karaNa kI taraha saMkoca vikAsazIla thA, jisameM karmarUpa vikAra bhI saMbhava hai aura jo jar3a paramANuoM ke sAtha ekarasa bhI ho sakatA hai / vazeSika Adi ke matAnusAra karma cetanadharma hone se vastutaH cetana se judA nahIM aura sAMkhya ke anusAra karma prakRti dharma hone se vastutaH jar3a se judA nhiiN| jaba ki jaina cintakoM ke matAnusAra karmatattva cetana aura jar3a ubhaya rUpa hI phalita hotA hai jise ve bhAva aura dravyakarma bhI kahate haiN| yaha sArI karmatattva saMbaMdhI prakriyA itanI purAnI to avazya hai jaba ki karmatattva ke cintakoM meM paraspara vicAravinimaya adhikAdhika hotA thaa| vaha samaya kitanA purAnA hai yaha nizcaya rUpa se to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA para jainadarzana meM karmazAstra kA jo cirakAla se sthAna hai, usa zAstra meM jo vicAroM kI gaharAI, zRMkhalAbaddhatA tathA sUkSmAtisakSma bhAvoM kA asAdhAraNa nirUpaNa hai ise dhyAna meM rakhane se yaha binA mAne kAma nahIM calatA ki jainadarzana kI viziSTa karmavidyA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale avazya sthira ho cukI thii| isI vidyA ke dhAraka karmazAsrajJa kahalAe aura yahI vidyA AgrAyaNIya pUrva tathA karmapravAda pUrva ke nAma se vizruta huii| aitihAsika dRSTi se pUrvazabda kA matalaba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale se calA AnevAlA zAstravizeSa hai| niHsaMdeha ye pUrva vastutaH bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale se hI eka yA dUsare rUpa meM pracalita rhe| eka ora jaina cintakoM ne karmatattva ke cintana kI ora bahuta dhyAna diyA jaba ki dUsarI ora sAMkhya-yoga ne dhyAnamArga kI ora savizeSa dhyAna diyaa| Age jAkara jaba tathAgata buddha hue taba unhoMne bhI dhyAna para hI adhika bhAra diyA / para saboM ne birAsata meM mile karmacintana ko apanA rakhA / yahI sababa hai ki sUkSmatA aura vistAra meM jaina karmazAstra apanA asAdhAraNa sthAna rakhatA hai / phira bhI sAMkhya yoga, bauddha Adi darzanoM ke karmacintanoM ke sAtha usakA bahuta kucha sAmya hai aura mUla meM ekatA bhI hai jo karmazAstra ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie jJAtavya hai| I0 1641 ] [paMcama karmagrantha kA pUrvakathana'