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________________ jaina sAhitya : zvetAmbara, digambara DA. ramezacandra rAya bhAratavarSa ke tIna prAcIna dharmoM-vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha meM se kisake mUlya ko prAcInatama mAnA jAya, abhI taka vivAdAspada hI hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki inameM jo sAhitya upalabdha hai unameM prAcInatA kI ora nirdeza karane vAlI aisI kucha paramparAyeM surakSita haiM jinakI na to pUrNa upekSA saMbhava hai aura na hI vaijJAnika tathya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane kA aucitya / mahAkAvyoM aura purANoM kI paramparA ke anusAra vaidika sAhitya apauruSeya hai ataH usakI prAcInatA kA nizcaya karanA nirdhAnta rUpa meM saMbhava nahIM ho sakA / bauddha sAhitya ke viSaya meM yahI dhAraNA hai ki gautama buddha se pUrva chaH buddha ho cuke haiM ataH unakA sAhitya utanA hI pUrAnA nahIM jitanA gautama buddha ke jIvana ko AdhAra banAkara kahA jA sakatA hai, ThIka yahI sthiti jaina sAhitya kI bhI hai| mahAvIra svAmI eka tIrthaMkara haiM jinheM RSabha deva se AraMbha hone vAlI 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI sUcI meM cIbIsavAM sthAna prApta hai / isa paramparA para vizvAsa karane se isa mAne kI vivazatA utpanna hotI hai ki jo kucha jaina sAhitya meM surakSita hai vaha RSabhadeva se prAraMbha hone vAle jaina sAhitya kI paramparA se ekadama vicchinna nahIM kahA jA sakatA / yadi isa tathya meM kucha pratizata bhI vaijJAnika satya svIkAra kiyA jAyegA to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki mahAvIra svAmI (jIvanakAla)599 IsavI se 530 IsavI pUrva se, bahuta pahale se hI kisI na kisI prakAra kA jaina sAhitya calA A rahA thA / mekAmUlara Adi kucha vidvAnoM ne vaidika saMhitAoM kA kAla bhI yahI mAnA hai / isa taraha jaina sAhitya jo pUrvI bhArata se udbhUta hotA hai saMbhavata: prAcInatA kI dRSTi se utanA hI purAnA hai jitanA vaidaka sAhitya jo uttarI-pazcimaH bhArata tathA gAndhAra taka ke pradeza meM isa kAla meM racA aura gAyA jA rahA thA isa prAcInatA para jo sabase bar3A praznacinha lagA huvA hai vaha yaha hai ki jo jaina sAhitya isa samaya upalabdha hai vaha bhASA, bhAva evaM vicAra-tInoM dRSTiyoM se utanA prAcIna pratIta nahIM hotA jitanA paramparA use siddha karanA cAhatI hai| jaina sAhitya ke saMgraha ke saMbaMdha meM jo paramparAyeM surakSita haiM ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sahAyaka haiN| prAcInatama surakSita sAhitya zrutAMgoM meM vibhAjita hai-AyAraMga, sUyagaDa, DhANAMga, samavAyAMga, vivAha paNNatti, nAmAdhamma-kahA, uvAsagadazA, aMtagaDadasA, aNucarovavAiyadasA, paNha vAgaraNa, vivAga suyaM / inake atirikta diTThivAda zrutAMga kI carcA jaina sAhitya meM sarvatra hai| digambara paramparA ke anasAra yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ke saMpUrNa upadeza unake ziSyoM dvArA do bhAgoM meM karake grahaNa kiye gaye-eka aMga praviSTa dusarA aMgabAhya / aMga praviSTa sAhitya vahI thA jisake saMbaMdha meM digambara sampradAya yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki aba usakA kucha avaziSTa nahIM raha gayA tathA zvetAmbara sampradAya yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki bIra nirvANa ke pazcAt dasavIM zatAbdI se bAraha aMgoM ke rUpa meM saMgrahita ho cukA hai| isa vivAda ko dekhakara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vastuta: cIthI zatAbdI meM jaba yaha sAhitya saMgrahita haA taba jaina siddhAntoM meM yaha vizvAsa ghara kara gayA thA ki yaha sAhitya paramparAgata hone para bhI apane mUla rUpa se vicchinna ho gayA hai| digambara sampradAya yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki bAhya sAhitya pUrNata: naSTa ho gayA hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sampradAya usake astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai| inake antargata svIkRta granthoM kI prAmANikatA ke saMbaMdha meM jo mata AcArya pUjyapAda ne apanI sarvArtha siddhi nAmaka TIkA meM diyA hai vaha dRSTavya hai| bhAratIya AcAryoM ne kAla doSa se maMkSipta Ayu, mani, aura balazAlI ziSyoM ke anugrahArtha dazavakAlikAdi granthoM kI racanA kaH / ina racanA meM utanI hI pramANatA hai jitanI pUrva AdhAroM va zruta kevaliyoM dvArA racita sUtroM meM, kyoki ve artha kI dRSTi se satra hI haiM, jisa prakAra kSIrodadhi se ghar3e meM bharA huA ala 100 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Interational
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________________ kSIrodadhi se bhinna nahIM hai| isa kathana se yahI jJAta hotA hai ki yadyapi racanAe~ mahAvIra svAmI kIna hokara unake paravartI jainAcAryoM kI kahI jA sakatI haiM kintu ye AcArya vidvattA meM usa U~cAI para hI dikhAI par3ate haiM jisa U~cAI para mahAvIra svAmI ke ziSya rahe hoMge / ataH zuddha rUpa se mahAvIra svAmI kA vacana na hone para bhI jaina dharma meM inheM utanA hI Adara prApta hai jitanA zrutAMgoM ko| zvetAmbara paramparA hI jina ke vacanoM ko surakSita mAnatI hai ata. isa sAhitya ke saMgraha ke saMbaMdha meM unameM yaha paramparA svIkRta hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa se 160 varSa pazcAt pATaliputra meM sthUla bhadra AcArya ne jaina zramaNa saMgha kA sammelana karAyA aura vahA~ 11 aMgoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA / bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA upasthita muniyoM meM se kisI ko bhI jJAna nahIM rahA thA / ataeva unakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| usake pazcAt zatAbdiyoM meM yaha zruta saMkalana puna: chinna-bhinna ho gayA taba vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau cAlIsa varSa pazcAt Arya skandila ne mathurA meM eka saMgha sammelana karAyA jisameM punaH Agama sAhityoM ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| isI samaya lagabhaga ballabhI meM nAgArjuna sUri ne bhI eka muni sammelana dvArA Agama rakSA kA prayatna kiyA kintu ina tIna pATaliputrI, mAthurI aura prathama ballabhI vacanoM ke pATha upalabdha nahIM kevala sAhitya meM yatra tatra unake ullekha mAtra pAye jAte haiM anta meM mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 varSa pazcAta ballabhIpura meM devarSigaNi kSamA zramaNa dvArA jo munisammelana kiyA gayA, usake koI 45.46 granthoM kA saMkalana huvA aura ye grantha Aja taka supracalita hai|1 isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yahI mAnanA vaijJAnika hai ki jaina sAhitya Aja hameM jisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai vaha vahI hai jisameM mahAvIra svAmI athavA unase pahale se Ane vAlI bhAva-vicAra paramparA kA alpAMza hI surakSita raha sakA hai usakA bahatAMza IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa taka jo parivartana aura parivardhana ho skaa| thA, usase nirmita hai| isa sAhitya ko hama zvetAmbara kaha sakate haiM kyoMki isI sampradAya ke AcArya ise prAmANika mAnate haiM / digambara sampradAya ke AcArya ise usI rUpa meM prAmANika nahIM mAnate jisa rUpa meM zvetAmbara / kintu unakA AdhAra bhI yaha grantha hai jisake kAraNa unake dvArA bhI usI prakAra kA gaurava prApta hai jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM dvArA / yaha pUrA sAhitya zramaNoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai tathA unameM se kucha tarkazAstra darzana evaM vibhinna prakAra kI vidhAoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| ina pustakoM meM zramaNoM ke caritra para bhI vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| caritra kA prastutikaraNa kathAtmaka zailI meM aisI mUrti vidhAyinI zabdAvalI meM havA hai ki usameM sAhitya rasa anAyAsa bhara gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jo pAThaka inakA adhyayana dharma Adi kI dRSTi se karate haiM ve sAhityika rasa ko phokaTa ke mAla kI taraha sahaja hI prApta karate calate haiM / paravartI sAhitya meM prabandha kAvyoM, khaNDakAvyoM, kathA sAhitya, muktaka evaM gItoM ko sthAna milA, usake mUla ko bhI hama inhIM racanAoM meM pAte haiN| 1. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna -DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, pRSTha 55 isa sAhitya meM triSaSThi zalAkA puruSoM kI dhAraNA paryApta puSTa rUpa meM dikhAI par3atI hai, ye puruSa haiM-24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 balabhadra, 9 vAsudeva tathA 9 prativAsudeva / inameM sAhitya meM vizeSa sthAna prApta kara sake haiM, ve haiM-RSabha, nemi, pArzvanAtha mahAvIra, padma, rAma, kRSNa tathA rAvaNa / ina zrutAMgoM ke atirikta zvetAmbara sampradAya 12 upAMga, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra, 10 prakIrNaka tathA 2 pUNikA sUtroM, ko bhI Agama grantha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| isa sAhitya para bhASya cUNiyoM aura TIkAeM kI gaI haiM jisameM isa sAhitya kA paryApta vistAra ho gayA hai| digambara sampradAya ina racanAoM ko prAmANika nahIM mAnatA aura yaha svIkAra karake calatA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ke guNadharoM aura kevaliyoM ko milA havA sAhitya pUrNataH naSTa ho gayA kintu phira bhI usa sAhitya kA AMzika jJAna muni paramparA meM surakSita raha gayA thaa| AcArya dharasena aise prathama muni mAne gaye jinheM mahAvIra svAmI se pUrva se bhI cale Ane vAle pUrvo ke aMza kA jJAna thA jise unhoMne apane do ziSyoM puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko pradAna kiyA / ina do muniyoM ne usI jJAna ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama mUtra kI racanA kii| yaha racanA kannar3a lipi meM tAr3a patra para surakSita thI jise DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne TIkA aura anuvAda ke sAtha teIsa bhAgoM meM prakAzita karAyA hai| digambara sampradAya ise hI sarvAdhika prAcIna aura prAmANika grantha mAnatA hai| vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra yaha dUsarI IsavI kI racanA pratIta hotI hai / ise cAra anuyogoM-prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| sAhityika dRSTi se prathamAnuyoga bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki isameM purANoM, caritoM, kathAoM tathA AkhyAnoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| digambara sampradAya meM inhIM anuyogoM kA bhASya caNi aura TIkA dvArA bahata vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| pAhur3a nAmaka grantha inhIM para AdhArita hai jinameM anuyogoM ke pratipAdya kA hI pallavana huvA hai| rAmasiMha muni dvArA pAhur3a dohA likhA gayA thA jisameM 222 dohe the / isI se milatI-julatI jo indu kI do racanAeM paramArtha prakAza aura yogasAra hai| ina tInoM racanAoM meM sAhitya kI una pravattiyoM kA mala dikhAI par3atA hai jo paravartI hindI sAhitya meM santoM kI racanA meM dekhane ko milatA hai| pAhar3a dohA meM bAharI karmakAMDa ko vyartha kahA gayA hai tathA Atma saMyama evaM Atma darzana meM ho saccA kalyANa mAnA gayA hai| yogiyoM ke bAhyADambara para karArA prahAra hai tathA zarIra ko hI kuTi yA devAlaya mAnane kA upadeza dete hue AtmA ko ziva aura indriya vRttiyoM ko zakti rUpa meM dekhane kA upadeza kaI dohoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne isakI pravRttiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha ThIka hI kahA hai ki 'zailI meM yaha racanA (pAhar3a dohA) eka ora bauddha dohA kozoM aura caryApadoM se samAnatA rakhatI hai aura kabIra jaise saMtoM kI vANiyoM se do dohoM(99-100) deha aura AtmA athavA AtmA aura paramAtmA kA preyasI aura premI ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai jo pIche se saphI sampradAya kI kAvyadhArA kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| vastutaHpAhar3a 2. bhAratIya sAhitya meM jaina sAhitya kA yogadAna -hIrAlAla jaina, pRSTha 11 bI. ni. saM. 2503 101 Jain Education Interational
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________________ dohA jaina sAhitya muktaka kAvya ke uttama Adarza ko prastuta karate haiN| inameM sAhityika UMcAI rasa paripAka ke rUpa meM to nahIM hai kiMtu vyakti kI abhivyakti jisa rUpa meM huI hai vaha itanA prabhAvazAlI hai ki ina dohoM ko ucca koTi kA kAvya mAnane ke atirikta aura koI vikalpa nahIM raha jaataa| jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta sAhitya kI taraha hI eka samRddha srota sAhitya bhI milatA hai / 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti jaina muniyoM ke SaTkarmoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta karatI hai| ina stutiyoM meM eka rUpatA hai kintu inheM bhaktibhAvapUrNa muktaka racanAoM ke rUpa meM dekhanA ucita hogA tathA prabhAva kI dRSTi se bhI ye usI stara kI saMskRta meM dikhAI par3atI hai athavA paravartI hindI kavi tulasIdAsa kI racanAoM meM jaina sAhitya meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa jisa kAvya vidhA kA vikAsa huvA vaha carita kAvya hai jise prabandha athavA mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / kadAcit bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAcInatama mahAkAvyoM meM vimalasUri kA padmacariu (padma carita) sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAmakathA ko AdhAra banAkara jitane kAvya likhe gaye haiM unameM prAcInatama vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata kA rAmopAkhyAna kucha bauddha jAtaka kathAeM aura vimala sUri kA padma cariu hI hai| inameM mahAkAvya ke stara para vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura padma cariu hI dikhAI par3ate haiM / padmacariu meM prApta racanA tithi ke anusAra yaha racanA tIna se sAta IsvI kI ThaharatI hai / vAlmIkI rAmAyaNa ke saMbaMdha meM aisA Thosa AdhAra nahIM jisase hama usakI tithi kA nibhranti nizcaya kara sakeM / adhikAMza vidvAna use dUsarI IsvI se lekara caurtha IsvI taka vikasita hone vAlI racanA mAnate haiM isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki padmacariu vaha prAcInatama rAmakathA para AdhRta mahAkAvya hai jo apane mUla rUpa meM surakSita hai| isakI bhASA ko dekhakara pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne aisI zaMkA kI hai ki yaha racanA utanI prAcIna nahIM ho sakatI jitanI usameM dI huI tithi se pramANita hotI hai| isa Apatti ke sAtha usameM prayukta zabdoM chandoM Adi ke AdhAra para ise cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnane kA sujhAva diyA gayA hai| kisI bhI sthiti meM yaha rAma kAvya kI aisI dhArA kI ora saMketa karatI hai jo vAlmIki koM prApta dhArA athavA bauddhoM ko prApta dhArA se bhinna thI / isakI kathA saMyojanA evaM caritra vidhAna pUrA kA pUrA aisA hai jise kisI anya srota se vikasita mAnanA hI ucita hogaa| vimalasUri ne yaha kahA hai ki maiM usI kathA ko kaha rahA hUM jo unheM pUrvavartI AcAryoM se prApta thii| yaha tathya bhI isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki jaina rAmAyaNa saMskRta rAmAyaNa kI tulanA meM usake samakakSa hI ThaharatI hai aura yaha mAnanA kadApi ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se lI gaI hai / vimalasUri kA prAkRta meM pauma cariu evaM raviSeNa kA saMskRta meM padamacarita tathA svayaM kA apabhraMza meM padama cariu isI pravRtti ke paricAyaka haiN| dUsarI pravRtti yaha rahI hai ki triSaSTizalAkA puruSoM meM se rAma ko eka puruSa mAnakara unakI kathA purANoM ke antargata rakhI gaI hai| purANoM meM jo kathAnaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha ina mahAkAvyoM ke kathAnaka se kucha bhinna hai| isa dRSTi se puSpadanta kA uttara mahApurANa dRSTavya hai / saMskRta meM likhI uttara purANoM meM bhI mahAkAvyoM se bhinna kathA hI apanAI gaI hai / yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai ki ina dono prakAra kI kathAoM kA mUla srota eka hI athavA bhinna / vastutaH saMskRta kI rAmAyaNa tathA jaina rAmAyaNoM aura bauddha rAmakathAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa dRSTi se bahuta rocaka ho sakatA hai ki inakA mUla srota kyA thA aura usameM kramika parivartana tathA parivardhana kisa taraha hotA rahA / rAma kAvya ke atirikta kRSNa kAvya ko bhI jaina sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai| harivaMzapurANa ke nAma se ye racanAyeM saMskRta aura apabhraMza meM milI haiN| isa kathA kA bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana anya purANoM ke sAtha karake rocaka niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiM-vizeSakara mUla srota aura kramika vikAsa ke saMbaMdha meM / kintu ina donoM carita kAvyoM ke atirikta anya triSaSThi zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra purANoM meM tathA svataMtra granthoM ke rUpa meM bhI milate haiM / ina sabhI prabandhoM meM chanda, bhASA, alaMkRti evaM bhAvAbhivyakti sAhitya ke ucca stara para hI huI hai| mahApaMDita rAhula ne svayaM ke paumacariu kI prazaMsA mukta kaMTha se karate hue yahA~ taka kahA hai ki vaha racanA kAvya saundarya kI dRSTi se tulasI ke rAmacarita mAnasa se kahIM Age hai / kisI vidvAna ne vimalasUrI kI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM isa taraha kI bAta nahIM kahI hai kintu prAkRta meM jo grAmya nAyikA jaisI chaTA hai vaha anyatra durlabha hai| apanI komalatA aura mAdhurya ke lie yaha racanA apanA pratidvandvI nahIM jaantii| hindI meM yaha dhArA AI to nahIM kintu hindI ke prabandhoM kI rUpa racanA kA Adarza yahI racanA meM rahA hai isameM sandeha ke lie tanika bhI avakAza nahIM hai| __prabandhoM ke atirikta geya muktakoM evaM gItoM kI paramparA bhI jaina sAhitya meM atyanta samRddha dikhAI par3atI / geya muktakoM meM vajjAlaga usI prakAra kI racanA hai jisa prakAra kI gAthA sptshtii| gItoM kA vikAsa isake paravartI apabhraMza meM hI dikhAI par3atA hai jisase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki paravartI apabhraMza sAhitya meM jaina muniyoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa hone lagA thA / phAgU kAvya alaMkAra aura rasa kI dRSTi se vaibhavapUrNa evaM gIta kathA prabandha donoM ke tatvoM ko samanvita kiye hue hai, hindI meM ye donoM pravRttiyAM AI huI pratIta hotI haiM / bajjAlaga pravRtti doho meM surakSita hai jisakA carama vikAsa bihArI satasaI meM dikhAI par3atA hai| gIta aura prabandha ko milAne kI pravatti kRSNa bhakti zAkhA ke adhikAMza kaviyoM meM hai tathA tulasI kI gItAvalI isa pravRtti ke Adarza rUpa meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| (zeSa pRSTha 111 para) rAmakathA kahane kI yaha pravRtti jaina sAhitya meM lagAtAra banI rhii| yaha pravRtti do bhAgoM meM baMTI dikhAI par3atI hai, eka ke anusAra isa kathA ko svataMtra mahAkAvya kA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| 102 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational