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________________ muni zrI kalyANa vijayajI gaNi jaina zramaNasaMgha kI zAsanapaddhati yadyapi prastuta lekha meM hameM zramaNasaMgha kI zAsana-paddhati kA hI mukhyatayA varNana karanA hai, tathApi isake prArambha meM 'jinazAsanapaddhati' kA nirdeza karanA bhI anivArya hai, kyoMki hamArI zramaNa-zAsana-paddhati bhI isI jina-zAsana-paddhati kA vistRta rUpa hai. jaina sUtroM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko 'dharmacakravartI' kahA hai, aura vAstava meM ve dharmacakravartI hI the. dhArmika rAjya kI vyavasthA karane meM ve svataMtra aura sArvabhauma sattAdhArI puruSa the. lAkhoM anuyAyiyoM para unakA akhaNDa prabhutva thA. anuyAyigaNa bar3I lagana ke sAtha unake zAsanoM kA anupAlana karate the. unake zAsana bhI sAMpradAyika bAr3e meM Dhakelane vAle phatave nahIM, kintu sarvagrAhya upadezAtmaka hote the. mahAvIra manuSyoM ke svabhAva aura unakI paristhitiyoM ke pUrNa jJAtA the, yahI kAraNa hai ki unake upadezoM meM kaThina se kaThina aura sugama se sugama sabhI taraha ke niyamoM ke pAlana kA Adeza hotA thA. inake mata meM 'nirgrantha sAdhu aura mokSa mArga meM vizvAsa mAtra rakhane vAlA gRhastha' donoM jaina the. isa vizAla dRSTi aura udAratA kA pariNAma yaha thA ki lAkhoM manuSya apanI-apanI zraddhA, bhakti aura zakti ke anusAra mahAvIra ke dharmamArga meM pravRtti kara rahe the. dharmacakravartI mahAvIra ke dharmasAmrAjya kI zAsana-paddhati kA itihAsa bahuta bar3A hai. apane hajAroM tyAgI aura lAkhoM gRhastha ziSyoM kI vyavasthA ke liye mahAvIra ne jo niyama banAye the, ve Aja bhI jaina zAstroM meM saMgRhIta haiM. eka dharma-vyavasthApaka apane anuyAyiyoM ke liye kaisI sundara vyavasthA kara sakatA hai, isa bAta ko samajhane ke liye mahAvIrapraNIta 'saMgha-vyavasthApaddhati' eka mananIya vastu hai. isa paddhati kA savistAra nirUpaNa karanA hamAre isa lekha kA viSaya nahIM hai. yahAM para to hama isakA digdarzanamAtra karA ke Age bar3heMge. mahAvIra ke zramaNagaNa-bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tamAma sAdhu nau vibhAgoM meM bA~Te hue the. ye vibhAga 'gaNa' athavA 'zramaNagaNa' isa nAma se pahicAne jAte the. ina gaNoM ke adhyakSa mahAvIra ke prathama dIkSita indrabhUti gautama Adi gyAraha ziSya the jo 'gaNadhara' kahalAte the. sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI kula-vyavasthA ina gaNadharoM ke supurda thI. mahAvIra ne apane jimme dhArmika upadeza, anya tIthika tathA apane ziSyoM kI zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna aura dhArmika niyama batAnA ityAdi kAma rakhe the. zeSa saba kArya prAyaH gaNadharoM ke havAle rahate the. pUrvokta nau vibhAga vyavasthA-paddhati ke anusAra bane hue the. guNa kI apekSA se mahAvIra ke sAdhu sAta vibhAgoM meM bhI vibhakta the, jo 1-kevalI, 2 manaHparyavajJAnI, 3 avadhijJAnI, 4 vaikriyaddhika, 5 cartudaza pUrvI, 6 vAdI aura 7 sAmAnya sAdhu kahalAte the. Jain Education > LEor Private&Personality
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________________ T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 544 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya 1. kevalI athavA pUrNajJAnI sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA 700 kI thI aura inakA darjA sarvazreSTha thA. ye bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukAbale ke jJAnI the. mahAvIra ne inakI pUrNa svataMtratA ko svIkAra kiyA thA. ye AtmadhyAna karane ke uparAnta dharmopadeza bhI dete the. 2. dUsare darje ke sAdhu 'manaHparyavajJAnI' yAne manovaijJAnika the. ye cittavRtti vAle prANiyoM ke mAnasika bhAvoM ke jJAtA hote the. 3. avadhijJAnI-athavA, maryAdita jJAnI sAdhu 1300 the. 4. caturdazapUrvI sampUrNa akSarajJAna ke pAraMgata hote the aura ziSyoM ko zAstrAdhyayana karAte the. 5. vaikriyaddhika athavA yogasiddhi prApta 700 sAdhu the jo prAyaH tapazcaryA aura dhyAna meM magna rahate the. 6. vAdI athavA tarka aura dArzanika siddhAntoM kI carcA karane vAle 400 sAdhu the, jo anya tIthikoM ke sAtha carcA va zAstrArtha meM utarate aura jainadarzana ke Upara hone vAle AkramaNoM kA uttara dete the. 7. isa vibhAga meM zeSa tamAma sAdhu the, jo vidyAdhyayana, tapasyA, dhyAna aura viziSTa sAdhuoM kI sevA-cAkarI karate the. isa prakAra mahAvIra kA zramaNasaMgha yogyatA kI dRSTi se aura vyavasthA-paddhati ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAne se unakI vyavasthA-paddhati bar3I sugama ho gayI thI. yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM 1400 jitanA vizAla zramaNasaMgha ekAjJAdhIna thA. 30 varSa ke andara sirpha do sAdhu isa vizAla samudAya meM se mahAvIra ke siddhAntavizeSa ke sambandha meM viruddha hue the jo 'jamAlI' aura 'tiSyagupta' ina nAmoM se jainazAstra meM prasiddha haiM. ye donoM hI mahAvIra ke zramaNa-saMgha se bAhara kiye gaye the. bhagavAn mahAvIra karIba 30 varSa taka dharma pracAra karake 72 varSa kI avasthA meM nirvANa prApta hue the. inake 11 gaNadharoM meM se 6 gaNadhara inase pahale hI mukti-lAbha kara cuke the. gaNadharoM meM sirpha 'indrabhUti gautama' aura 'agnivaizyAyana sudharmA ye do hI jIvita the. inameM se indrabhUti gautama ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA, usI rAtri ke aMta meM kevala jJAna ho jAne se ve nivRtti parAyaNa ho gaye the. isa kAraNa mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda sampUrNa zramaNa-saMgha ke 'pramukha' sudharmA gaNadhara bane the. yadyapi mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM 'jaina zAsana' ekacchatra rAjya ke DhaMga para hI calatA thA, para unake nirvANa ke bAda vaha sthiti nahIM rahI. mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke anantara jaina zramaNasaMgha kI vyavasthA ke lie eka 'navIna zAsana-paddhati' sthApita huI thI jise 'sthavirasattAka' yA 'yugapradhAnasattAka' zAsana-paddhati kaha sakate haiM. prastuta lekha meM hama isI zAsanapaddhati kA digdarzana karAe~ge. paribhASA-zAsana-paddhati kA digdarzana karAne se pahale hama isake katipaya adhikAriyoM kI aura unake adhikAroM kI paribhASAyeM samajhAe~ge. kyoMki isa zAsana ke adhikArI saMgha sthavira-yugapradhAna, AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNi, pravartaka, gaNAvacchedaka, sthavira ityAdi nAmoM se prasiddha haiM, aura inake adhikAra-pada-saMgha, gaNa, kula Adi bhI suprasiddha haiM para ina sabakI paribhASA kyA hai, yaha bahuta kama loga jAnate hoMge aura jaba taka inako paribhASAyeM jAnI nahIM gaI taba taka ina adhikAriyoM se banI huI zAsana-paddhati ko samajhanA kaThina hai. 1. kula-eka AcArya kA ziSya-parivAra zramaNaparibhASA meM 'kula' isa nAma se nirdiSTa hotA thA. isa prAcIna kula ko Adhunika jaina paribhASA meM 'saMghADA'' kaha sakate haiM. 1. 'saMghATaka' zabda kA apabhraMza 'saMghADA' hai, 'saMvATaka' kA artha jaina sUtroM kI paribhASAnusAra do (yugma) hotA hai parantu Adhunika jaina bhASA meM eka AcArya ko ziSya paramparA ko bhI 'saMghADA' kaha diyA karate haiM. JainEchirentioneinhemaine or- to-rosemiere Hainalihrady.org
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________________ kalyANavijaya gaNi : jaina zramaNasaMgha kI zAsanapaddhati : 545 2. kula-sthavira aura unake adhikAra-uparyukta kula kA pramukha AcArya 'kulasthavira' kahalAtA thA. kula kI vyavasthA aura usa para zAsana karanA isa sthavira ke adhikAra meM rahatA thA. 3. gaNa-samAna AcAra aura triyAvAle do se adhika kuloM kI saMyukta samiti ko 'gaNa' kahate the. 4. gaNasthavira aura unake adhikAra-ukta gaNa kA pramukha AcArya 'gaNasthavira' kahalAtA thA. . gaNa ke zAsana vibhAga ke uparAnta gaNa kA nyAyavibhAga bhI isa sthavira ke hAtha meM rahatA thA. apane gaNa sambandhI aura kabhI-kabhI do bhAgoM ke bIca hone vAle jhagar3oM kA nipaTArA 'gaNa-sthivira' karate the. kula-sthaviroM ke kAmoM para nigarAnI rakhanA, unake die hue phaisaloM kI apIleM sunanA, saMgha-sthavira kI sabhA meM hAjira hokara unameM salAha denA ityAdi gaNasthivara ke adhikAra ke kArya hote the. 5. saMgha-uparyukta lakSaNa vAle sarva gaNoM kA saMyukta maMDala 'saMgha' isa nAma se pahacAnA jAtA thA. 6. saMgha-sthavira aura usakA adhikAra : ukta saMgha kA pramukha AcArya 'saMgha-sthavira' kahalAtA thA. pramukha kI yogyatA se saMgha kI vyavasthA karanA, gaNa sthiviroM ke die hue phaisaloM kI apIleM sunanA aura gaNasthaviroM kI salAha se saMgha kI unnati ke liye ucita maryAdA-niyamoM kA nirmANa karanA ityAdi kArya saMgha-sthavira ke adhikAra meM rahate the. inameM 'kula-sthavira' aura 'gaNa-sthavira' to apane kuloM aura gaNoM kI paramparA ke hI hote the, parantu saMgha-sthavira ke liye aisA koI niyama nahIM thA. kisI bhI kucha athavA gaNa kA ho, jo dIkSAparyAya, zAstrAbhyAsa, sthitiprajJatA, nyAyapriyatA mAdhyasthya Adi pramukhocita guNoM se sabase adhika sampanna hotA usI ko saMgha apanA pramukha banA letA thA. 7. yuga-pradhAna-jana-samAja meM 'yuga-pradhAna' zabda jitanA prasiddha hai utanA hI isakA vAstavika artha aprasiddha hai. hamAre bahutere bhAiyoM kA khayAla hai ki 'yuga-pradhAna' koI lokottara puruSa hotA thA. jahA~ yaha vicaratA thA vahAM dubhikSAdi upadrava nahIM hote the. usa bhAgyavAn ke kaI aise zArIrika atizaya hote jo dUsaroM meM nahIM pAye jAte the. para vAstava meM aisI koI bAta nahIM hai. bhadrabAhu, AryamahAgiri aura vajrasvAmI jaise prasiddha mahAnubhAva AcAryoM ke samaya meM aise duSkAlAdi upadrava hue the jinakA varNana karate lekhinI kAMpatI hai phira bhI pUrvokta mahApuruSa yugapradhAna the, yaha bAta hama saba mAnate haiM. asala bAta to yaha hai ki jo AcArya apane samaya ke sarva Agama-sUtroM kA jJAtA aura anuyogadhara hone ke uparAnta vividha dezoM kI bhASA aura zAstroM kA jJAtA, deza dezAntaroM meM bhramaNa kiyA huA aura zAnti, dAkSiNyAdi guNa gaNavibhUSita hotA vahI 'yugapradhAna' (apane samaya kA zreSTha puruSa) isa anvarthaka nAma se saMbodhita hotA thA. isa prakAra ke 'yugapradhAna' eka samaya meM eka se adhika bhI hote the, unameM jo dIkSAparyAya meM bar3A hotA use 'saMghasthavira' banAyA jAtA thA. jaba taka saMghasthavira kAryakSama hote hue apane adhikAra para kAyama rahatA taba taka dUsare yugapradhAna gaNasthavira athavA kulasthavira ke hI pada para bane rahate the, aura vRddha saMghasthavira kA svargavAsa hone para unameM jo paryAyavRddha hotA vaha saMghasthavira banAyA jAta thA ! isa prakAra 'yugapradhAna' yaha apane samaya ke 'sarvazreSTha puruSa' kA nAma hai.. 8. gaccha-yaha 'gaccha' zabda pUrvakAla meM 3-4 Adi se lekara hajAroM sAdhuoM kI Tukar3iyoM ke artha meM pracalita thA. pAMca adhikAriyoM se bane hue tathA kAlAntara meM gaNa-vyavasthApakamaNDala ke artha meM pracalita huA aura phira dhIre-dhIre yaha gaNa kA paryAya bana gayA hai. 12 vIM zatI kI sUtraTIkAoM meM unake raciyitAoM ne 'gaccha' kA artha 'kuloM kA samUha' kiyA hai jo tatkAlIna sthiti ke anurodha se ThIka kahA jA sakatA hai siddhAnta ke anusAra nahIM. N MA Jain Edition Caingibrary.org yah sa
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________________ 546 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya 6. AcArya-gaccharAjya kA sarvopari zAsaka puruSa 'AcArya' kahalAtA thA. yaha gaccha kA rAjA mAnA jAtA thA, gathasthavira hI AcArya athavA gacchAcArya kahalAtA thA. AcArya saMghasthavira kI vyavasthApikA sabhA kA sabhAsad ginA jAtA thA. athavA yoM kahiye ki vizAla rASTra meM eka dezapati rAjA kA jaisA darjA hotA hai, vaisA hI darjA sthavira rAjya meM gacchapati AcArya kA mAnA jAtA thA. yaha saba hote hue bhI isakI sattA kAnUnabaddha thI. hAM, kucha aniyaMtrita sattA bhI ise dI jAtI thI ki jisakA upayoga vaha viziSTa avasaroM va saMyogoM meM karatA thA. saMgha aura gaccha ke sAmane AcArya kI pUrI javAbadArI rahatI thI. vaha kucha aparAdha karatA to sAmAnya sAdhu se bhI adhika daNDa pAtA thA. bAra-bAra kAnUna bhaMga karanA, gaccha ke pratikUla calanA, gaccha kI vyavasthA karane meM ayogya sAbita honA ityAdi kAraNoM se AcAryoM ko apane pada taka kA tyAga karanA par3atA thA. 10. upAdhyAya-'upAdhyAya' vartamAna AcArya kA uttarAdhikArI mAnA jAtA thA. isako jaina-zAstroM meM 'yuvarAja' kI upamA dI gaI hai. sacamuca hI yaha padAdhikArI yuvarAja kI yogyatA rakhatA huA gaccha ke aneka kAryoM meM AcArya kA hAtha baMTAtA thA. gacchavAsI vidyArthI sAdhuoM ko sUtra par3hAnA, yaha upAdhyAya kA mukhya kartavya hotA thA. 11. gaNi-'gaNi' zabda kA prayoga kahIM AcArya ke aura kahIM upAdhyAya ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki AcArya athavA upAdhyAya kI gairahAjirI meM una donoM ke kArya 'gaNi' calAtA thA. yadyapi gaccha-vyavasthApikA sabhA meM isakI koI khAsa baiThaka nahIM thI, phira bhI AcArya aura upAdhyAya ke kAryoM kA yaha bar3A sahAyaka thA. itanA hI nahIM balki unakI gairahAjirI meM yahI AcArya athavA upAdhyAya mAnA jAtA thA. isa padadhara ko AcArya upAdhyAya kA khAnagI mantrI kaha sakate haiM. 12. pravartaka ---pravartaka-gaccha ke bAhya aura Antarika kAryoM kA vyavasthApaka mantrI thA. bAla, vRddha aura bImAra sAdhuoM kI dekhabhAla rakhanA, anajAna sAdhuoM ko gaccha aura saMgha ke sAmAnya niyamoM se vAkipha karAnA aura gaccha meM vastra-pAtra Adi jarUrI sAdhanoM kA prabandha karanA Adi kArya isa adhikArI ke supurda rahate the. isa padadhara ko gaccharAjya kA mantrI kaha sakate haiM. 13. sthavira sthavira padadhara gaccha kA nyAyAdhIza thA, gaccha ke bhItarI tamAma jhagar3oM ke phaisale isI adhikArI ke dvArA kiye jAte the. gaccha ke sarvocca zAsaka AcArya taka ko isake phaisale maMjUra karane par3ate the. saMghasthavira kI sabhA meM bhI yahI sthavira gacchAcArya kA pratinidhi banakara bahudhA jAyA karatA thA. jo sAdhu nyAyazIla hone ke uparAnta daNDavidhAna (cheda) sUtroM kA acchA abhyAsI hotA usI ko yaha 'sthavira' pada diyA jAtA thA. 14. gaNAvacchedaka-gaNAvacchedaka kA kArya gaNa ke bhinna-bhinna kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke sambandhoM ko vyavasthita rakhanA gaNa ke sAdhuoM ko bhinna-bhinna Tukar3iyoM meM bAMTakara gItArthoM kI dekhabhAla meM vihAra karAnA, gItArthoM aura unake Azrita sAdhuoM kI badaliyAM karanA ityAdi kArya gaNAvacchedaka ke adhikAra meM rahate the. isa padastha ko hama gaNarAjya kA gRha-maMtrI kaha sakate haiM. vyavasthA-paddhati-zramaNa saMgha kI vyavasthA-paddhati kaisI hogI, isakA kucha AbhAsa to Upara dI huI paribhASAoM se hI ho jAtA hai, phira bhI adhika spaSTatA ke liye hama yahAM isa vyavasthA-paddhati kA kucha vivecana kareMge. jisa prakAra eka vizAla rASTra meM aneka 'deza' aura dezoM meM aneka 'prAnta' hote haiM usI prakAra hamAre jaina-zramaNasaMgha meM aneka gaNa aura gaNoM meM aneka 'kula' hote the. Jain Educa Maimary.org
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________________ kalyANavijaya gaNi : jaina zramaNasaMgha kI zAsanapaddhati : 547 ++ jaise prAnta ke hAkima deza ke hAkimoM ke aura deza ke hAkima rASTrapati ke mAtahata hote haiM vaise hI kuloM ke sthavira gaNasthaviroM ke aura gaNoM ke sthavira saMghasthavira ke mAtahata hote the. kula-sthaviroM kA kAryapradeza saMkucita hotA thA isalie ve akele hI apane kula kI vyavasthA kara lete the, parantu gaNasthaviroM kA kAryapradeza bahuta vistRta thA. unheM apane-apane gaNoM kI vyavasthA to karanI par3atI hI thI, sAtha hI saMgha sthavira kI sabhA meM hAjira hokara athavA pratinidhi bhejakara saMgha ke kArya meM bhI bhAga lenA par3atA thA. isa vAste gaNasthavira apane gaNa kI vyavasthA ke liye eka vyavasthApikA sabhA sthApita karate the jo 'gaccha' kahalAtI thI. isake nimnalikhita pA~ca sabhAsada hote the : 1. AcArya-athavA pramukha. 2. upAdhyAya--athavA upapramukha. 3. pravartaka-athavA maMtrI. 4. sthavira-athavA nyAyAdhIza. 5. gaNAvacchedaka-athavA gRhamaMtrI. gaNa-sabhA athavA gaccha ke ina pAMca adhikAriyoM ke jimme kyA-kyA kArya hote the isakA nirdeza paribhASA prakaraNa meM kara diyA gayA hai. gaNoM kA pArasparika sambandha-sabhI gaNa 'saMgha' ke 'pratinidhi' hote the yaha bAta pahale hI kahI jA cukI hai, para ina gaNoM kA pArasparika sambandha kaisA hotA thA, isa bAta kA abhI taka vicAra nahIM kiyA. jahAM taka hama jAnate haiM, mahAvIra ke sabhI zramaNagaNa Apasa meM eka dUsare se sambandhita the. vandana, bhojana, adhyayana, pratikramaNa, pratilekhanAdi sabhI prakAra ke nitya-naimittika-kriyA-vyavahAra eka dUsare ke sAtha hote the aura yaha rIti AThaveM saMghasthavira sthUlabhadra taka barAbara calatI rahI. para Arya sthUlabhadra ke ziSya AryamahAgiri aura AryasuhastI ke bIca bhikSAvidhi ke sambandha meM matabheda hokara eka bAra yaha ApasI sambandha TUTa gayA thA, aura taba se anya gaNoM meM bhI asAMbhogika rIti kA pracAra huA. usa samaya ke bAda samAna AcAra vicAra aura kriyA sAmAcArI vAle gaNa to eka dUsare ke sAtha bhojanAdi sAmAnya vyavahAra rakhate the. para jo gaNa samAcArI meM apane se bhinnatA rakhate unake sAtha dainika sAmAnya vyavahAra nahIM rakhate the. isa prakAra kA saMbhoga-bhojanAdi vyavahAra jina ke sAtha hotA, ve gaNa kula athavA sAdhu eka dUsare ke saMbhogika' kahalAte the ora zeSa 'asAMbhogika.' sAMbhogika gaNa ekatra milate taba eka parivAra kI taraha saba taraha se eka hokara rahate the. apane se bar3oM ko saba vandana karate the, eka maMDala meM baiThakara bhojana karate the aura sAtha hI paThana-pAThana tathA pratikramaNAdi kriyAeM karate the. para asAMbhogika gaNoM ke sAtha aisA nahIM hotA thA. asAMbhogika gaNoM ke ekatra milane para sAdhu eka dUsare ke gaNasthavira ko vandana mAtra karate the aura vaha bhI apane-apane AcAryoM ko pUchane ke bAda. hA~, asvastha sAdhu kI sevA karane ke sambandha meM yaha 'asAMbhogitA' kI bAr3a kisI ko roka nahIM sakatI thI. balki bImAra kI sevA ke viSaya meM to yahA~ taka niyama bane hue the ki bImAra sAdhu apane gaNa kA ho cAhe dusare gaNa kA usakI bImArI kI khabara milate hI vaiyAvRttya (sevA) karane vAle sAdhuoM ko usakI sevA bhakti karane ko jAnA par3atA thA. gaNoM ke prAntara niyama-gaNoM ke pArasparika sambandha kaise hote the, isakA saMkSipta paricaya Upara diyA gayA hai. aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki mANDalika-rAjyoM kI bhAMti eka dUsare se sambandhita ina gaNa-rAjyoM ke Antara niyama athavA saMdhi vidhAna kisa prakAra ke hote the. yoM to gaNoM ke bIca aneka choTI-moTI niyama-maryAdAeM pAlI jAtI thIM, para una sabakA isa lekha meM varNana karanA zakya nahIM hai. yahA~ to hama unhIM sthUla niyamoM kA ullekha kareMge jo pratyeka gaNa ko bar3I sAvadhAnI se pAlane par3ate the. aise niyamoM meM nimnalikhita cAra niyama mukhya the :
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________________ 548 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya 1. kSetrasvAmitva-maryAdA 2. sacittAdi parihAra 3. gaNAntaropasampadA 4. sAdharmyavaidharmya-nirvAha. 1-kSetrasvAmitva kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa kSetra meM jo kula athavA gaNa vicaratA, usa kSetra para usI kula athavA gaNa kA svAmitva mAnA jAtA thA. usa samaya usa kSetra meM kSetra-svAmI kI AjJA ke vinA dUsarA 'kula' athavA 'gaNa' nahIM raha sakatA thA. isa kSetra-svAmitva kI kAla maryAdA varSA kAla meM zrAvaNa se kArtika taka cAra mAsa kI aura zeSa kAla meM eka mAsa kI hotI thI. yadi isa kAla meM maryAdA ke uparAnta prathama kA 'kula' 'gaNa' usa kSetra meM raha jAtA to bhI usa kSetra para se usakA svAmitva haTa jAtA thA aura isa dazA meM vahA~ dUsarA kula gaNa Akara raha sakatA thA. tathA vahAM se utpanna hone vAle sacitta-acitta dravya kA hakadAra banatA thA. apane-apane kSetroM se vihAra kara zramaNa gaNa jahA~ jAte, ve kSetra yadi nirvAha yogya hote to vahA~ mAsa-mAsa taka Thaharate hue Age jAte the. kisI ke kSetra para apanA haka jamAne ke vAste athavA bar3A kSetra jAnakara vahA~ apanA svAmitva sthApita karane ke vicAra se yogya kSetroM ko ullaMghana kara Age jAne kA kisI ko bhI adhikAra nahIM thA. jisa gAMva yA nagara meM jo 'kula' yA 'gaNa' cAturmAsya rahanA cAhatA, vaha pahale vahAM ke mukhiyoM ko apanA vicAra kaha detA thA aura phira jahAM kahIM 'saMghasamavasaraNa' hotA vahAM bhI vaha apanA vicAra prakaTa kara detA thA ki 'hamane amuka kSetra meM cAturmAsya karane kA vicAra kiyA hai' aisA karane se dUsarA koI bhI kula gaNa yA saMghADA vahA~ cAturmAsya karane ko nahIM jAtA thA. yadi kisI ko khabara na hone se jAtA bhI to vahAM ke gRhastha kaha dete the ki 'yahAM para amuka gaNa athavA kula cAturmAsya karane vAlA hai.' jina pratiSThA yAtrAdi nimitta, athavA saMgha sambandhI kArya ke nimitta jisa kSetra meM 'saMgha-samavasaraNa' hotA (saMgha ekatra hotA) vaha kSetra sAdhAraNa mAnA jAtA. jaba taka vahAM rahatA, taba taka usa kSetra para kisI bhI kula yA gaNa vizeSa kA svAmitva nahIM mAnA jAtA thA. 2-sacittAdi parihAra kA artha yaha hai ki jisa kSetra meM sacitta-dIkSA lene vAlA manuSya aura acitta-vastra pAtra Adi jo dravya utpanna hote usakA svAmI kSetra svAmI hotA thA. anya svAmi ke kSetra meM Ane vAlA koI bhI anya sAdhu vahAM utpanna hone vAle sacittAdi dravyoM kA adhikArI nahIM hotA thA. jisake upadeza se jo manuSya samyaktva (jaina darzana) prApta karatA, vaha yadi tIna varSa ke bhItara sAdhu honA cAhatA to apane prAthamikopadezaka guru kA hI ziSya ho sakatA thA. isI prakAra koI sAdhu utpravajita ho gRhasthAzrama meM jAkara phira tIna varSa ke andara sAdhu honA cAhatA to apane pahale guru ke pAsa hI dIkSA le sakatA thA, parantu tIna varSa ke bAda uparyukta donoM prakAra ke puruSoM ke Upara se mUla guruoM kA adhikAra radda ho jAtA thA, aura vaha apanI icchA ke anusAra cAhe jisake pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara sakatA thA. 3-gaNAntaropasaMpadA-kA artha hai dUsare gaNa kA svIkAra. sAmAnyatayA eka gaNa kA sAdhu dUsare gaNa meM jA nahIM sakatA thA, para yadi vaha jJAna, darzana, cAritra kI vizeSa ArAdhanA ke liye athavA tapasyA tathA vaiyAvRttya karane ke nimitta anyagaNa meM jAnA cAhatA to pahale apane gaNa ke AcArya kI AjJA prApta karatA aura phira abhipreta gaNa ke AcArya ke pAsa jAkara apane ko gaNa meM lene ke lie unase prArthanA karatA. Agantuka sAdhu kI prArthanA sunane ke bAda gaNa-sthavira isa bAta kI jAMca karate ki Agantuka zramaNa vAstava meM apane guru kI AjJA prApta karake AyA hai yA nahIM aura jisa kAraNa se vaha apanA Agamana batAtA hai vaha kAraNa bhI vAstavika hai yA nahIM ? yadi ina bAtoM kI parIkSA se gaNasthavira ko saMtoSa mila jAtA to ve Agantuka sAdhu ko upasaMpadA dekara apane gaNa meM dAkhila kara lete the. S Jain E dasary.org
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________________ kalyANavijaya garisa : jaina zramaNasaMgha kI zAsanapaddhati : 546 pahale ke kula, gaNoM kA sambandha vicchedakaraNa pUrvaka Agantuka sAdhu isa prakAra kI pratijJA karatA--'Aja se ye kula-gaNa mere hI kula gaNa haiM aura ina kula gaNa ke AcArya upAdhyAya hI mere AcArya upAdhyAya haiM.' upasaMpadyamAna mAdhu kI ukta pratijJA ko hI 'upasaMpadA' kahate the. isa upasaMpadA kI kAla-maryAdA jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa bheda se kramazaH chaha mAsa bAraha varSa aura jIvana paryanta kI hotI thI. jaghanya aura madhyama kAla kI upasaMpadA vAle sAdhu miyAda pUrI hone para apane pahale guru ke pAsa cale jAte the, para utkRSTa kAlIna upasaMpadA vAle zramaNa jIvana paryanta usI kula gaNa meM rahate the. gaNAntaropasaMpadA lene ke bAda usa sAdhu ko apane pahale guru aura gaNa kI sAmAcArI kA tyAga aura naye gaNa kI sAmAcArI kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA. upasaMpadA ke viSaya meM kaI apavAda bhI rahate the. yadi koI gaNa bilkula zithilAcAra meM phaMsa jAtA aura AcArya usakA uddhAra nahIM karatA athavA AcArya svayaM hI zithilabihArI ho jAtA to usa gaNa ke jo saMyamArthI sAdhu hote, ve usa gaNa aura guru kA sambandha chor3akara dUsare cAritradhArI gaNa meM cale jAte the aura isa prakAra zithilamArga ko chor3akara Ane vAle AtmArthI sAdhuoM ko unake mUla guru kI AjJA ke bagaira bhI upasaMpadA de dI jAtI thI. 4-sAdharmya vaidharmya nirvAha kA matalaba sAMbhogika aura asAMbhogika sAdhuoM kI pArasparika rItiyoM se haiM. apane kSetra meM sAMbhogika gaNa ke sAdhuoM ke Ane para unake prati tIna dina taka Atithya vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thA, Agantuka sAdhuoM ke liye tIna dina taka bhikSA vagairaha kSetrI (sthAnika) sAdhu lAte the. yadi Agantuka gaNa bar3A hotA aura sthAnika samudAya choTA hotA athavA aisA koI kAraNa hotA ki jisase sarva kArya karanA sthAnika sAdhuoM ke liye kaThina ho jAtA to Agantuka gaNa meM jo yuvA aura samartha sAdhu hote unakI bhI thor3I madada lI jAtI thI, para bAla aura vRddha sAdhuoM se to tIna dina taka kucha bhI mehanata kA kAma nahIM liyA jAtA thA. isI prakAra asAMbhogika gaNa ke apane kSetra meM Ane para bhikSAcaryA meM unake sAtha jAnA, unako sthApanA-kula vagairaha kA paricaya denA, Adi Avazyaka vyavahAra kA nirvAha karanA par3atA thA. sAMbhogika gaNoM meM to eka sAmAcArI hone se sAmAcArI-bheda sambandhI prazna upasthita hI nahIM hote the, para asAMbhogika gaNoM kI sAmAcArI ke sambandha meM kabhI-kabhI carcA calatI bhI thI to usa para samabhAva se vicAra kiyA jAtA thA aura jisa viSaya meM jisa gaNa athavA kula kA jo mantavya hotA usakA usI rUpa meM nirdeza karake ziSyoM ko samajhAyA jAtA ki 'isa viSaya meM amuka kula athavA gaNa vAle aisA mAnate haiM' athavA 'isa sambandha meM amuka 'AcArya kA yaha mata hai.' vyavahArachedana--'vyavahAra' kA artha hai 'mukaddamA' aura 'chedana' kA tAtparya hai phaisalA'. zramaNagaNoM meM do prakAra ke vyavahAra hote the-'prAyazcittavyavahAra' aura 'AbhavadvyavahAra.' sAdhu loga apane mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika aparAdhoM ke badale jo AcArya dvArA sajA (daNDa) pAte the usakA nAma 'prAyazcitta-vyavahAra' hai. isa vyavahAra ke mahAvIra ke samaya meM-1-AlocanA 2-pratikramaNa 3-mizra 4--viveka 5-utsarga 6-tapa 7-cheda 5-mUla 8-anavasthApya aura 10-pArAJcita aise dasa prakAra the, jo Arya bhadrabAhu paryanta calate rahe. bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke bAda prAyazcitta kA 8 vAM aura 10vAM bheda banda kara diyA gayA aura taba se prAthamika 8 prAyazcittoM kA hI vyavahAra pracalita hai. 'AbhavadvyavahAra' kA artha hai 'hakadArI kA jhagar3A'. isa vyavahAra ke bhI aneka prakAra hote the jaise sacita vyavahAra, acita vyavahAra, mizra-vyavahAra, kSetra vyavahAra, ityAdi. uparyakta do prakAroM meM se pahalA vyavahAra to bahudhA apane-apane sthaviroM ke nikaTa hI calatA thA. kula ke sAdhu apaneapane kula ke sthavira se prAyazcitta lekara zuddhi kara liyA karate the, para cheda athavA mUla jaise mAmaloM kA phaisalA Jain Edt
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________________ 550 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya bahudhA 'gaNasthavira' dete the. athavA 'kulasthaviroM' ke ina viSayoM meM die hue phaisaloM kI apIla sunate the. yadi gaNasthavira ko kulasthavira ke kArya meM pakSapAta athavA rAgadveSa najara AtA to turanta ve usako radda kara dete the. gaNasthaviroM ke isa vyavahAraviSayaka phaisaloM kI apIla saMghasthavira nahIM sunatA thA, kAraNa ki prAyazcitta-vyavahAra gaNoM kA bhItarI kArya mAnA jAtA thA. saMghasthavira kisI bhI gaNa ke kisI bhI prakAra ke bhItarI kArya meM taba taka dakhala nahIM detA thA, jaba taka ki vaisA karane ke lie gaNa kI tarapha se use arja nahIM kI jAtI. 'AbhavadvyavahAra' kA kAnUna isase kucha bhinna thA. isa vyavahAra ke liye kula, gaNa aura saMgha nAmaka kramazaH pahale, dUsare aura tIsare darje ke nyAyAlaya the. eka hI kula ke do saMghAr3oM ke bIca yadi hakadArI sambandhI kucha vyavahAra upasthita hotA to kula sthavira kI tarapha se usakA nipaTArA kiyA jAtA thA aura eka gaNa kI do zAkhA yA do kuloM ke bIca kucha vyavahAra khar3A hotA to gaNasthavira usakA phaisalA detA thA. isI prakAra do gaNoM ke bIca vyavahAra upasthita hone para kisI tIsare gaNasthavira ke dvArA usakA nirNaya karAyA jAtA thA, para madhyastha gaNasthavira yadi madhyasthatA khokara kisI eka pakSa kI tarapha jhuka jAtA to nyAyArthI saMghasamavAya' karane ke vAste 'saMghapradhAna' ko arja karatA aura saMghapradhAna saMghasamavAya sambandhI udghoSaNA karatA. saMghasamavAya hone sambandhI udghoSaNA sunakara saba saMghapratinidhi niyata sthAna aura samaya para jAte aura saMghasthavira bhI vahAM jAtA aura upasthita vyavahAra kI sunavAI meM laga jAtA. pahale vaha sabhA meM baiThakara madhyastha gaNasthavira kI kAryavAhI sunatA. vahA~ madhyastha sthavira pakSapAta se zAstra-viruddha bhASaNa karatA to vahAM use anyokti se TokatA. yadi vaha sthavira apanI bhUla ko kabUla kara letA taba to use mAphI dI jAtI thI, para yadi vaha apanA Agraha nahIM chor3atA athavA vaha aisA aparAdha karatA jo kSamA yogya nahIM hotA to usakI dIkSA kATa dI jAtI aura upasthita vyavahAra kA phaisalA saMghasthavira detA jo sarva saMgha ko maMjUra karanA par3atA thA. yadi vyavahAracchedana ke liye ekatra mile hue saMghasamavAya meM kisI kAraNavaza prativAdI hAjira nahIM hotA to use saMgha kI tarapha se bulAvA bhejA jAtA, pahale aura dUsare bulAve para yadi vaha A jAtA taba to ThIka, nahIM to tIsarI bAra gaNAvacchedaka use bulAne ke liye jAtA. prativAdI ke pAsa jAne para yadi gaNAvacchedaka samajhatA ki prativAdI bhaya kA mArA nahIM AtA hai to use samajhAtA'Arya' saMgha pAriNAmika buddhi kA dhanI hai, usako na kisI kA rAga hai, na dveSa. jhagar3e kI asaliyata samajhane ke bAda vivAdApanna vastu para kisa kA haka hai so saMgha apane nirNaya meM batAyegA. yadi prativAdI auddhatya athavA zaThatA ke kAraNa saMghasammelana meM Ane se inkAra karatA to vaha saMgha se bAhara kara diyA jAtA thA, parantu prativAdI agara apanI bhUla athavA zaThatA ke badale meM pazcAttApa prakaTa karatA huA saMgha se mAphI mAMgatA hA AjIjI karatA to phira bhI saMgha usako mApha karake saMgha meM dAkhila kara letA aura taba vaha prativAdI saMgha se kahatA-'saMgha sarva prANiyoM kA vizvAsasthAna hai. bhaya-bhItoM ke liye saMgha hI AzvAsana dene vAlA hai. saMgha mAtApitA tulya hone se kisI para viSamatA nahIM karatA. saMgha kI saba ke Upara samadRSTi hai. saMgha saba ke line apanA parAyA jaisI koI cIja nahIM hai. saMgha kisI kA pakSapAta nahIM karatA.' isa prakAra saMgha ke nyAya aura tATasthya para prativAdI ke zraddhA prakaTa karane para saMgha usa jhagar3e kA phaisalA detA thA. saMgha kA phaisalA AkhirI hotA thA. usakI kahIM bhI apIla nahIM ho sakatI thI. upasaMhAra-zramaNasaMgha kI zAsana-paddhati kA itihAsa bahuta lambA hai. isakA sampUrNa nirUpaNa eka lekha meM kyA, eka grantha meM bhI kiyA jAnA azakya hai. phira bhI isakI maulika bAtoM kA digdarzana hamane isa lekha meM karA diyA hai. pAThaka gaNa dekheMge ki hamAre prAcIna zramaNasaMgha kI zAsanavyavasthA kA itihAsa kaisA manoraMjaka aura anukaraNIya hai. AzA hai, hamArA Adhunika 'zramaNasaMgha' apane pUrvAcAryoM kI isa vyavasthita zAsana-paddhati kA anusaraNa karake apanI vartamAna zAsanapraNAlI ko vyavasthita banAyegA.