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________________ jaina vrata - sureMdra bAtharA jaina zramaNAcAra, zrAvakAcAra aura sAdhanA tathA jIvanazailI kA AdhAra hai pA~ca mhaavrt| jaina paraMparA ke prAcInatama graMthoM, aMga sUtroM meM inakA ullekha isa rUpa meM hai -- sarva prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, maithuna, parigraha viramaNa (sthAnAMga sUtra 5,1,1) / kAlAMtara meM ye jisa rUpa meM prasiddha hue vaha hai -- (1) hiMsA, (2) anRta (asatya), (3) staya (corI). (4) abrahma, aura (5) parigraha -- inase virata honA vrata hai (tattvArtha suutr)| ye vrata hI pAtaMjali yogasUtra meM yama kahe jAte haiM aura anya aneka dharma-darzanoM meM vibhinna rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| rAga-dveSa tathA asAvadhAnI se prANoM ko pIr3A denA yA hanana karanA hiMsA hai| mithyA meM pravRtta honA asatya hai| apane adhikAra kSetra ke bAhara kI vastu ko lenA caurya hai| maithuna athavA kAmavAsanA meM pravRtta honA abrahmacarya hai| mUrchAjanita Asakti parigraha hai| jina RNAtmaka bhAvanAoM kA yahA~ niSedha kiyA hai, ve sabhI hiMsA kI preraka haiN| asatya bhASaNa tatkAla sunane vAle ko uttejita karatA hai aura hiMsaka pratikriyA hotI hai| anabhijJatA ke kAraNa pratikriyA na bhI ho to asatya ko satya mAnakara jo koI bhI kArya kiyA jAtA hai, vaha aMtataH hAnikAraka hotA hai, ataH hiMsA kI zreNI meM AtA hai| steya arthAt corI sIdhe hI hiMsaka kArya hai aura vaha coTa pahuMcAne yA mAra dene se bhI adhika gaharI hiMsA hai kyoMki vaha dIrghakAla taka ekAdhika prANiyoM ko kaSTa detI hai| abrahmacarya athavA kAmAsakti bhI hiMsA ke vyApaka prasAra kA hetu hai| parigraha arthAt saMgraha karane kA moha sabhI hiMsAoM kA srota hai, kyoMki yaha mUlataH svArthajanita hai aura aMdhA svArtha hiMsA ko asIma urjA pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA meM zeSa cAroM vrata samAviSTa ho jAte haiM kyoMki ve ahiMsA ke preraka aura sahayogI haiN| ahiMsA hI saba vratoM kA AdhAra aura dhyeya donoM hai| mahattA ke AdhAra para uparokta pA~ca mahAvratoM kA krama hai ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / kiMtu inake pAlana kI dRSTi se dekheM to krama ulTA ho jAtA hai aura sarvaprathama aparigraha se zurU karanA hotA hai kyoMki aparigraha ke pAlana ke abhAva meM zeSa vratoM se hote hue ahiMsA taka nahIM pahuMcA jA sktaa| yoM Atmika vikAsa ke ahiMsA-AdhArita mArga para pahalA caraNa aparigraha hai| isa pA~caveM vrata ko hama prathama vrata ahiMsA ke AcaraNa kI AdhArabhUmi kaha sakate haiN| jIvana vyavahAra meM ahiMsA pAlana kI zurUAta pA~caveM vrata aparigraha se hotI hai| aparigraha kA artha parigraha kA abhAva aura parigraha kA artha hai kisI vastu yA bhAva ko gherakara jakar3a kara pkdd'naa| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra mUrchA parigraha hai| kisI ke prati asaMyamita hone taka lagAva kI ati hI parigraha hai| isameM lagAva, moha Adi jur3Ava ke sabhI bhAva zAmila haiN| parigraha kA sAmAnya artha hai vastuoM ke prati moha aura unake saMkalana kI pravRtti / yaha moha saMkalana hetu hiMsA karavAtA hai, usameM bAdhA Ane para hiMsA karavAtA hai aura usase vaMcita kie jAne para hiMsA karavAtA hai|
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________________ yahI nahIM aniyaMtrita upabhoga ko bhI yahI moha prerita karatA hai| parigraha kevala vastuoM kA hI nahIM vicAroM kA bhI hotA hai, jo anya sabhI prakAra ke parigraha kA preraka hotA hai| isa mAnasika parigraha kA srota hai vyakti kA apane vicAroM aura dhAraNAoM para moha yahI mohajanita parigraha hamAre vikAsa ko bhI avaruddha karatA hai kyoMki hama purAtana ke anupayogI aMza se mAtra moha ke kAraNa cipake rahate haiM upayogI nUtana ko avakAza nahIM dete| isI kAraNa vikAsa ke patha para agrasara hone ke lie parigraha para niyaMtraNa kA abhyAsa sAdhanA kI prAthamika bhUmikA hai / jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM mokSa - prApti kI sAdhanA ke stara taka pahuMcane ke lie jo mArga nirdhArita kiyA hai use samAhita rUpa meM dekhA jAe to vikAsa ke hara stara ke lie upayogI kramika AcAra saMhitA kI avadhAraNA prakaTa hotI hai| sarvavirati ke isa uccatama stara se jaise-jaise nIce utarate haiM to vratoM kI eka sugaThita zrRMkhalAbaddha aura saTIka vyavasthA ina vratoM ke AyAmoM yA zAkhAoM ke rUpa meM batAe gae aNuvrata, zIlavrata, unakI sahayogI samitiyoM, guptiyoM Adi meM dikhAI par3atI hai uparokta pAMca mahAvrata sAdhu ke lie haiN| zrAvaka ke lie kama kaThoratA lie ve hI pA~ca aNuvrata (sthUla-prANAtipAta viramaNa athavA ahiMsA aNuvrata sthUla-mRSAvAda viramaNa athavA satya aNuvrata sthUla-adattAdAna viramaNa athavA asteya aNuvrata, svadAra saMtoSa athavA brahmacarya aNuvrata aura icchA parimANa athavA aparigraha aNuvrata - * sthAnAMga sUtra) tathA inake sahAyaka aura poSaka vratoM ke rUpa meM sAta zIlavrata (tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata ) batAe haiN| isa prakAra sAmAnya jana ke lie bAraha zrAvaka vrata pracalita haiN| : zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata haiM : pA~ca aNuvrata (1) ahiMsA aNuvrata saMkSepa meM isakA artha hai niraparAdha jIvoM kI hAsya, lobha, dharma, artha, kAma, mUr3hatA, darpa, krodha, moha, ajJAnatA ityAdi kAraNoM se hiMsA na kI jaae| (2) satya aNuvrata : paristhiti ke anusAra yathA saMbhava mithyA kA tyaag| (3) asteya yA acaurya aNuvrata : jisa kisI bhI vastu para apanA bhautika yA naitika adhikAra nahIM banatA, use lene kA niSedha / (4) brahmacarya aNuvrata : sAmAjika niyamAnusAra apanI vivAhita patnI se saMtoSa / (5) aparigraha aNuvrata artha, vastu, suvidhA, sAdhana Adi ke saMgraha ko sImita karanA tIna guNavrata (6) anarthadaMDaviramaNa vyartha kI hiMsA kA tyAga ( 7 ) digvrata sabhI dizAoM meM apane kArya hetu jAne-Ane kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa / (8) upabhoga- paribhoga-parimANa vrata upabhoga- paribhoga kI sabhI vastuoM kI AvazyakatAnusAra sImA kA nizcaya / cAra zikSAvrata : (9) sAmAyika H samasta sAMsArika kAryoM se pare haTa kara kama se kama 48 minaTa (eka muhUrta) taka dharmadhyAna karanA / (10) dezAvakAzikavrata : divrata meM grahaNa kI huI dizAoM kI sImA tathA anya sabhI vratoM meM lI huI maryAdAoM ko aura bhI saMkSipta krnaa| (11) proSadhopavAsa vrata : AhAra, zarIra- zRMgAra, vyApAra Adi sabhI kAryoM ko tyAgakara eka dina-rAta yA adhika samaya ke lie upAzraya Adi zAMta sthAna meM rahakara dharmaciMtana krnaa| 12 atithi saMvibhAga vrata dvAra para Ae atithi ko apane nyAyopArjita dhana meM se vidhipUrvaka AhAra Adi denA / -- ----
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________________ ina vratoM ke pAlana ko sthiratA pradAna karane meM sahAyaka (pratyeka vrata kI pA~ca-pA~ca ke hisAba se) paccIsa bhAvanAeM kahI gaI haiM (samavAyAMga, 25) : (a) ahiMsA vrata kI bhAvanAeM : IryAsamiti -- sva-para ko kaSTa na ho, isa vivekapUrvaka sabhI zArIrika kriyAeM karane kA ciMtana / manogupti -- mana ko azubha dhyAna se haTA kara zubha dhyAna meM lgaanaa| eSaNA samiti -- vastu ke AvazyakatAnusAra khoja, grahaNa va upayoga karane meM sAvadhAnI rkhnaa| AdAna nikSapaNa samiti -- vastu ko lene-tyAgane tathA uThAne-rakhane meM sAvadhAnI rkhnaa| Alokita pAna-bhojana -- pUrNa prakAza meM hI dekha-samajha kara bhojana lenA aura khaanaa| (ba) satyavrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM : anuvIci bhASaNa -- vicArapUrvaka bolnaa| krodha-lobha-bhaya-hAsya tyAga -- krodha, lobha, bhaya tathA hAsya, ina cAroM ke Avega se pare hokara bolnaa| (sa) asteya (acaurya) vrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM : anuvIci avagraha yAcanA -- upayoga hetu sthAna kI vicArapUrvaka yAcanA karanA / abhIkSNAvagraha yAcanA -- apane mAMgane se usa sthAna yA vastu ke svAmI ko tanika bhI kaSTa na ho, isa bAta kA vicAra rkhnaa| avagrahAvadhAraNa -- apane avagraha (kalpa yA maryAdA) ke parimANa ko mAMgane ke samaya nizcita krnaa| sAdharmika avagraha yAcanA-- jisa sthAna kA upayoga sAdharmika pahale se kara rahA ho usa sthAna kI yAcanA usase hI krnaa| anujJApita bhojana-pAna -- vidhipUrvaka lAe hue bhojana-pAna ko guru ko dikhAkara, unakI AjJA lekara grahaNa krnaa| digaMbara paraMparA meM astayavrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM dUsare prakAra se kahI gaI haiM : zUnyAgAra -- parvata kaMdarA, Adi khAlI sthAna ko grahaNa krnaa| vimocitAvAsa -- dUsaroM dvArA (tyakta) choDe hue makAna Adi meM rhnaa| paroparodhAkaraNa -- dUsaroM ko usa sthAna para Thaharane se nahIM roknaa| bhaikSyazuddhi - zAstravihita bhikSA kI vidhi meM nyUnAdhika nahIM krnaa| sadharmA'visaMvAda -- sadharmiyoM meM visaMvAda nahIM krnaa| (da) brahmavrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM asaMsaktavAsa samiti -- apane se vijAtIya (puruSa, strI, pazu aura napuMsaka) vyakti ne jisa zayyA-Asana kA upayoga kiyA ho, usakA tyAga karanA / strIkathAvirati-- striyoM ke kAma, moha, zrRMgAra, sauMdarya Adi saMbaMdhI bAteM na krnaa| strIrUpadarzanavirati -- vijAtIya vyakti ke manohara aura kAmottejaka aMgoM ko na dekhnaa| pUrvarata-pUrvakrIr3itavirati-- pahale kI huI rati-krIr3AoM kA smaraNa na krnaa| praNIta AhAra tyAga -- kAmotteka bhojana na krnaa| (ya) aparigraha vrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM : sparzana-rasanA-ghrANa-cakSu-zrotra -- ina pA~ca iMdriyoM ke manojJa viSayoM meM rAga aura amanojJa viSayoM meM dvaSa kI bhAvanA na rkhnaa| jaina paraMparA meM ina saba vratoM ke pAlana ke tIna AyAmoM aura tIna sAdhanoM para bala diyA gayA hai| mana, vacana aura kAyA se svayaM na karanA, anyoM se na karavAnA aura kisI ke karane kA anumodana nahIM krnaa| yaha inheM mAtra bhautika yA daihika stara se uThAkara sAmAjika, mAnasika va Atmika stara para le jAtA hai| ina vratoM ke sAtha sAvadhAnI ke lie aticAroM kA ullekha bhI hai| sAmAnya artha meM ye vrata niSedhAtmaka lagate haiM aura haiM bhI, kyoMki kaThora vrata ke pAlana karane meM niSedha sahayogI hotA hai| kiMtu vratoM meM nivRtti aura pravRtti donoM aMza aMtarnihita hote haiM, tabhI vrata pUrNatA prApta karatA hai| satkArya meM pravRtti ke lie
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________________ prAthamika AvazyakatA yaha hai ki usake virodhI sabhI duSkAryoM se nivRtti kI jaae| isa duSkArya se nivRtti kA vAMchita vikAsa ke rUpa meM phala tabhI prApta hotA hai jaba sAtha-sAtha satkArya meM pravRtti ho| yaha pravRtti hI nivRtti kI bhAvanA ko dRr3hatA aura sthiratA pradAna karatI hai| isI dRSTi se pravRtti kI cAra bhAvanAoM kA vratoM ke sAtha hI ullekha hai| maitrI bhAvanA -- maitrI kA abhiprAya hai sabhI prANiyoM kI hita ciMtA krnaa| pramoda bhAvanA -- guNoM kA vicAra karake una guNoM meM harSita honA, pramoda bhAva hai| kAruNya bhAvanA -- dIna vyaktiyoM para anugraha kA bhAva rakhanA, athavA duHkhI prANiyoM ke kaSTa ko miTAne kA bhAva karuNA hai| mAdhyastha bhAvanA -- durjanoM aura avinayI puruSoM (prANiyoM) para dveSa na karanA, apitu mAdhyasthya bhAva rkhnaa| isa AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA carama yA aMtima vrata hai sNlekhnaa| mRtyu kA samaya nikaTa jAnakara kramazaH AhAra tyAgakara kramazaH kaSAyoM aura zarIra donoM ko mRtyuparyaMta kRSa karate rahanA arthAt saMpUrNa AtmonnamukhI ciMtana meM lIna hokara kAyotsarga krnaa| isa vrAtya paraMparA meM ina AdhArabhUta vratoM ke atirikta tapAdi sAdhanAoM saMbaMdhI anya aneka vratoM kA ullekha bhI hai| isa laMbI sUcI ke sabhI vrata apanI sImA meM kaThora lagate haiM, kiMtu jaise hI stara parivartana hotA hai, unameM aMtarnihita lacIlApana samajha meM Ane lagatA hai| vratoM ke utkRSTa pAlana kA carama biMdu hai -- vItarAga avasthA yA kevalajJAna prApti / usa stara para vrata svabhAva bana jAte haiM aura sAdhanA ke isa biMdu para pahuMcate-pahuMcate anya sabhI vrata ahiMsA meM simaTa jAte haiN| isase pUrva ina vratoM ke vyAvahArika aura AdhyAtmika pahalU eka adbhuta sAmaMjasya ke sAtha calate haiM aura yogyatAnusAra nicale staroM ko bar3e saTIka rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| sAdhaka jIvana aura gRhastha jIvana ke kisI bhI stara se AraMbha kara ahiMsaka vikAsa kI ora bar3hane kA mArga isa vrata vyavasthA meM sApha dikhAI par3atA hai|