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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna pro0 nandalAla jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM dharma ko eka vizeSa prakAra kI jIvanapaddhati mAnA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM garbha se mRtyutaka, pUrvajanma se uttara-janmataka, prAtaHkAla se dUsare sUryodaya taka ke sabhI bhautika aura AdhyAtmika viSaya cAra vargoM meM (kathA-purANa, AcAra zAstra, laukika vidyAyeM aura gaNita) vibhAjita kara saMkSepa se lekara ativistAra taka pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN| isakA kendrabindu mukhyataH mAnava-jAti hai para mAnavetara samudAyoM kI carcA bhI isameM paryApta mAtrA meM hai| vizva meM vidyamAna mAnava evaM mAnavetara samudAyoM kI samagra saMjJA 'jIva' hai| pahale jIva aura jIvana zabdoM meM vizeSa antara nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, 'savvesi jIvanaM piyaM', para aba jIva ( Living ) ko sAdi sAnta ( saMsArI ) aura jIvana ( Life ) anAdi-ananta kahate haiN| hama yahA~ jIva kI eka anivArya AvazyakatA AhAra ke viSaya meM carcA kareMge kyoMki isake binA vaha saMsAra meM adhika dinoM taka nahIM Tika sktaa| dharma aura adhyAtma ko bhI vikasita nahIM kara sakatA / saMsAra kI kaSTamayatA ke varNana ke bAvajuda bhI pratyeka prANI usake bAhara nahIM jAnA cAhatA / zAstroM meM jIva meM mRtyu ke prati nirbhayatA kA daSTikoNa vikasita kiyA gayA hai, para sAmAnya mAnava-prakRti abhI bhI mRtyu ko TAlanA hI cAhatI hai| isaliye vaha usake kAraNoM para vijaya prApta kara atijIvitA ko prazraya detA lagatA hai| ye prayatna isa bAta ke pratIka haiM ki vaha saMsAra aura usake pariveza ko duHkhamaya mAnane kI zAstrIya zikSA ko tAttvika mahattva nahIM detA dikhtaa| lagatA hai, use yahA~ sukha adhika aura duHkha kama pratIta hote haiN| vaha aMtas se svAmI satyabhakta kI aisI mAnyatA se adhika prabhAvita lagatA hai|' AhAra kI daSTi se jIvoM kI do zreNiyA~ mAnanI cAhiye : prathama zreNI meM sabhI prakAra kI vanaspati Ate haiN| ye apanA AhAra svayaM banAte haiM (svayaM possii)| dUsarI zreNI meM trasajIva Ate haiN| ye anya jIvoM ko apanA AhAra banAte haiM (para-poSI / AhAra sabhI jIvoM ke astitva evaM atijIvitA ke liye anivArya AvazyakatA hai| isake viSaya meM jaina zAstroM meM paryApta vivaraNa milatA hai / vahA~ ise AhAra vargaNA, AhAra paryApti, AhAraka zarIra, AhAra pratyAkhyAna, AhAra parISaha, AhAra dAna Adi ke rUpa meM sahacarita kiyA gayA hai| ye pada AhAra ke vibhinna rUpoM va phaloM ko prakaTa karate haiN| prAraMbha meM, samAja ke mArga darzaka sAdhu evaM AcArya hote the| ve prAyaH sAdhudharma kA hI upadeza karate the| isIliye prAcIna zAstroM meM sAdhuAcAra kI hI vizeSa carcA pAI jAtI hai / AcArAMga, dazavaikAlika, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi zrAvakAcAra ke viSaya meM mauna haiN| tathApi aneka AcAryoM ne zrAvakadharma para dhyAna diyA hai| unhoMne use dvAdazAMgI meM upAsakadazA nAmaka saptama aMga batAyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki sAdhuoM kI tulanA meM zrAvakoM kI sthiti dvitIya hai, ataH unase sambandhita upa1. svAmI satyabhakta; saMgama, maI 1987
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________________ Form 182 pro0 nandalAla jaina dezoM ko amRtacandasUri' taka ne nigrahasthAnI mAnA hai| phira bhI, kundakuMda ne caritraprAbhRta' meM 6 gAthAoM meM zrAvakoM ke cAritra kA 11 pratimAoM aura 12 vratoM ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| usameM kucha parivardhana karate hue umAsvAmI ne tattvArthasUtra ke sAtaveM adhyAya ke 18 sUtroM meM isakA varNana kiyA hai / AcArya samaMtabhadra ne 'na dharmo dhArmikaM vinA' ke AdhAra para zrAvaka para sarvaprathama grantha 'ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra'4 likhaa| usake bAda aneka AcAryoM ne isa viSaya para grantha likhe haiN| ina graMthoM kI tulanA meM sAdhu-AcAra para kama hI grantha likhe gaye haiM ( sAriNI 1) / mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke bAda sAriNI 1 zrAvakAcAra ke pramukha jaina grantha kramAMka AcArya samaya granthanAma kundakuMda 1-2rI sadI cAritraprAbhRta umAsvAmI 2-3rI sadI tattvArthasUtra samantabhadra 5vIM sadI ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra AcArya jinasena 8vIM sadI AdipurANa somadeva 10vIM sadI upAsakAdhyayana amRtacandasUri 10vIM sadI puruSArthasiddhayupAya amitagati-2 10-11vIM sadI amitagatizrAvakAcAra vasunandi 11vIM sadI vasunandizrAvakAcAra padmanandi 11vIM sadI padmanandipaMcaviMzatikA paM0 AzAdhara 12-13vIM sadI sAgAradharmAmRta paM0 daulatarAma kAsalIvAla 1692-1772 jainakriyA koSa A0 kuMthusAgara 20vIM sadI zrAvakadharma pradIpa 13 vIM sadI kA anagAra dharmAmRta hI AtA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vibhinna yugoM bAvakoM ke AcAra kI mahattA svIkAra kI hai| zrAvaka varga na kevala sAdhuoM kA bhautika dRSTi se saMrakSaka hai, apitu vahI zramaNavarga kA AdhAra hai kyoMki uttama zrAvaka hI uttama sAdhu banate haiN| zrAvaka zramaNadharma kI pratiSThA ke praharI evaM rakSaka haiN| vartamAna zrAvaka bhUtakAlIna paramparA se anuprANita hotA hai aura bhaviSya kI paramparA ko vikasita karatA hai| ataH AcAryoM ne unake viSaya meM dhyAna diyA, yaha na kevala mahattvapUrNa hai, api prazaMsanIya bhI hai| or 9 vdo 1. zAstrI, paM0; kailAzacaMdra, sAgAra dharmAmRta (saM0), bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1978, pR0 40 2. kudakuda, aSTapAhuDa, di0 jaina saMsthAna, mahAvIra jI, 1967, pR0 69-77 3. umAsvAmI; tattvArthasUtra, varNI grantha mAlA, kAzI, 1949, pR0 337-58 4. samantabhadra; ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra, esa0 ela0 jaina TrasTa, bhelasA, 1951 5. maina, DA0 sAgaramala; zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna, pA0 vi0, 1983, pR0 15
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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna AhAra kI paribhASA - zrAvaka yA manuSya ke sampUrNa vyaktitva kA nirmANa aneka kArakoM se hotA hai : paramparA, saMskAra, manovijJAna, pariveza, samAja, AhAra-vihAra Adi / inameM AhAra pramukha hai / " jaisA khAve anna, vaisA hove mana", "jaisA pIve pAnI, vaisI bole bAnI" Adi lokoktiyA~ isI tathya ko prakaTa karatI haiM / yadyapi ye dezakAla sApekSa haiM, phira bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se ye atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / " dhArmika dRSTi se pallavita karmavAda ke anusAra AhAra zarIra, aMgopAMga, nirmANa, baMdhana, saMghAta, saMsthAna evaM saMhanana nAmakarma ke udaya meM nimitta hotA hai / yaha zarIrAntara grahaNa karane hetu ekAdhika samaya kI vigrahagati meM bhI hotA hai / vastutaH AhAra zabda kI avadhAraNA haiM A - samantAta cAroM ora yA pariveza se, harati gRhNAti grahaNa kiye jAne vAle dravyoM ke AdhAra para sthApita hai / pUjyapAda aura akalaMka' ne tIna sthUla zarIra aura unako cAlita karane vAlI UrjAoM ( sAta paryAptiyoM) ke nirmANa ke lie kAraNabhUta pudgala vargaNAoM sUkSma, sthUla, drava, gaisa va Thosa dravya ) ke antargrahaNa ko AhAra kahA hai / phalataH vartamAna meM AhAra yA bhojana ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiye jAne vAle sabhI dravya to AhAra haiM hii| isake atirikta, jainamata ke anusAra, jJAna, darzana Adi karma aura hAsya, duHkha, zoka, mana, ghRNA, liMga, icchA, anicchA Adi nokarma bhI UrjAtmaka sUkSma dravya haiM / ataH inakA bhI pariveza se anAgrahaNa AhAra kahalAtA hai / isa dRSTi se jainoM kI 'AhAra' zabda kI paribhASA, Aja kI vaijJAnika paribhASA se, paryApta vyApaka mAnanA cAhiye / isameM bhautika dravyoM ke sAtha bhAvanAtmaka tattvoM kA antargrahaNa bhI samAhita kiyA gayA hai / isalie AhAra ke zArIrika prabhAvoM ke sAtha manovaijJAnika prabhAva bhI jaina zAstroM meM prAcInakAla se hI mAne jAte rahe haiN| AhAra vizeSajJoM ne AhAra ke bhAvanAtmaka prabhAvoM se saha-saMbaMdhana kI puSTi pichalI sadI ke antima dazaka meM hI kara pAye haiM / AhAra kI AvazyakatA lAbha yA upayoga : vaijJAnika paribhASA jaina AcAryoM ne prANiyoM ke liye AhAra kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita karane hetu apane nirIkSaNoM ko nirUpita kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM batAyA hai ki AhAra ke abhAva meM zarIra kA jaMghA tRNa ke samAna durbala ho jAtA hai, dhamaniyAM spaSTa najara Ane lagatI haiN| bhUkhe rahane para prANI kI kriyA kSamatA ghaTa jAtI hai / mUlAcAra ke AcArya " ne dekhA ki AhAra kI AvazyakatA do kAraNoM se hotI hai : ( i ) bhautika aura (ii) AdhyAtmika / vastutaH bhautika lakSyoM kI prApti se hI AdhyAtmika lakSya sadhatA hai, "zarIramAdyam khalu dharma sAdhanaM " / inheM nimna prakAra sAriNIbaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. jaina, DA0 nemIcaMdra (saM0); tIrthaMkara, janavarI 1987 2. bhaTTa, akalaMka tattvArtha rAjavArtika, khaM0 2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1957, pR0 576 3. vahI; khaNDa 1, pR0 140 4. uttarAdhyayana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1972, pR0 17 5. AcArya vaTukera; mulAcAra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1984, pR0 369-71 183
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________________ 184 pro0 nandalAla jaina sAriNI 2 : AhAra ke zAstrIya evaM vaijJAnika lAbha ( a ) bhautika lAbha : zAstrIya dRSTikoNa vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa (i) zarIra meM bala ( UrjA ) bar3hatA hai| (i) AhAra zarIra kI mUlabhUta evaM viziSTa (ii) jIvana kA AyuSya bar3hatA hai| kriyAoM meM sahAyaka hotA hai| (iii) zarIra-tantra puSTa ( kAryakSama ) (ii) yaha zarIra kozikAoM ke vikAsa, __ rahatA hai| ___saMrakSaNa va punarjanana meM sahAyaka hotA hai / (iv) zarIra kI kAnti bar3hatI hai| (iii) yaha roga pratIkAra kSamatA detA hai| (v) jIvana susvAdu hotA hai| (iv) zarIra kI kArya praNAlI ko saMtulita (vi) bhUkha kI prAkRtika abhilASA zAMta evaM niyantrita karatA hai| __ hotI hai| (v) yaha zArIrika kriyAoM ko Avazyaka (vii) dazoM prANa saMghArita rahate haiN| UrjA pradAna karatA hai| (viii) AhAra auSadha kA kArya bhI karatA hai| (ix) isase saMyamapUrvaka calana-phirana kriyA hotI rahatI hai| (x) isase tapa aura dhyAna meM sahA yatA milatI hai| ( ba ) AdhyAtmika lAbha (i) yaha carama AdhyAtmika lakSya ( mokSa ) prApti kA sAdhana hai| ( ii ) yaha dharmapAlana ke lie Avazyaka hai| (ii) isase jJAna prApti meM sahAyatA milatI hai| AzAdhara' ke anusAra zarIra kI sthiti ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai / sthAnAMga meM AhAra se manojJatA, rasamayatA, poSaNa, bala, uddIpana aura uttejana kI bAta kahI hai| zArIrika bala puSTi, kAMti aura rogapratikAra kSamatA kA hI pratIka hai| svAmikumAra to kSudhA aura tRSA ko prAkRtika vyAdhi hI mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, AhAra se prANadhAraNa aura zAstrAbhyAsa donoM saMbhAvita haiN| kundakuMda bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki AhAra hI mAMsa, rudhira Adi meM pariNata hotA hai| phalataH yaha spaSTa hai ki AhAra ke zAstrIya uddezya ve hI haiM jinheM hama pratidina anubhava karate haiN| inheM yadi Adhunika bhASA meM kahA jAve to yaha kaha sakate haiM ki zarIratantra meM sAmAnyataH do prakAra kI kriyAe~ hotI haiM : sAmAnya evaM vizeSa / sAmAnya kriyAoM meM zvAsocchavAsa yA prANadhAraNa kI kriyA, pAcana-kriyA Adi tathA vizeSa kriyAoM meM AjIvikA sambandhI kArya, likhanA-par3hanA, zrama, tapa, sAdhanA Adi samAhita haiN| Aja 1. AzAdhara; anAgAra dharmAmRta, vahI 1977, pR0 495 2. - ThANaM, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 3. sgami, kumAra; svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA, rAyacaMdra Azrama, agAsa 1908, pR0 264 4. kudakuda; samayasAra, sI0 je0 pabliziMga hAusa lakhanaU, 1930, pR0 109
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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna 185 ke AhAra - vijJAniyoM ne jIva zarIra kI kozikIya saMracanA aura kriyAvidhi ke AdhAra para sAriNI 2 meM diye gaye AhAra ke tIna atirikta uddezya bhI batAye haiM / inakA ullekha zAstroM meM pratyakSataH nahIM pAyA jaataa| vaijJAnika zarIra kI sthiti ke atirikta vikAsa, sudhAra va punarjanma hetu bhI AhAra ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / yaha tathya mAnava kI garbhAvasthA se bAlaka, kumAra, yuvA evaM praur3hAvasthA ke nirantara vikAsamAna rUpa tathA rugNatA yA kupoSaNa samaya AhAra kI guNavattA ke parivartana se hone vAle lAbha se spaSTa hotA hai / bIsavIM sadI ke prArambha meM hI vaijJAnikoM ne pAyA ki koI kArya, gati yA prakriyA bhItarI yA bAharI UrjA ke binA nahIM ho sakatI / zarIra-saMbaMdhita uparokta kArya bhI UrjA ke binA nahIM hote / isaliye yaha socanA sahaja hai ki AhAra ke vibhinna avayavoM se zarIra ke vibhinna kAryoM ke liye UrjA milatI hai / yaha UrjA pradAya usake cayApacaya meM hone vAle jIvarAsAyanika, zarIra kriyAtmaka evaM rAsAyanika parivartanoM dvArA hotA hai / yaha jJAta huA hai ki sAmAnya vyakti ke liye uparokta lakSyoM kI pUrti ke liye lagabhaga do hajAra kailorI UrjA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / ataH hamAre AhAra kA eka lakSya yaha bhI hai ki usake antargrahaNa evaM cayApacaya se samucita mAtrA meM UrjA prApta ho| isa prakAra, vaijJAnika dRSTi se AhAra aise padArthoM yA dravyoM kA antargrahaNa hai jinake pAcana se zarIra kI sAmAnya vizeSa kriyAoM ke liye UrjA milatI rahe / yaha paribhASA zAstrIya paribhASA kA vistRta evaM vaijJAnika rUpa hai / isameM guNAtmakatA ke sAtha parimANAtmaka aMza bhI isa sadI meM samAhita huA hai / AhAra ke bheda-prabheda jaina zAstroM meM AhAra ko do AdhAroM para vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai : (1) AhAra meM prayukta ghaTaka aura ( 2 ) AhAra ke antargrahaNa kI vidhi / prathama prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ko sAriNI 3 meM diyA gayA hai / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki mukhyataH AhAra ke cAra ghaTaka mAne gaye haiM jinameM kahIM kucha nAma va artha meM antara hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM AhAra ke kevala do hI ghaTaka mAne jAte the / bhakta (Thosa khAdya padArtha) aura pAna ( tarala khAdya padArtha ) yA pAna aura bhojana ( bhaktapAna, pAna - bhojana ) / yaha zabda bhI kaba - kaise huA, yaha anveSaNIya hai / prajJApanAra meM sajIva (pRthvI, jaladi), nirjIva ( khanija, lavaNAdi ) evaM mizra prakAra ke trighaTakI AhAra batAye gaye haiM / isase pratIta hotA hai ki AhAra ke ghaTakagata cAra yA usase adhika bheda uttaravartI haiN| DA0 mehatA ne AvazyakasUtra kA uddharaNa dete hue auSadha evaM bheSaja ko bhI AhAra ke antargata samAviSTa karane kA sujhAva diyA hai / inameM azana aura khAdya ekArthaka lagate haiM / para do pRthak zabdoM se aisA lagatA hai ki azana se pakvAnna ( odanAdi ) kA aura khAdya se kacce hI khAye jAne vAle padArthoM ( khajUra, zarkarA ) kA bodha hotA hai / para ekAdhika sthAna meM puA, laDDU Adi ko bhI isake udAharaNa ke rUpa meM diyA gayA hai / ataH azana aura khAdya ke arthoM meM spaSTatA apekSita hai / isI prakAra azana, khAdya aura bhakSya ke artha bhI spaSTatA 1. uttarAdhyayana, pR0 157 2. AryazyAma, prajJApanAsUtra 3. DA0 mehatA, mohana lAla; jaina AcAra, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, kAzI 1966, pR0 166
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________________ pro0 nandalAla jaina lehya peya 8. - cAhate haiN| pAna, peya aura pAnaka bhI spaSTa to hone hI cAhiye / AzAdhara' ne lepa ko bhI AhAra mAnA hai aura tela mardana kA udAharaNa diyA hai| isameM tela kA kiMcita antargrahaNa to hotA hI haiM / bRhatkalpabhASya meM sAdhuoM ke lie tIna AhAroM kA varNana kiyA hai jo sneha aura rasavihIna AhAra ke dyotaka haiN| mUlAcAra' meM cAra aura chaha donoM prakAra ke ghaTaka batAye gaye haiN| aise hI kucha varNanoM se ise saMgraha grantha kahA jAtA hai| sAriNI 3. AhAra ke ghaTakagata bheda dazavakAlika mUlAcAra ratnakaraMDa sAgAra ana0 udAharaNa 2 zrAvakAcAra dharmAmRta dharmAmRta 1. azana azana azana azana odanAdi 2. pAna pAna pAna pAna jala, dugdhAdi 3. khAdya khAdya khAdya khAdya khAdya khAdya khajUra, laDDU 4. svAdya svAdya svAdya svAdya svAdya pAna, ilAyacI bhakSya maMDakAdi lapsI, haluA peya peya jala, dugdha lepa tailamardana ___'azana' koTi kA vistRta nirUpaNa dekhane meM nahIM AyA hai| isakA uddezya kSadhA. upazamana hai| isa koTi meM mukhyataH anna yA dhAnya liyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi zratasAgara sUri ne dhAnya ke 7 yA 18 bheda batAye haiM para pUrvavartI sAhitya meM 24 prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA ullekha hai| inameM vartamAna meM ikSu aura dhaniyA ko dhAnya nahIM mAnA jaataa| isIlie zrutasAgara kI sUcI meM bhI inakA nAma nahIM hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM peya padArthoM ke sAmAnyataH tIna bheda mAne gaye haiM para AzAdhara ne sabhI ko pAnaka mAnakara usake chaha bheda batAye hai ( sAriNI 4) / vratavidhAnasaMgraha meM 'kAMjI' jAti ko pRthak ginAyA gayA hai para use 'pAnaka' meM hI samAhita mAnanA caahie| yaha spaSTa hai ki AzAdhara ke chaha pAnaka pUrvavartI AcAryoM se nAma va artha meM kucha bhinna par3ate haiN| azana kI tulanA meM pAnakoM ko prANAnugrahI mAnA jAtA hai| sAriNI 4 aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| 1. paMDita, AzAdhara 2. mUlAcAra 1, pR0 361 evaM bhAga 2, pR0 66 3. sena, madhu; kalcarala sTaDI oNpha nizIthacUrNi, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, kAzI, 1975, pR0 125 4. zrutasAgara sUri; tattvArthavRtti, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1949, pR0 251 5. muni nathamala (saM.); dazavakAlika : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, terApaMthI bhrAtRsabhA, kalakattA 1967, pR0 207 6. aSTapAhuDa pR0 333 7. AcArya, zivakoTi; bhagavatI ArAdhanA, jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura 1918, pR0 498 . LA A
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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAnaM 187 sAriNI 4 azana/dhAnya tadhA pAnakoM ke vividha rUpa nizIthacUNi zrutasAgara SaTpAnaka SaTpAnaka (sA0 dharmAmRta) (bha0 A0) (a) kArbohAiDreTI 1. geha~ 1 gehU~ 1 gehU~ 1. dhana (dahI Adi) svaccha (nIMbU rasa) 2. zAli 2 zAli 2 zAli 2. tarala (amla rasa) bahala (phala rasa) / 3. vrIhi 3. lepi lepi (dahI) 4. SaSTika 3 yava 3 yava 4. alepi alepi - 5. yava 4 kodrava 5. sasistha sasiktha (dUdha) 6. kodrava 5 kaMgu (dhAna 6. asiktha asiktha (mAMDa) vizeSa) 7. kaMgu 6 rAlaka, 8. rAlaka 7 maThavaNaka (jvAra) (ba) proTInI tIna-peya 9. mUMga 4. mUMga 8 mUMga 1 pAna (surAyeM, madya) 10. ur3ada 5. ur3ada 9 ur3ada 2 pAnIya 11. canA 6. canA 10 caNaka 3 pAnaka (phala rasAdi) 12. arahara 7. arahara 11 arahara 10. rAjamA 14. atIsaMda (maTara) 12 rAjamA (ramAsI) 15. masUra 13 makuSTa (vanamUMga) 16. kAloya (maTara) 16. aguka (sema) 14 siMvA (sema) 18. niSyAva (makhanAsa) 15 kI nAza (masUra) 19. kulathI (baTarA) 16 kulathI (baTarA) (sa) vasIya 20. tila 17 sarSapa 21. alasI 18 tila 22. tripuDa da) vividha 23. ikSu . 34. dhaniyA~
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________________ 188 pro0 nandalAla jaina antargahaNa-vidhi para AdhArita bheda bhagavatIsUtra aura prajJApanA meM antargrahaNa kI vidhi para AdhArita AhAra ke tIna bheda batAye gae haiM-ojAhAra, romAhAra aura kvlaahaar| isake viparyAsa meM vIrasena ne dhavalA' meM chaha AhAra batAye haiM : USmA yA ojAhAra, lepa yA lepyAhAra, kavalAhAra, mAnasAhAra, karmAhAra, nokrmaahaar| vahA~ yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vigrahagati-samApanna jIva, samadaghAtagata kevalI aura siddha anAhAraka hote haiN| lor3hA ne vanaspatiyoM ke prakaraNa meM ojAhAra ko svAMgIkaraNa (esimilezana) kahA hai, yaha truTipUrNa pratIta hotA hai / isa zabda kA artha antargrahaNa ke bAda hone vAlI kriyA se liyA jAtA hai jise annapAcana kaha sakate haiN| vastutaH ise zoSaNa yA ebasorzana mAnanA cAhie jo bAharI yA bhItarI-donoM pRSTha para ho sakatA hai| hamAre zarIra yA vanaspatiyoM dvArA saura USmA evaM vAyu kA pRSThIya avazoSaNa isakA udAharaNa hai| lepyAhAra ko bhI isI kA eka rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| romAhAra ko visaraNa yA parAsaraNa prakriyA kaha sakate haiN| yaha kevala vanaspatiyoM meM hI nahIM, zarIra-kozikAoM meM niraMtara hotA rahatA hai| kabalAhAra to spaSTa hI mukha se liye jAne vAle Thosa evaM tarala padArtha haiN| ye tInoM prakAra ke AhAra sabhI jIvoM ke liye sAmAnya haiN| jaba bhAvoM aura saMvegoM kA prabhAva bhI jIvoM meM dekhA gayA taba vibhinna karma, nokarma evaM manovegoM ko bhI AhAra kI zreNI meM samAhita kiyA gyaa| yaha sacamuca hI Azcarya hai ki bhArata meM isa manovaijJAnika prakriyA kA avalokana navIM sadI meM hI kara liyA gayA thaa| ye tInoM hI sUkSma yA UrjAtmaka pudgala haiN| aMtaraMga yA bahiraMga pariveza se romAhAra dvArA inakA antargrahaNa hotA hai aura anarUpI pariNAma hotA hai| phalataH vIrasena ke antima tIna AhAra sAmagrI-vizeSa ko dyotita karate haiM, vidhi-vizeSa ko nhiiN| ataH antargrahaNa vidhi para AdhArita AhAra tIna prakAra kA hI upayukta mAnanA caahie| ghaTaka-gata bhedoM kA vaijJAnika samIkSaNa Adhunika vaijJAnika mAnyatAnusAra, AhAra ke chaha pramukha ghaTaka hote haiM : nAma udAharaNa UrjA 1. kArbohAiDreTI yA zarkarAmaya padArtha : gehU~, cAvala, yava, jvAra, kodoM, kaMgu 2. vasIya padArtha : sarSapa, tila, alasI 3. proTInI padArtha : mASa, mUMga, canA, arahara, maTara 4. khanija padArtha : phala-rasa, zAka-bhAjI 5. viTAmina-hArmonI padArtha : gAjara, saMtarA, AMvalA 6. jala : zodhita, chanita jala 1. svAmI vIrasena; dhavalA khaMDa 1-1, esa0 ela0 TrasTa, amarAvatI 1939, pR0 409 2. lor3hA, kanhaiyAlAla; marudhara kesarI abhi0 grantha, 1968, pR0 137-84 3. pAika, Ara0 ela0 evaM brAuna, miraTila; nyUTIzana, bailI-IsTarna, dillI 1970, adhyAya 2-4
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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna 189 vaijJAnika vibhinna prAkRtika khAdya-padArthoM ko unake pramukha ghaTaka ke AdhAra para vargIkRta karate haiM kyoMki unameM isake atirikta anya upayogI ghaTaka bhI alpamAtrA meM pAye jAte haiN| ye alpamAtrika ghaTaka khAdyoM kI supAcyatA, pArzvaprabhAvarahitatA tathA UrjAprabhAva ko niyantrita karate haiN| yadi hama zAstrIya vivaraNa kA isa AdhAra para adhyayana kareM, to pratIta hotA hai ki azanAdi ghaTaka ( azanaH Thosa; pAnaH drava; khAdyaH phala-meve; svAdyaH viTAminAdi ) viziSTa AhAra varga ko nirUpita karate haiN| usa samaya rAsAyanika vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para to vargIkaraNa sambhava nahIM thA, ataH kevala avasthA ( Thosa, drava evam gaisIya avasthA kI dhAraNA bhI nagaNya thI) ke AdhAra para hI vargIkaraNa sambhava thaa| azana ko dhAnya jAtika mAnane para yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki usake 7/18/24 bhedoM meM vartamAna vaijJAnikoM dvArA mAnya tIna pramukha koTiyA~ samAhita haiN| pAna ko drava-AhAra mAnane para usameM jala' phala-rasa, drAkSA-jala, mAMDa, dUdha, dahI Adi samAhita hote haiN| inameM bhI vaijJAnikoM dvArA mAnya tInoM pramukha va anya koTiyoM ke padArtha haiM / mAMDa, drAkSAjala kArbohAiDreTa haiM, dahI proTIna/vasIya hai, nIbU, phala-rasa viTAmina-khanija tattvI haiN| dravAhAra se zarIra kriyAtmaka parivahana evaM santulana banA rahatA hai| vaijJAnika jala ko chor3akara anya pAnakoM ko unake pramukha ghaTakoM ke AdhAra para hI vargIkRta karate haiN| drava ghaTakoM meM pramukha koTiyoM ke atirikta do anya koTiyA~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| khAdya-ghaTaka ke aMtargata diye gaye udAharaNoM se isameM mukhyataH phala-meve aura ekAdhika ghaTakoM ke mizraNa se bane khAdya Ate haiM -puA, laDDU, khajUra Adi / svAdya koTi ke udAharaNoM se khanija, ailkelAyaDa tathA alpamAtrika ghaTakI padArthoM (pAna, ilAyacI, lauMga, kAlImirca, auSadha Adi) kI sUcanA milatI hai| ise vaijJAnikoM kI uparokta 4-5 koTiyoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| uparokta samIkSaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki zAstrIya vivaraNa meM AhAra sambandhI ghaTakagaNa vargIkaraNa vyApaka to hai, para yaha paryApta sthUla, mizrita aura aspaSTa hai| ise adhika yathArtha / prastuta karane kI AvazyakatA hai| phira bhI isa vivaraNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina zAstroM meM varNita AhAra-vijJAna meM vartamAna meM mAnya sabhI ghaTakoM ko samAhita karane vAle khAdya padArtha sammilita kiye gaye haiN| madhusena' kA yaha mata sahI pratIta hotA hai ki zAstrIya yuga meM saiddhAntika dRSTi se AhAra ke vartamAna pauSTikatA ke sabhI tattva parokSataH samAhita the| uparokta ghaTakoM ke udAharaNoM se eka manoraMjaka tathya sAmane AtA hai| inameM vanaspatija zAkabhAjI sAmAnyataH samAhita nahIM haiN| ve kisa koTi meM rakhI jAveM, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai tathApi zAstroM meM unakI bhakSyatA kI dazAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AhAra kA kAla AzAdhara ne batAyA hai ki dravya, kSetra, kAla ( Rtue~, dina ), bhAva evaM zarIra ke pAcana sAmarthya kI samIkSA kara zArIrika evam mAnasika svAsthya ke lie bhojana karanA 1. DA0 madhusena, kaJcarala sTaDI oNpha nizIya cUrNi, pA0 vi0 zodha saMsthAna vArANasI, pR0 125 2. anagAra dharmAmRta, pR0 409
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________________ pro0 nandalAla jaina caahie| yaha tathya jitanA sAdhuoM para lAgU hotA hai, utanA hI sAmAnya janoM para bhii| nizIthacUNi (590-690 I0 ) meM batAyA gayA hai ki eka hI deza ke vibhinna kSetroM meM AhAra-sambandhI AdateM aura paramparAyeM bhinna-bhinna hotI haiN| jAMgala, a-jAMgala evaM sAdhAramA kSetra vizeSoM ke kAraNa mAnava prakRti meM viziSTa prakAra se tridoSoM kA samavAya hotA hai| yaha AhAra ke ghaTakoM kA saMketa yA niyantraNa karatA hai| vibhinna RtuyeM bhI AhAra kI prakRti aura parimANa ko parivartI banAtI haiN| zarada-vasanta Rtu meM rUkSa annapAna, grISma va varSA meM zIta annapAna, hemanta evaM zizira Rtu meM snigdha evaM uSNa AhAra lenA cAhie / ugrAditya ne to dina ke vibhinna bhAgoM ko hI chaha RtuoM meM vargIkRta kara tadanusAra khAnapAna kA sujhAva diyA hai : pUrvAhna : vasanta; madhyAhnaH grISma; aparAhnaH varSA; AdyarAtriH prAvRT; madhyarAtriH zarada; pratyUSaH hemanta bhagavatIArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki Rtu Adi kI anurUpatA ke sAtha kSetra-vizeSa kI paramparA bhI AhAra-kAla va pramANa ko prabhAvita karatI hai| mUlAcAra to AhAra ke vyAdhizAmaka mAnatA hai| yahI nahIM, AhAra ko manovaijJAnika dRSTi se utsAhavardhaka e r: santaSTikAraka bhI honA caahie| yaha prakriyA AhAra dravyoM aura unake pakA kI vidhi para bhI nirbhara karatI hai| sAdhu to 46 doSoM se rahita zuddha bhojana, vikRti-rahi para drava-dravya yukta viddha bhojana evaM ubalA huA prAkRtika bhojana kara AnaMdAnubhUti krtaa| para sAmAnya jana isake viparIta bhI yogyAyogya vicAra kara bhojana karate haiM Ayurvedika dRSTi se ugrAditya kA mata hai ki bhojana kAla taba mAnanA cAhie (1) mala-mUtra-visarjana ThIka se huA ho (2) apAnavAyu nisarita ho cukI ho (ba zarIra halkA lage aura indriyA~ prasanna hoM (4) jaTharAgni uddIpta ho rahI ho aura bhUkha lA rahI ho (5) hRdaya svastha ho aura tridoSa sAmya meM ho| nemIcandra cakravartI ne bhI mama bhAvanAtmaka kSudhAnubhUti, asAtA vedanIya karma kI udIraNA, AhAra-darzana se hone vAlI ra evaM pravRtti ko AhArakAla batAyA hai| AzAdhara ne sUryodaya se paiMtAlisa minaTa bAda se le sUryAsta se pauna ghaNTe pahale taka ke kAla ko sAmAnya janoM ke lie AhAra kAla btaayaa| isake viparyAsa meM, mUlAcAra meM sAdhuoM ke lie sUryodaya se savA ghaNTe bAda tathA sUryAsta savA ghaNTe pUrva ke lagabhaga 10 ghaNTe ke madhya kAla ko AhAra kAla batAyA gayA hai| uda ruSa dina meM eka bAra aura madhyama puruSa uparokta samaya sImA meM dina meM do bAra AhAra haiN| rAtribhojana to jainoM meM svIkRta hI nahIM hai| isa prakAra sAmAnya manuSya kA lagA AdhA jIvana upavAsa meM hI bItatA hai| 1. ugrAditya, AcArya; kalyANa kAraka, sakhArAma nemacaMdra granthamAlA, zolApura 1940 pR0 56 / 2. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, pR0607 3. mUlAcAra, pR0 374 4. kalyANakAraka, pR0 55
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________________ jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna 191 mUlAcAra aura uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra, madhyAhna yA dina kA tIsarA prahara AhAra kAla baiThatA hai / kRSakoM ke deza meM yaha kAla ucita hI hai / para vartamAna meM AhAra kAla prAyaH pUrvAhna 12 baje ke pUrva hI samApta ho jAtA hai| mahAprajJa' kA mata hai ki vAstavika AhAra kAla rasoI banane ke samaya ke anurUpa mAnanA cAhie jo kSetrakAla ke anurUpa parivartanazIla hotA hai| zAstroM meM rAtribhojana ke aneka doSa batAye gaye haiN| prArambha meM Alokita-pAnabhojana ke rUpa meM isakI mAnyatA thii| taila-dIpI rAtri meM vidyata kI jagamagAhaTa A jAne se prAcIna yuga ke aneka doSa kAphI mAtrA meM kama ho gaye haiN| isalie yaha viSaya paramparA ke badale suvidhA kA mAnA jAne lagA hai| phira bhI svastha, sukhI evaM ahiMsaka jIvana kI daSTi se isakI upayogitA ko kama nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isIlie ise jainatva ke cihna ke rUpa meM Aja bhI pratiSThA prApta hai| AhAra kAla aura antarAla kI jaina mAnyatA vijJAna-samarthita hai| AhAra kA pramANa sAmAnya jana ke AhAra kA pramANa kitanA ho, isakA ullekha zAstroM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| parantu bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI sUtra, anagAra dharmAmRta Adi graMthoM meM sAdhuoM ke AhAra kA pramANa batAte hue kahA hai ki puruSa kA adhikatama AhAra-pramANa 32 grAsa pramANa evaM mahilAoM kA 24 grAsa pramANa hotA hai| aupapAtikasUtra' meM AhAra ke bhAra kA 'grAsa' yUniTa eka sAmAnya murgI ke aNDe ke barAbara mAnA gayA hai jabaki vasUnaMdi ne mulAcAravatti meM ise eka hajAra cAvaloM ke barAbara mAnA hai| aNDe ke bhAra ko mAnaka mAnanA Agamayuga meM isake pracalana kA nirUpaka hai| bAda meM sambhavataH ahiMsaka dRSTi se yaha niSiddha ho gayA aura taMDula ko bhAra kA yUniTa mAnA jAne lagA yaha taMDula bhI kauna-sA hai, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| para taMDula zabda se kaccA cAvala grahaNa karanA upayukta hogaa| sAmAnyataH eka aNDe kA bhAra 50-60 grAma mAnA jAtA hai : phalataH manuSya ke AhAra kA adhikatama dainika pramANa 32450-1600 grAma tathA mahilAoM ke AhAra-pramANa 28-50=1400 grAma AtA hai| bIsavIM sadI ke logoM ke lie yaha sUcanA acaraja meM DAla sakatI hai, para padayAtriyoM ke yuga meM yaha sAmAnya hI mAnI jAnI caahie| isake viparyAsa meM eka hajAra cAvala ke yUniTa kA bhAra 12-15 grAma hotA hai, isa AdhAra para puruSa kA AhAra-pramANa 32415-480 grAma aura mahilA kA AhAra-pramANa 284 15:420 grAma AtA hai| yaha kucha avyAvahArika pratIta hotA hai| yaha 'yUniTa' saMzodhanIya hai| pramANa ke viSaya meM 'grAsa' ke yUniTa ko chor3akara zAstroM meM koI matabheda nahIM pAyA jaataa| TAra kA yaha pramANa pramANopeta. parimita va prazasta kahA gayA hai| ekabhakta sAdha ke lie yaha eka bAra ke AhAra kA pramANa hai, sAmAnya janoM ke lie yaha do bAra ke bhojana 1. mahAprajJa, yuvAcArya (maM0); dazavaikAlika, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 1974, pR0 195 2. sthavira; aupapAtika sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1982, pR0 47, 52 3. mUlAcAra pR0 286
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________________ 192 pro0 nandalAla jaina kA pramANa hai| catuHsamayI AhAra-yuga meM yaha dainika AhAra pramANa hogaa| santulita AhAra kI dhAraNA ke anusAra, eka sAmAnya praur3ha puruSa aura mahilA kA AhAra-pramANa 12501500 grAma ke bIca parivartI hotA hai| Agamika kAla ke caturaMgI AhAra meM sambhavataH jala bhI sammilita hotA thaa| zAstroM meM AhAra prakaraNa ke antargata AhAra ke vibhAga bhI batAye gaye haiN| mUlAcAra meM udara ke cAra bhAga karane kA saMketa hai| usake do bhAgoM meM AhAra le, tIsare bhAga meM jala tathA cauthA bhAga vAyu-saMcAra ke lie rkheN| isakA artha yaha huA ki bhojana kA ekatihAI hissA dravAhAra honA caahie| isase svAsthya ThIka rahegA aura Avazyaka kriyAe~ saralatA se ho skeNgii| ugrAditya ne AhAra-parimANa to nahIM batAyA para usake vibhAga avazya kahe haiN| sarvaprathama cikanA madhura padArtha khAnA cAhie, madhya meM namakIna evaM amla padArthoM ko khAnA cAhie, usake bAda sabhI rasoM ke AhAra karanA cAhie, sabase anta meM dravaprAya AhAra lenA caahie| sAmAnya bhojana meM dAla, cAvala, ghI kI banI cIjeM, kAMjI, takra tathA zIta/uSNa jala honA caahie| bhojanAnta meM jala avazya pInA cAhie / sAmAnyataH yaha mata pratiphalita hotA hai ki bhUkha se AdhA khAnA caahie| yaha mata AhAra kI supAcyatA kI daSTi se ati uttama hai| zAstroM meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki pauSTika khAdya, adhapake khAdya yA sacitta khAdya khAne se bAta roga, udara pIr3A evaM madavRddhi hote haiM / sAmAnya AhAra ghaTakoM meM uparokta vibhAga nizcita rUpa se Adhunika AhAra vijJAna ke anurUpa nahIM pratIta hotaa| isameM santulita AhAra kI dhAraNA kA samAveza nahIM hai| isI kAraNa adhikAMza sAdhuoM meM poSaka tattvoM kA abhAva rahatA hai aura unakA zarIra tapa va sAdhanA ke teja se dIpta nahIM rhtaa| vaha prabhAvaka evaM antaHzakti gabhita bhI nahIM lgtaa| yadyapi saiddhAntika dRSTi se yaha tathya mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se isakI mahAn bhUmikA hai| bhakSyAbhakSya vicAra jaina zAstrIya AhAra-vijJAna meM vibhinna khAdya padArthoM kI eSaNIyatA para prArambha se hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga, samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka, bhAskaranandi, AzAdhara aura zAstrI ne abhakSyatA ke nimna AdhAra batAe haiM, ( sAriNI 5) / inase spaSTa hai ki abhakSyatA kA AdhAra kevala ahiMsAtmakatA hI nahIM hai, isake aneka laukika AdhAra bhI haiN| mAnava ke parapoSI hone ke kAraNa ina sabhI AdhAroM para vicAraNA svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai| 1. mUlAcAra, pR0 368 2. svAmikArtikeyAnuprakSA, pR0 255 3. zAstrI, paM0 jaganmohanalAla (anu0) zrAvaka dharma pradIpa, varNI zodha saMsthAna, kAzI 1980 pR0 107 www.jainelibre y.org
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________________ AdhAra 1. sajIva ghAta bahujantu yoni sthAna bahu- sthiti se hiMsA ghAta / bahuvadha trasa-jIva hiMsA 2, sthAvara jIva ghAta ( anaMtakAyika ) 3. pramAda / mAdakatAvardhaka jaina zAstroM meM AhAra vijJAna sAriNI 5. abhakSyatA ke AdhAra (zAstrIya) 7. apakvatA / azastra pratihatatA anagnipakvatA dharma saMgraha (a) kiNvita 1. madya 2. makkhana calita rasa dvidala 4. rogotpAdakatA / aniSTatA 4. anupasevyatA / lokaviruddhatA 6. alpaphala - bahuvighAta, alpa vanaspatighAta bhojya-bahu-ujjhaNIya 3. 4. kAraNa udAharaNa do yA adhikendriya jIvoM kI paMcodumbaraphala, calitarasa, acAra-murabbAdi, madhu, mAMsa, dvidala, rAtribhojana pratyeka / anaMtakAya vanaspati kaMdamUla, bahubIjaka, koMpala jIvoM kI hiMsA kacce phala unmattatA, citta- madya, gAMjA, bhAMga, carasAdi Alasya, vibhrama svAsthya ke lie ahitakara - sabhI vanaspati prArambha meM sajIva rahate haiM, aprAsuka haiM ina AdhAroM para zAstroM meM abhakSya padArthoM kI bAisa saMkhyA aThArahavIM sadI meM sthira huI hai / isake pUrva zAstroM meM gaI, para nizcita saMkhyA kA saMketa nahIM thA / sAdhvI maMjulA ullekha dharmasaMgraha nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai / sAriNI 6 abhakSyoM ko diyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki pratyeka sUcI meM kucha antara hai aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa sUcI meM samaya-samaya para nAma jor3e gaye haiM, isIlie isameM aneka nAmoM/ zreNiyA~ batAI gaI haiM / yaha abhakSyoM kI koTiyA~ to batAI ke anusAra, inakA sarvaprathama meM tIna srotoM meM prApta bAisa madya makkhana calita rasa sAriNI 6. vibhinna srotoM meM bAisa abhakSya jIva vicAra prakaraNa 2 pyAja, lahasuna Adi ganne kI gar3erI, teMdU, kalIMdA phalIdAra padArtha, nAlI, sUraNa jala 193 daulatarAya kriyAkoSa madya makkhana 1. sAdhvI maMjulA; anusaMdhAna patrikA - 3, 1975, pR0 53 2. zAntisUri; jIva vicAra prakaraNa, jaina mizana sosAiTI, madrAsa, 1950, pR0 57 3. daulatarAma, paMDita; jaina kriyA koSa, jinavANI pracAraka kAryAlaya, kalakattA 1927 kivvana-padArtha ghola bar3A dahI bar3A dvidala
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________________ 194 pro0 nandalAla jaina madhu (ba) parirakSitaH 5. acAra-murabbA acAra-murabbA acAra-murabbA (sa) sa-sthAvara jIva ghAta 6-10 paMcoduMbara phala paMcoduMbara phala paMcodubara phala 11. mAMsa mAMsa mAMsa 12. madhu madhu 13. anaMtakAyika anaMtakAyika kaMdamUla 14. bahubIjaka bahubIjaka bahubIjaka 15. baiMgana baiMgana baiMgana (da) vividha 16. viSa viSa viSa 17. barpha barpha barpha 18. olA olA olA 19- tuccha phala tuccha phala 20. ajJAta phala ajJAta phala ajJAta phala 21. mRta jAti/lavaNa kacce lavaNa 22. rAtri bhojana rAtri bhojana rAtribhojana kaccI mATI koTiyoM meM punarAvRtti bhI hai| udAharaNArtha, calita rasa meM madya, makkhana, dvidala, acAramurabbA samAhita hote haiM aura bahubIjaka meM baigana A jAtA hai| inheM cAra koTiyoM meM vargIkRta kara vaijJAnika dRSTi se samIkSita kiyA jAnA caahie| Aja aneka prakAra ke prAkRtika evaM saMzleSita khAdya padArthoM kA yuga hai| unakI bhakSyAbhakSya vicAraNA bhI Avazyaka hai| isa para anyatra carcA kI gaI hai| 1. jaina, ena0 ela; jaina zAstroM meM bhakSyAbhakSya vicAra, (presa meM)