Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kAlidAsa kI racanAoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ___ DA. ravizaMkara mizra kAlidAsa zaiva the,' tathApi unakI racanAoM ke samyakAlocana se aisA pratibhAsita hotA hai ki ve jaina dharma kI ahiMsAvAdI zikSAoM se kAphI prabhAvita the| isa tathya ke pramANasvarUpa unakI raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava, zAkuntala Adi racanAe~ hamAre sAmane haiN| jaina dharma ke sarvapramukha siddhAntaahiMsA kA unake granthoM meM paryApta nidarzana milatA hai| raghuvaMza kAlidAsa kA sarvapramukha mahAkAvya hai, jisameM raghu-vaMza kA sampUrNa itihAsa lipibaddha hai tathA jisake pramukha nAyaka raghu haiN| azvamedha yajJa hetu rAjA dilIpa dvArA chor3e gaye azva kA devarAja indra dvArA haraNa kara liye jAne para kumAra raghu ne-jo usa azva ke rakSArtha niyukta the-use parAsta kara, usase, azva ko maaNgaa| parantu raghu ke parAkrama para prasanna indra ne, azva ke atirikta anya koI vara mA~gane ko khaa| isa para raghu ne prArthanA karate hue indra se kahA ki yadi Apa yajJa kA yaha azva nahIM denA cAhate haiM to mujhe aisA vara dIjiye ki mere pUjya pitA ko, binA isa azva kI bali diye hiMsA kiye hI, isa azvamedha yajJa kA pUrA phala prApta ho jAye amocyamazvaM yadi manyase prabho tataH samApte vidhinaiva karmaNi / ajasradIkSAprayataH sa madguruH kratorazeSeNa phalena yujyatAm // [he prabhu ! yadi Apa azva ko chor3ane yogya nahIM samajhate to nirantara yajJAnuSThAna meM prayatnazIla mere pitA, vidhipUrvaka isa yajJa kI samApti hone para jo bhI phala hotA hai, use pUrNa rUpa se prApta kreN|] isa prasaGga meM kavi ne jahA~ kumAra ragha ke apAra parAkrama evaM vinayazIlatA kA bodha karAyA hai, vahIM kyA hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki zaiva dharmAvalambI hote hue bhI kavi ina yajJoM meM hone vAlI 1. (ka) saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : baladeva upAdhyAya (bhAga prathama), pR0.145. (kha) saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : e0 bI0 kotha, hindI bhASAntarakAra : maMgaladeva zAstrI, pR0 122-123. (ga) mahAkavi kAlidAsa : DA0 ramAzaMkara tivArI, pR0 63. (gha) bhAratI kavi vimarza : paM0 rAmasevaka pANDeya, pR0 11. 2. jJAtavya hai ki isa Azvamedhika azva kI yajJa meM bali de dI jAtI hai- zatapathabrAhmaNa, 13/1-5; isake atirikta taittirIyabrAhmaNa, 3/8-9; kAtyAyanIya zrautasUtra, 20: Apastamba, AzvalAyana (20; 10/6) Adi meM bhii| 3. raghuvaMza : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 3/65 /
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kAlidAsa kI racanAoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA 179 nirIha pazuoM kI nirmama hatyA kA prabala virodhI thA / zAyada kavi kI isI ahiMsAtmaka-bhAvanA ke pariNAma-svarUpa isa prasaGga meM nAyaka kI pratiSThA ke sAtha hI hameM ahiMsA ke prati usakA apAra prabhAva pratibhAsita hotA hai| eka anya prasaGga meM rAjA dilIpa maharSi vaziSTha dvArA pradatta nandinI dhenu kI rakSArtha apane zarIra ko siMha ke samakSa prastuta karane ko udyata milate haiM sa tvaM madIyena zarIravatti dehena nivartayitaM prasIda / dinAvasAnotsukabAlavatsA visRjyatAM dhenuriyaM maharSeH / / ' [caMki Apa apane samIpa Ane vAle prANiyoM se apanI jIvikA kA nirvAha karate haiM, ataH mere zarIra se apane jIvana kI rakSA kIjiye aura dina ke samApta hone para utkaNThita choTe bachar3e vAlI maharSi kI isa dhenu ko chor3a dIjiye / 1 isa prasaGga ke pIche kavi kI ahiMsApradhAna nIti hI pramukha rahI hai, tabhI to usane bhagavAn zaGkara ke siMharUpadhArI usa anucara kI hiMsA karane ko udyata rAjA dilIpa ke hAtha ko unake tUNIra meM rakhe hue bANoM meM viddha karavA diyaa| isa prasaGga kI prastuti ke pIche dhyAtavya yaha hai ki kavi ne apanI ahiMsApradhAna nIti para vizeSa bala dene hetu balAt hI isa prasaGga ko kAvya meM jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai; anyathA usake samakSa anya aisA kauna sA kAraNa ho sakatA thA, jisake lie siMha kI hiMsA ke lie udyata rAjA dilIpa ke hAtha ko vaha tUNIra meM viddha krvaataa| eka anya prasaGga meM hama dekhate haiM ki rAjA raghu ke putra kumAra aja eka svayaMvara meM bhAga lene hetu vidarbha deza jA rahe haiN| mArga meM unake eka par3Ava para eka jaGgalI hAthI una para AkramaNa kara detaa| isa para 'hAthI mara na jAya' isakA dhyAna rakhate hue kumAra aja ne usa hAthI ko mAtra bhayabhIta karane ke uddezya se, usa para eka sAdhAraNa bANa chor3a diyA tamApatantaM nRpateravadhyo vanyaH karIti zrutavAnkumAraH / nivartayiSyanvizikhena kumbhe jaghAna nAtyAyatakRSTazAGgaH // 2 [ jaGgalI hAthI rAjA ke lie avadhya hotA hai yaha bAta kumAra aja ko zAstroM dvArA jJAta thI, ataH unhoMne use Age na bar3hane dene kI icchA se apane dhanuSa ko thor3A hI khIMcakara eka bANa se usake mastaka para AghAta kiyA / ] bANa lagane mAtra se vaha jaGgalI hAthI apane hAthI ke usa rUpa ko chor3akara gaganacArI gandharva kA manohara rUpa dhAraNa kara kumAra aja ke sammukha upasthita huA aura bolA ki maiM priyamvada nAmaka gandharva hU~, apane garva ke kAraNa maiMne mataGga RSi ke zApa dvArA gajayoni ko prApta kara liyA thaa| usane Age kahA 1. raghuvaMza : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 2 / 45 / 2. vahI, 2 / 31 / 3. vahI, 5 / 50 / 4. raghuvaMza : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 5 / 53 /
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 180 DA0 ravizaMkara mizra saMmohanaM nAma sakhe mamAstraM prayogasaMhAravibhaktamantram / gAndharvamAdatsva yataH prayokturna cAhisA vijayazca haste // alaM hriyA mAM prati yanmuhUrtaM dayAparo'bhUH praharannapi tvam / tasmAdupacchandayati prayojyaM mayi tvayA na pratiSedharokSyam // ' [ tumane apane kSAtra dharma kA pAlana karate hue bhI apane dayA-dharma ko nahIM chor3A aura mere prANa nahIM liye, ataH maiM Aja se tumhArA mitra hU~ aura apanI isa mitratA ko cirasmaraNIya banAne hetu maiM Apako yaha eka aisA sanmohana astra pradAna kara rahA hU~, jisake dvArA isake prayoktA ko apane zatru kI hiMsA nahIM karanI par3atI aura use zatru para vijaya bhI prApta ho jAtI hai / ] isa prasaGga meM bhI kavi kI ahiMsApradhAna nIti kA hI AbhAsa hotA hai / kyoMki zatru binA hiMsA kiye hI usa para vijaya prApta kara lenA sAmAnyatayA to asambhava hI hotA hai, ata: aisI sthiti meM bhI kavi dvArA aise prasaGga kA prastutIkaraNa sahajatayA kavi ke ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA hI paripoSaka siddha hotA hai / Age isI prasaGga meM hama dekhate haiM ki aja ne raNabhUmi meM apane zatruoM para usI sammohana astra kA prayoga kara, binA zatruoM kI hiMsA kiye hI una para vijaya bhI prApta kI / uparyukta prasaGga mahAkavi kI prANimAtra ke prati dayAlutA va utkRSTa ahiMsAtmaka bhAvanA ke dyotaka/prastotA haiM / unhoMne pade pade ahiMsA kI mahimA kA hAtha uThAkara bakhAna kiyA hai, tabhI to isI kAvya meM Age unhoMne rAjA dazaratha kI usa AkheTa - krIr3A kI nindA kI haiM, jo zravaNakumAra kI hiMsA kA kAraNa banI thI nRpateH pratiSiddhameva tatkRtavAnpaGktiratho vilaGghaya yat / apathe padamarpayanti hi zrutavanto'pi rajonimIlitAH // 2 [ jaGgalI hAthI ko mAranA rAjA ke lie niSiddha thA, kintu rAjA ne usakA ullaGghana kiyA / saca hai, vidvAn puruSa bhI rAjasI guNoM se abhibhUta hokara anucita mArga para padArpaNa kara baiThate haiM / ] isa prasaGgako AdhAra banAkara kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaba rAjA ke lie gaja-hiMsA sarvathA varjita thI, taba usane gaja-zabda ke bhrama meM hI sahI para usakI hiMsA ke nimitta bANa kyoM calAyA ? kyA kAvya kI apanI pUrNatA kI ora kramazaH pahu~cate-pahu~cate- - ahiMsAtmaka bhAvanAjvAra meM zithilatA A gayI thI ? para nahIM jahA~ taka merA vicAra hai ki ko yahI darzAnA abhipreta thA ki anajAne meM bhI kabhI kisI kI hiMsA ke bhI nahIM lAnA cAhie aura sambhavataH isI vicAra ke phalasvarUpa kavi ne zravaNakumAra kI hiMsA kA prasaGga upasthita kiyA / isa prasaGga dvArA kavi prati mana meM vicAra taka 1. 2. vahI, 5 / 65 // 3. vahI, 5 / 57-58 / raghuvaMza : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 9174 |
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kAlidAsa kI racanAoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kavi kI dRSTi meM AkheTa sarvathA nindanIya kArya rahA hai, tabhI to usane abhijJAna zAkuntala meM mAdhavya ke mukha se AkheTa kI nindA karate hue isako ( AkheTa - vRtti ko ) baheliyA ( cir3ImAra ) Adi nimna vyaktiyoM kI vRtti kahA hai yuktaM nAmevaM, yatastvayA rAjakAryANi ujjhitvA tAdRzamaskhalitapadaM pradezaJca vanacaravRttinA bhavitavyamiti || mAdhavya ke isa kathana se abhibhUta hokara rAjA duSyanta kA apanI zikAra yAtrA kA utsAha manda ho gayA, tabhI vaha senApati bhadrasena se kahatA hai - bhadrasena ! bhagnotsAhaH kRto'smi mRgayApavAdinA mAdhavyena e--- arthAt bhadrasena ! zikAra kI nindA karane vAle mAdhavya ne mere utsAha ko manda kara diyA hai / 181 isI grantha ke chaThe aGka meM dhIvara kI matsya - hiMsA Adi kAryoM ko garhya siddha karate hue kavi ne use atiya sthAna diyA hai, tabhI to nAgaraka (thAnAdhyakSa ) dhIvara kI vyaGgaya rUpa meM jo prazaMsA karatA hai, usase usake hiMsA -karma ko nindA hI dhvanita hoto hai - (vihasya ) vizuddha idAnImA AjIvaH - arthAt (ha~sakara ) isakI AjIvikA to pavitra hai / isa vyaGgayokti ke uttara meM apanI matsya hiMsA vRtti ke samarthana meM dhovara kahatA hai sahajaM kila yadvininditaM na tu tat karma vivarjanIyakam / pazumAraNa karmadAruNo'nukampAmRduko'pi zrotriyaH // 4 arthAt nindita hotA huA bhI jo karma svAbhAvika ( vaMzaparamparAgata ) hai, use nahIM chor3anA caahie| dayA se komala ( hRdaya ) hotA huA bhI vaidika brAhmaNa yajJa meM pazu-hiMsArUpI karma se krUra ho jAtA hai / parantu dhIvara ke isa vyaGga rUpa kathana se spaSTa hotA hai ki yajJa meM pazu-hiMsA karane vAle ina zrotriya brAhmaNoM ko bhI kavi ne nindanIya dRSTi se hI dekhA hai / yahA~ hama isa tathya ko to asvIkAra nahIM kara sakate ki tatkAlIna samAja meM AkheTa -krIr3A aura yajJAdi meM pazu-hiMsA pracalita thI, parantu aneka prasaGgoM ke AdhAra para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki kama se kama mahAkavi ko aisI hiMsA rUcikara na thI aura isameM koI Azcarya nahIM ki mahAkavi kI isa ahiMsA - vizva ke prANimAtra ke prati prema aura karuNA kI bhAvanA ke anta meM jaina dharma kA hI kiJcit prabhAva antarnihita ho / jaina dharma meM paramArAdhya evaM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka 'arahaMta' kA sthAna sarvopari hai / isI kAraNa jaina dharma ke anAdinidhana mantra meM sarva prathama inheM hI namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| 1. abhijJAnazAkuntala : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 212 / abhijJAnazAkuntala : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 204 | 2. 3. vahI, 51 ( aGkAvatAra ) 1 4. , 51 (aGkAvatAra ) / 5. Namo arihaMtANaM /
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 182 DA0 ravizaMkara mizra arahaMta zabda prAkRta kA hai, isakA saMskRta rUpa hai - arhata arhan / mahAkavi ne jaina dharma ke isa ArAdhya arhat aura arhan zabda kA apanI racanAoM meM anekazaH zraddhApUrvaka prayoga kiyA hai / raghuvaMza ke prathama sarga meM kavi ne 'nayacakSuSe' vizeSaNa ke sAtha muniyoM ke lie arhat zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisake AdhAra para sambhavataH unhoMne arhat arthAt muni ke nayoM ke jJAtRtva kI ora saGketa kiyA hai paJcama sarga meM kavi ne RSi kautsa kI pUjanIyatA - pavitratA Adi ke kathA prasaGga meM rAjA raghu ke mukha se 'arhat' zabda kahalavAyA hai tasmai sabhyAH sabhAryAya goptre guptatamendriyAH / arhAma cakrurmunayo cakSuSe // Age isI sarga meM rAjA raghu ne RSi kautsa ke AdarasUcaka sambodhanasvarUpa 'he arhan' zabda prayukta kiyA hai - 1. 2. 3. tavArhato nAbhigamena tRptaM mano niyogakriyatotsukaM me / apyAjJayA zAsiturAtmanA vA prApto'si sambhAvayituM vanAnmAm // 2 isI prakAra kumArasambhava meM bhI kavi ne mahanIya janoM ke kathana-prasaGga meM 'arhatu' zabda prayukta kiyA hai 4. sa tvaM prazaste mahite madIye vasaMzcaturtho'gnirivAgnyagAre | dvitrANyahAnyarhasi soDhumarhanyAvadyate sAdhayituM tvadartham // ina sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki mahAkavi ne apanI racanAoM meM sarvatra arhatarhan zabda kA prayoga prAyaH RSi-muniyoM ke lie hI kiyA hai, jo pUjanIya, mahanIya evaM pavitratA ke anyatama sAdhaka hote the / idhara jaina dharma meM bhI yaha arhat arhan zabda una tIrthaMkaroM ke lie hI prayukta milatA hai, jo jaina dharma ke tattvadRSTA anyatama pUjanIya evaM mahanIya sAdhaka hote haiM / to kyA yaha sambhava nahIM ki kavi ne apanI racanAoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga jaina dharma ke arhatoM tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjanIyatA, mahanIyatA evaM pavitratA se prabhAvita hokara hI kiyA ho ? yahA~ yaha kathana koI nizcita to nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAkavi ahiMsAnurAgI the tathA jaina-dharma-darzana ke maulika siddhAntoM ke prati unakA agAdha vizvAsa evaM Adara bhAva thA / tabhI adyaprabhRti bhUtAnAmadhigamyo'smi zuddhaye / yadadhyAsitamarhadbhistaddhi tIrthaM pracakSate // raghuvaMza: mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 1 / 55 / vahI, 5 / 11 / vahI, 5/25 / kumArasambhava : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 6 / 56 /
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kAlidAsa kI racanAoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA 183 to kumArasambhava meM pArvatI kI jisa kaThina tapasyA kA tathA raghuvaMza meM rAjA aja ke AmaraNa upavAsa ke sAtha unake zarIra-tyAga* kA jo hRdayahArI varNana kavi ne kiyA hai, vaha sahajatayA hameM jaina dharma meM pratipAdita samyak-tapa aura sallekhanA-samAdhimaraNa kI smRti karAtA milatA hai| jaina dharma evaM usakI ahiMsA ko avadhAraNA ke prati mahAkavi ke isa agAdha vizvAsa aura Adara bhAva kA kAraNa bhI spaSTa hI hai| mahAkavi ke samaya meM jaina dharma kA paryApta prabhAva thaa| vaha hiMsApradhAna yajJAdikoM kA virodhI thA aura ahiMsA, satya, tapa, asteya aura aparigraha para vizeSa bala dete hae usa yaga kI barAiyoM ko sudhArane kA prayatna kara rahA thaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa yaha dharma samAja meM samAdaraNIya sthAna prApta kara skaa| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogA ki jaina dharma ke ahiMsA, anekAMta, Atmotsarga ke AdarzoM ke avalokanoparAnta mahAkavi bhI isa dharma ke prati AkRSTa hue binA nahIM raha ske| sampAdaka, bhASA vibhAga, purAnA sacivAlaya, bhopAla (madhyapradeza) 1. kumArasambhava : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 5/2 / 2. raghuvaMza : mahAkavi kAlidAsa, 8/94-95 /