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________________ jaina rAma - kathAoM meM dharma rAma-kathA-mandAkinI meM avagAhana karake aneka kaviyoM ko puNyAjita karane kA zubhAvasara prApta huA hai| bauddha evaM jaina matAnuyAyI bhI rAma kathA ke prabala puNyamaya pravAha ke sammukha taTastha na raha sake aura unhoMne natamastaka hokara isake kathA-sIkaroM se apane kAvyoM ko abhisiMcita kiyA / jaina sAhitya kI rAma kathA sambandhI kRtiyoM meM aneka upAkhyAna milate haiN| inameM prAkRta kavi vimalasUri kA paumacariu, saMskRta jaina kavi raviSeNa kA padmapurANa, guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa, hemacandra kA tripaSThizalAkApuruSacarita Adi pramukha racanAeM haiN| ina kAvyoM ke rAma kathA sambandhI upAkhyAnoM meM se hindU rAma kathA ke una aMzoM ko nikAla diyA gayA hai yA parivartita kara diyA gayA hai jo jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM se mela nahIM khAte / jaina rAma kathA sAhitya kathAoM kA atula bhaMDAra hai| jaina kathAkAroM ne prAyaH dhArmika vicAroM kI abhivyakti ke lie kathAoM kA sugama mArga grahaNa kiyaa| cAhe mahAkAvya hoM yA khaNDakAvya, purANa hoM yA caritakAvya, sarvatra puSpa meM parAgakaNoM ke samAna inakI chaTA bikharI huI dRSTigata hotI hai| prAyaH digambara sampradAya ke purANa aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke carita-grantha donoM prakAra kI racanAoM meM kathAbAhulya hai / jaina AcAryoM evaM kaviyoM ne dhArmika paramparAoM, vicAroM aura siddhAntoM ke pracAra va prasAra ke lie tathA apanI bAta ko janatA ke hRdaya taka pahuMcAne ke lie kathAoM kA Azraya liyaa| ina kathAoM meM sarasatA, rocakatA, manoraMjana, jijJAsA, vismaya, kautUhala Adi kA sahaja samAveza hai / yadyapi jaina sAhitya ke antargata bhinna-bhinna yugoM meM saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM meM kathAoM kA nirmANa huA, parantu bhASA-vaividhya aura kAla-bhinnatA ke hone para bhI jaina kathA - sAhitya kI pravRttiyoM athavA dhArmika vicAroM para koI prabhAva nahIM par3A / vicAroM evaM pravRttiyoM meM ekarUpatA hone ke kAraNa samagra sAhitya mukhyavasthita, paramparAbaddha evaM sazakta rUpa meM dRSTigata hotA hai| DaoN0 surendrakumAra zarmA jaina kathA - sAhitya kA prANa ekamAtra dharma hai| jaina kavi dharma- - pravaNa samAja kI racanA karanA cAhate the / ata: cAhe to purANa hoM, cAhe carita-kAvya yA kathAtmaka kRtiyAM hoM, cAhe prema kathA hoM cAhe sAhasika kathA ho aura cAhe sadAcAra sambandhI kathA hoM, sarvatra dharma tattva anusyUta milatA hai| dharma kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI pAtroM ke caritra ko atimAnavIya rUpa nahIM diyA gayA hai kyoMki ina kaviyoM kA jIvana aura jagat ke prati svastha evaM saMtulita dRSTikoNa rahA hai| ataH jahAM kathA sAhitya meM paraloka ke prati AkarSaNa hai vahAM ihaloka ke prati bhI anAsakti nahIM hai| jaina kRtiyoM meM karma siddhAnta yA punarjanmavAda ke prati aTUTa AsthA prakaTa kI gaI hai| Izvara yA adRSTa zakti ke sthAna para pUrvajanma ke karmoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| zubha yA azubha karmoM ke anurUpa hI prANI navIna zarIra kA adhikArI banatA hai| jahAM kahIM pAtroM ke asAdhAraNa kAryoM meM atimAnavIya pakSa, vidyAdhara Adi kI sahAyatA) zakti kI carcA kI jAtI hai vahAM bhI vaha zakti kevala nirmita mAtra hotI hai, mukhya kAraNa to manuSya ke saMcita karma hI hote haiN| punarjanma kI avazyambhAvitA aura karmavipAka ke siddhAnta kI sudRr3ha AdhArazilA taiyAra karane ke lie ina kathAkAroM dvArA itihAsa kI bhI upekSA kara dI gaI hai| eka hI pAtra ke utAra-car3hAva ko prakaTa karane ke lie janmajanmAntaroM kI kathAoM kA jAla-sA bichA rahatA hai| karma-bandhana evaM janma-maraNa ke AvAgamana se mukti taba taka nahIM mila sakatI, jaba taka sadgati prApta na ho jAe / ina kathA-kAvyoM ke nAyaka vIratA, zrRMgAra aura vairAgya ina tIna sopAnoM ko pAra karate hue antima lakSya taka pahuMcate haiM / yaha inake lie anivArya niyama-sA hai / bhogAsakti ke gurutvAkarSaNa se haTakara virakti kI sImA taka pahuMcane para phira lauTa pAnA asambhava hai| bhoga aura yoga ke madhya tAlamela karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM nAyaka kI visaMgatiyoM, aMtardvandvoM athavA kaThina paristhitiyoM ko ubhArane ke lie pratinAyaka yA pratinAyikA kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| jaina kaviyoM ne manuSya jIvana ke naitika stara ko samunnata karane ke lie AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha 10
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________________ vividha prakAra kI upadezAtmaka kathAoM kI saMyojanA kI hai| inakA uddezya vidvatsamAja ko hI prabhAvita karanA nahIM thA, apitu usa sAdhAraNa samAja ko bhI jIvana pradAna karanA thA jo viveka aura caritra se sarvathA aparicita thaa| jaina kathAkAroM kA ekamAtra uddezya sadbhAva, saddharma aura sanmArga-preraka satkarma kA janasamudAya meM pracAra karake naitika aura sadAcAra yukta jIvana stara ko UMcA karanA thaa| isa uccatA dvArA vyakti laukika aura pAralaukika sukha kA bhoktA bana sakatA hai| ina kathAkAroM ne vyakti ke jIvana vikAsa ke lie saddharma aura sanmArga ke jina prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie haiN| koI vyakti kisI dharma ko mAnane vAlA, kisI vicAradhArA kA, kisI deza yA jAti kA ho, Astika ho yA nAstika, dhanI ho yA daridra, sabake lie yaha mArga lAbhaprada aura kalyANakArI siddha hotA hai| mAnava ke naitika stara ko UMcA uThAne kI dRSTi se ina kathA-granthoM kA adhika mahattva hai / jaina kRtiyoM kI kathAvastu loka-kathAoM para AdhArita hai parantu jaina kaviyoM ne autsukyapUrNa, kautUhalayukta, kAlpanika aura dhArmika kathAoM ko sarvathA navIna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| inake pAtra daivika zakti se sampanna na hokara sAdhAraNa samAja se gRhIta hote haiM, jo sukha-duHkha se anuprANita tathA AnA-nirAzA artha harSavivAda aura bhaya evaM sAhasa ke hiMDoloM meM jhUlate hue dikhAI dete haiM jahAM unake jIvana meM andhakAra hai vahIM prakAza kI kiraNeM bhI muskarAtI huI parilakSita hotI haiM aura anurAga se raMjita prakRti sahAnubhUti prakaTa karatI huI jAna par3atI hai| jaina kathA ke dharmAnuprANita nAyaka jahAM eka ora adamya sAhasa, dRr3ha vIratA, adbhuta dhairya aura prabala parAkrama kA paricaya dete haiM vahIM dUsarI ora unake caritra meM dayA, karuNA, paropakAra, sahaja sneha ityAdi mAnavIya guNoM kI jhAMkI bhI dekhane ko milatI hai / ata: jaina kathAkAroM ne dharma aura sadAcAra kI bhitti para mAnava-prAsAda ke nirmANa meM sakriya sahayoga diyA hai| ata: cAhe bhale hI jaina rAma kathA meM bhautika vicAradhArA ko samucita sthAna na mila pAyA ho parantu dharma evaM naitika vicAradhArA ke pracAra-prasAra meM jo isakI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai, vaha nissaMdeha sarAhanIya hai / svayaMbhU - rAmAyaNa ke kathA prasaMga se eka bahuta hI manoraMjaka tathya para prakAza par3atA hai aura vaha hai sundarakANDa nAma par3ane ke kAraNa para / bAla, yuddha aura uttara tathA ayodhyA, araNya aura kiSkindhAkANDoM ke nAmakaraNa kA kAraNa to samajha meM A jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha kAfI spaSTa hai / parantu 'sundarakANDa' ke nAmakaraNa kA kAraNa bahuta kucha rahasya hI hai / logoM kI sAmAnyataH yahI dhAraNA hai ki yaha kANDa dUsaroM kI apekSA adhika sundara hai, isalie isakA nAma sundarakANDa pdd'aa| parantu yaha vyAkhyA kisI prakAra santoSajanaka nahIM kahI jA sakatI, kyoMki anya kANDoM ke sAtha isa vyAkhyA vAle nAma kA mela nahIM baiThatA / sahI vyAkhyA kI kuMjI svayaMbhU rAmAyaNa ke 'vidyApara kANDa meM milatI hai 'saMdaru' jage suMdaru bhaNevi, 'sirisayalu' silAyalu cuNNuNiu / haru - dIve pavaDiyau, 'haNuvantu' NAmu teM tAsu kiu // - 1116 11 hanumata ke aneka nAmoM meM se eka nAma 'sundara' bhI thA / isalie jisa kANDa meM suMdara ke zaurya kA varNana ho, usakA 'suMdarakANDa' nAma na hogA, to kyA hogA ? rAmakathA ke pAThaka jAnate haiM ki 'suMdarakANDa' meM Adi se lekara aMta taka hanumAna ke hI parAkrama kA varNana hai| hanumAna kA laMkA praveza, sItA kA patA lagAnA, sItA ko AzvAsana denA, laMkA ko ujAr3anA, rAvaNa ko dahalAnA, vibhISaNa se maitrI sambandha sthApita karanA Adi sabhI kAryoM ke nAyaka hanumAna haiM aura rAmakathA meM ina kAryoM kA kitanA mahattva hai ise batalAne kI jarUrata nahIM hai| aise parAkramapUrNa kAryoM ke nAyaka suMdara ke nAma para eka saMpUrNa kANDa kA nAmakaraNa ucita hI kahA jAyegA / jaina sAhityAnuzIlana -DaoN0 nAmavarasiMha ke nibandha 'apabhraMza kA rAma - sAhitya' se sAbhAra (rASTrakavi maithilIzaraNa gupta abhinandana katha pu0 0 613-14) grantha, 61
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________________ prAkRta kathAkAroM kA ahiMsAtmaka dRSTikoNa DaoN0 premasumana jaina prAkRta, saMskRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kI prAcIna kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke svarUpa, mahattva evaM ahiMsA-pAlana ke pariNAmoM ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana-carita evaM mahApuruSoM kI kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke kaI prasaMga upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH siddhAntagranthoM meM prApta ahiMsA ke svarUpa kA vyAvahArika rUpa jaina kathA-sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| yaha kathA-sAhitya vizAla hai| ata: prAkRta kI kacha pratinidhi kathAoM ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA yahAM prayatna kiyA jA sakatA hai| tIrthakaroM dvArA ahiMsA kI pratiSThA prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kI kaI ghaTanAeM varNita haiN| ahiMsA se sambandhita kucha prasaMga yahAM vicAraNIya hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke samaya meM mAnava kI AvazyakatAeM kama thiiN| ataH hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa bhI kama thaa| lekina jaise-jaise mAnava sAmAjika prANI hone lagA to use sahiSNutA, anukampA Adi ahiMsaka guNoM kI adhika AvazyakatA pdd'ii| kalpavRkSoM kI kamI arthAt vanasampadA kA jIvana ke lie aparyApta honA kahIM prANiyoM ke paraspara vadha ko bar3hAvA na de, mAMsAhAra kI pramukhatA na ho jAya, isa dRSTi se RSabhadeva ne sAmAjikatA kI ora bar3hate hue usa samaya ke mAnava ko kRSi evaM jIvikA ke anya sAdhanoM kI zikSA pradAna kI thii| manuSya jaMgalI, kara evaM asandara hIna banA rahe, isalie unhoMne vibhinna kalAoM aura zilpoM kI ora mAnava ko prerita kiyA thA / ataH manuSya kI AdhyAtmikatA kI samajha ko jAgrata karane ke lie bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke ye ahiMsaka prayatna the| tIrthakara neminAtha kI prANiyoM ke prati anukampA itihAsa-prasiddha hai| unake jIvana kI kathA to mAtra itanA kahatI hai ki pazuoM ke bADe ko dekhakara unake akAraNa vadha kI sUcanA se unhoMne tapasvI jIvana dhAraNa kara liyaa| kintu neminAtha ke jIvana meM itanA bar3A parivartana acAnaka aura akAraNa nahIM huA hai| isa ghaTanA ke dvArA kRSNa unheM kucha sikhAnA cAhate the| kintu neminAtha apane ahiMsaka citta dvArA sAre jagata ko hI isa ghaTanA dvArA bahuta-kucha sikhA gaye / jana-jana ke antarmAnasa meM prANiyoM kI pIr3A kI anubhUti itanI tIvratA ke sAtha zAyada pahalI bAra hI anubhava kI gaI hogii| mAMsAhAra ke virodha meM neminAtha kA yaha eka ahiMsaka prayoga thaa| aura sambhavataH usakA hI yaha prabhAva thA ki neminAtha ke samaya meM sAdhuoM kA jaba cAturmAsa hotA thA to rAjA kRSNa ne cAturmAsoM meM rAjya sabhA ke Ayojana karane banda kara diye the tAki AvAgamana, bhIr3a-bhAr3a Adi ke kAraNa prANiyoM kI adhikatama hiMsA se bacA jA ske| pArzvanAtha kA jIvana ahiMsA kA jItA-jAgatA udAharaNa hai| unhoMne apane pUrvajanma aura tapasvI jIvana meM kSamA kI sAkAra mUrti ko upasthita kiyA hai / vadha, krodha, vaira, badalA Adi aneka hiMsA ke kAryoM kA sAmanA unhoMne ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM se kiyA hai / tapasvI dvArA yajJa meM homa kiye jA rahe nAga kI rakSA unhoMne apane kumAra jIvana meM hI kI thii| yaha eka aisA pratIka hai jo ahiMsA ke sUkSma bhAvoM ko vyakta karatA hai / yadi neminAtha ne jaMgala ke tRNa khAne vAle mUka prANiyoM ko hiMsA se bacAyA thA to pAzrvanAtha ne eka kadama Age bar3hakara viSaile nAga kI rakSA bhI ahiMsaka dRSTi se Avazyaka mAnI, kyoMki prANI kA svabhAva kaisA bhI ho, akAraNa usakA vadha karane kA adhikAra kisI bar3e se bar3e aura dhArmika vyakti ko bhI nahIM hai| 1. ahiMsA kA tattvadarzana : muni nathamala; RSabhadeva-eka parizIlana : devendra muni / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, a0 22, gAthA 14-20 3. karmayogI kRSNa-eka anuzIlana : devendra muni| 4. siripAsanAhacariyaM, 14-30 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-carita ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko aura adhika gaharA banAtA hai| unhoMne sarpa yA saMgama devatA dvArA nirmita viSadhara nAga para sahajatA se aura nirbhayatApUrvaka vijaya prApta kara yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki zaktizAlI vyakti aura prANI kI bhI hiMsAtmaka AkRti TikAU nahIM hai, banAvaTI hai / ahiMsaka citta nirantara vijayI raha sakatA hai|' mahAvIra ahiMsA ke vistAra ke lie usake mUlabhUta kAraNoM taka pahuMce haiN| unake jIvana kI hara ghaTanA dUsare ke astitva kI rakSA karate hue evaM mana ko na dukhAte hue ghaTita hotI hai| sambhavataH parigraha (anAvazyaka saMgraha) dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahuMcAne meM sabase bar3A kAraNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ne pAMcaveM vrata aparigraha ko eka naI dizA pradAna kI hai| anekAntavAda dvArA unhoMne mAnasika hiMsA ko bhI tirohita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura vItarAgatA dvArA ve Atmika ahiMsA ke pratiSThApaka bane haiN| hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM yuddha, prANI-vadha evaM manuSya-hatyA Adi ke aneka prasaMga prApta hote haiN| inako par3hate samaya yaha prazna uThatA hai ki ahiMsaka samAja dvArA nirmita isa sAhitya meM hiMsA kA itanA sUkSma varNana kyoM aura kisalie hai ? prAkRta ke prAcIna Agama-granthoMsutrakatAMga Adi meM mAMsa-vikraya ke vibhinna ullekha haiN| vipAkasUtra meM aNDe ke vyApAra, machalI ke vyApAra Adi kI vistRta jAnakArI dI gaI hai| Avazyaka cUNi, bRhatakalpabhASya, rAjapraznIya sUtra Adi granthoM se patA calatA hai ki IrSyA, krodha, apamAna Adi ke kAraNa mAtA patra kI, patnI pati kI, bahu sAsa kI, mantrI rAjA kI hatyA karane meM saMkoca nahIM karate the| prAkRta kathAoM meM varNita prANi-vadha, manuSyahatyA, zikAra, yuddha Adi ke ye prasaMga isa bAta kI sUcanA dete haiM ki tIrthaMkaroM ne jisa ahiMsA dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, use yadi yathArtha rUpa meM nahIM samajhA gayA to ye upayukta pariNAma hI hone haiN| hiMsA aura ahiMsA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai| sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna inakA astitva hai| kevala vyakti kI bhAvanA hI hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca sImA-rekhA khIMcane meM sakSama hai| ataH prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM vaNita hiMsAtmaka varNanoM kI bahulatA isa bAta kI dyotaka hai ki mahAvIra ke bAda ahiMsaka samAja sarvavyApI nahIM huA thaa| kintu usa andhakAra meM usake hAtha meM ahiMsA kA dIpaka avazya thA jisakI kucha kiraNeM jaina sAhitya meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hotI haiN| ahiMsA ke prakAza-stambha jaina kathA-sAhitya meM sambhavataH bharata-bAhubalI kI kathA sarvAdhika prabhAvakArI ahiMsaka kathA hai| bharata aura bAhubalI ke jIvanacarita se yaha pahalI bAra patA calatA hai ki yuddha kI bhUmi meM bhI koI ahiMsaka saMdhi-prastAva ho sakatA hai| donoM kI senAoM meM hajAroM prANiyoM ke vadha ke prati utpanna karuNA isa kathA meM sAkAra ho uThI hai / do rAjAoM ke vyaktigata nipaTAre ke lie lAkhoM vyaktiyoM ke maraNa ke AMkar3oM se nahIM, apitu vyaktigata bhAvanAoM aura zakti-parIkSaNa se bhI unakI hAra-jIta spaSTa kI jA sakatI hai| dRSTi-yuddha, mallayuddha aura jalayuddha kA prastAva isa kathA meM ahiMsA kA pratIkAtmaka ghoSaNA-patra hai| nAyAdhambhakahA kI do kathAeM ahiMsA ke sambandha meM bahuta pyArI kathAeM haiN| meghakumAra ke pUrvabhava ke jIvana ke varNana-prasaMga meM meruprabha hAthI kI kathA vaNita hai / yaha hAthI Aga se ghire hue jaMgala meM ekatra choTe-bar3e prANiyoM ke bIca meM khar3A hai| hara prANI surakSita sthAna khoja rahA hai| isa meruprabha hAthI ne jaise hI khujalI ke lie apanA eka paira uThAyA ki usake nIce eka kharagoza kA baccA chAyA dekhakara Akara baiTha gayA / hAthI khujalI miTAkara apanA paira nIce rakhatA hai, kintu jaba use patA calA ki eka choTA prANI usake paira ke saMrakSaNa meM A gayA hai to usakI rakSA ke lie meruprabha hAthI apanA vaha paira uThAye hI rakhatA hai aura aMtata: tIna dina-rAta vaise hI khar3A rahakara vaha svayaM mRtyu ko prApta ho jAtA hai, kintu vaha usa choTe-se prANI kharagoza taka dhUpa aura Aga kI garmI nahIM pahuMcane detaa| ahiMsA kA isase bar3A udAharaNa aura kyA hogA! isI prakAra jJAtAdharma kathA meM dharmaruci sAdhu kI prANiyoM ke prati anukampA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| yaha kathA hiMsA aura ahiMsA 1. mahAvIracariyaM : nemicandra sUri 8,22. 2. bhagavAn mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana : devendramuni / 3. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 2,6,6,2. 4. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 22, 8 pR0 46. 5. jaina Agama-sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja : DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, pR056-84. 6. AdipurANa : jinasena, Rssbhdev-kthaa| 7. taM sasayaM aNupaviDhaM pAsa si, pAsittA pANANukaMpAyAe 'se pAe aMtarA caiva saMghArie no ceva NaM nikhite--NAyAdhammakahA, pra0 sa0183. jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 93
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________________ ke donoM pakSoM ko ujAgara karatI hai / nAgazrI jaisI svArthI gRhasthina ne viSAkta bhojana ko kevala isalie sAdhu ke pAtra meM DAla diyA ki usakI niMdA na ho ki usake dvArA banAyA gayA bhojana (zAka) kar3avA hai athavA viSAkta hai| kintu dUsarI ora dharmaruci ko jaba yaha patA lagA ki use bhikSA meM prApta zAka kar3avA aura viSAkta hai to guru-AjJA se vaha use nirjana sthAna para pheMkane ko udyata huaa| kintu yahIM usakI anukampA sAmane A gaI aura usa sAdhu ne dekhA ki isa eka bUMda zAka ke lie hajAroM cITiyAM yahAM ekatra ho gaI haiN| yadi purA zAka yahAM DAla diyA gayA to hajAroM-lAkhoM prANiyoM kA anAyAsa vadha ho jaaygaa| ata: vaha karuNAmaya sAdhu usa zAka ko svayaM pI gyaa|' karoDoM prANiyoM ke prANa-vadha se eka kA prANAnta honA use adhika zreyaskara lgaa| yaha isa bAta kA jvalaMta udAharaNa hai ki jIvana kI daSTi se sabhI prANiyoM kA mUlya barAbara hai| isIlie prAkRta kathAoM kA yaha pramukha svara hai ki ahiMsA kA yathAsambhava adhika se adhika pAlana kiyA jaaye| hiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa ko zAnta kiyA jaaye| ahiMsaka samAja-nirmANa ke prayoga prAkata kathAoM meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ke lie kaI prayoga kiye gaye haiN| mAnava ke jIvana meM ahiMsA ke mahattva kI itanI bhAvanA thI ki vyakti yaha prayatna karatA thA ki yathA-sambhava hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA jaae| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM ArdrakumAra sAdhu kI kathA varNita hai| unhoMne hiMsA ke mUlakAraNa mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA yUktipUrvaka niSedha kiyA hai| AvazyakacUNi meM arahamitta zrAvaka ke putra jinadatta kI kathA hai| vaha eka bAra bhayaMkara roga se pIr3ita ho jAtA hai| vaidya use auSadhi ke sAtha mAMsa-bhakSaNa Avazyaka batAte haiN| kintu vaha apane svAthya ke lie anya prANiyoM ke vadha se prApta hone vAle mAMsa kA bhakSaNa karanA svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| vasudevahiNDI kI eka kathA meM cArudatta apanI yAtrA ke lie bakare ko mArakara usakI khAla lenA pasanda nahIM karatA, jabaki usakA mitra usa durgama pradeza meM use Avazyaka batAtA hai Agama bhASya sAhitya meM kAlaka kasAI ke putra sulasa kI kathA prasiddha hai| usakA pitA pratidina pAMca sau bhaise mAratA thaa| ataH pitA ke mara jAne para sUlasa ko bhI jaba kula kI paramparA kA nirvAha karane ke lie kahA gayA ki vaha parivAra ke mukhiyA kA dAyitva kisI pazU para talavAra kA eka vAra karake svIkAra kare to sulasa ne isa akAraNa hisA kA virodha kiyA evaM kahA ki isa hiMsA ke pApa kA bhAgI kevala mujhe honA pdd'egaa| taba parivAra vAloM ne kahA ki tuma pazu ko kaatto| usameM hama saba hissedAra hoNge| sulasa ne unheM zikSA dene ke lie talavAra uThAkara usakA vAra apane paira para hI kara liyaa| yaha dekhakara saba Azcarya-cakita ho gye| taba sulasa ne kahA aba Apa saba mere paira kI isa pIDA ko thoDI-thor3I bAMTa leM tAki mujhe kaSTa na ho| parivAra vAle niruttara ho gaye kyoMki kisI kI pIr3A ko kauna bAMTa sakatA hai| sUlasa ne unheM samajhAyA ki isI prakAra pratyeka prANI ko mArane para use pIr3A hotI hai / ataH hiMsA kabhI sUkhadAyI nahIM ho sktii| bali meM hone vAle pazubadha ko rokane ke lie bhI jaina kathA-sAhitya meM aneka prasaMga Aye haiN| ajamera ke pAsa harSapura nAmaka sthAna para bakare kI bali ko rokane ke lie rAjA puSyamitra ke samaya meM AcArya priyagrantha ne zrAvakoM kI preraNA se bakare para mantra kA prayoga kara use bali se bacAyA tathA usakI vANI meM ahiMsA ke mahattva ko pratipAdita karAyA hai| pazuoM ko abhayadAna dene kI yaha baDI mArmika kathA / isI taraha bhASya-sAhitya meM vaNita mAtaMga yamapAza kI kathA jIvavadha-niSedha kI prasiddha kathA hai| cAMDAla kula meM janma lene para yamapAzI dinoM meM jIvavadha nahIM krtaa| usakI yaha pratijJA kaI prANiyoM ko jIvana pradAna karatI hai aura antataH rAjA ko bhI jIva-vadha kI niSedha. AjJA prasArita karanI par3atI hai| prANi-vadha kI niSedhAjJA prAkata kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie rAjA dvArA apane rAjya meM amAri-paDaha bajavAye jAne ke bhI ullekha milate 1. NAyAdhammakahA, ahiMsAThaThatittAlAuyaM-bhakSaNapada, a0 16 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 2, 6, 27-42 3. AvazyakacUNi, 2. pR020,2 4. vasudevahiNDI evaM badhamAnadezanA meM varNita kathA / 5. prAkRta kA jaina kathA-sAhitya : DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina / 6. jaina kahAniyAM : muni mahendrakumAra 'prathama', bhAga 2,kathA : 7. kalpamukhabodhikA, TIkA 2, adhi08; jainakathAmAlA bhAga 15 : muni madhukara 8. jaina kahAniyAM, bhAga 21. AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNajI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ haiM / amAri ghoSaNA ho jAne para koI bhI vyakti kisI prANI kA vadha nahIM kara sakatA thA / una dinoM mAMsa Adi kI dukAneM bhI banda kara dI jAtI thIM / upAsakadazAMga meM varNita mahAzataka zrAvaka kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagiri nagara meM amAri ghoSaNA ho jAne se revatI ko mAMsa milanA banda ho gayA thaa| eka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA saudAsa ne aSTAhnikA parva para ATha dina taka amAri kI ghoSaNA karAyI thI / ' rAjasthAna meM madhyayuga taka rAjya dvArA aisI amAri ghoSaNA kiye jAne ke ullekha milate haiM / upadezamAlA meM kahA gayA hai ki sAre saMsAra meM amAri ghoSaNA kiye jAne kA phala usa vyakti ko prApta hotA hai jo kisI eka dukhI prANI ko bhI jinavacana meM pratibodhita kara detA hai| hiMsA ke duSpariNAma jaina kathA - sAhitya ne prANi-badha ko rokane evaM dUsare ko na satAne kI bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie eka kArya yaha bhI kiyA hai ki hiMsaka kAryoM meM lipta vyaktiyoM ko janma-janmAntaroM meM milane vAle phala kI sahI tasvIra khIMcI hai| vipAkasUtra kI kathAeM batAtI haiM ki aMDe ke vyApArI nimnaka, prANi-vadha karane vAle chaNika kasAI evaM sUradatta macchImAra ko apane hiMsaka kAryoM ke dvArA kitanI yAtanAeM sahanI par3atI haiM / bRhatkalpabhASya Adi granthoM meM hatyA karane vAle ke lie aneka prakAra kI sajAeM diye jAne kA ullekha hai / karmapariNAma evaM sajA kI kaThoratA ne bhI hiMsaka bhAvanA ko kramazaH kama karane meM madada kI hai| eka hiMsA dUsarI hiMsA ko janma detI hai| ataH vaira kI lambI paramparA vikasita ho jAtI hai / isa bAta ko kaI prAkRta kathAoM ne sodAharaNa spaSTa kiyA hai| abhaya se hRdaya parivartana yaha prAkRta kI kucha kathAeM ahiMsA ke abhaya tattva ko ujAgara karatI haiN| kitanA hI bhayaMkara evaM krodhI hatyArA kyoM na ho, usakI sthiti adhika samaya taka nahIM Tika sktii| usake hRdaya meM bhI kisI ghaTanA vizeSa dvArA parivartana lAyA jA sakatA hai| moggarapANi arjuna kI kathA bahuta prasiddha hai| vaha apanI patnI ke apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie pratidina pA~ca puruSa tathA eka strI kI hatyA karatA thA / usake isa utpAta ke kAraNa logoM kA jInA muzkila ho gayA thA / kintu ahiMsA aura abhaya ke pujArI sudarzana sAdhaka ne isa arjuna ke hRdaya ko bhI parivartita kara use sAdhaka banA diyA / arjuna kSamA kI mUrti bana gyaa| isI taraha dRDhaprahArI kI kathA bhI bar3I mArmika hai| usane krodha ke kAraNa pati, patnI tathA unakI gAya ko talavAra ke eka hI vAra se samApta kara diyA / kintu garbhavatI gAya ke tar3apate hue bachar3e ko dekhakara dRr3haprahArI kAMpa uThA aura hiMsA ke carama utkarSa ne use ahiMsaka banA diyaa| vaha prAyazcitta ke lie sAdhu bana gayA / ahiMsA kA artha kevala hiMsA se bacanA hI nahIM hai apitu ahiMsA ke aticAroM se bhI dUra rahanA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM yaha spaSTa huA hai ki vadha, bandhana, chedana, atibhArAropaNa evaM khAna-pAna-nirodha Adi kriyAeM bhI hiMsA ke hI rUpa haiM, inase bacakara hI ahiMsA kA pAlana ho sakatA hai| kahArayaNakoza inakI sundara kathAeM dI haiN|" prANI-vadha to duHkha dene vAlA hai hI, kintu yadi kisI ko kaSTa pahuMcAne evaM kisI ke vadha karane kI bAta mana meM bhI lAyI jAya athavA kinhIM pratIkoM ke dvArA vadha kI kriyA pUrI kara lI jAya, to bhI aneka janmoM taka usake duSpariNAma bhogane par3ate haiM / kAlaka kasAI ko 500 bhaiMsoM kA vadha karane ke kAraNa to kueM meM bandI banAkara duHkha diye gaye, kintu vahAM para usane apane zarIra ke maila ke 1. tae NaM rAyagihe nayare aNadA kadAi amAghAeM ghuTThayAvi hotyA - a0 8 upAsagadasAo, amAghAyapadaM / 2. jaina kahAniyAM, bhAga 7, kathA hai 3. majjhamikAnagarI kA zilAlekha 3 (a)sayalamma vi jiyaloe teNa ighosio amAghAo / ikkaM pi jo duhattaM sattaM bohedU jiNavayaNe / / 268 / / 4. vipAkasUtra, pa 5. (i) samarAiccakahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DA0 jhinakU yAdava / (ii) haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana : DA0 nemicandra zAstrI / (iii) kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana : DA0 premasumana jaina / 6. antakRddazAMga, adhyayana 3, varga 6 7. jaina kahAniyAM, bhAga 2, kathA 3 8. kahArayaNakosa, bhAga 2, kathAnaka 34, jainakathAmAlA, bhAga 38, madhukara muni / e. (i) yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana : DA0 gokulacandra jaina / (ii) yazastilaka eMDa iMDiyana kalcara DA0 hindakI / jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 65
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________________ 500 bhaise banAkara jo unakI hatyA karane kA saMkalpa kiyA usake kAraNa use narakoM kI yAtanA sahanI pdd'ii|' phira sacamuca kA prANivadha to duHkhadAyaka hai hii| rakSAtmaka hiMsA kA dAyarA prAkRta kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke usa dUsare pakSa ko bhI chuA gayA hai, jahAM kaI kAraNoM se AtmarakSA ke rUpa meM virodhI hiMsA karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / bhASya kathA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki saMgha kI rakSA ke lie saMgha meM dhanurdhara sAdhu bhI hote the| koMkaNaka sAdhu ne jaMgala meM saMgha kI rakSA karate hue eka rAta meM tIna zera mAra DAla the| AcArya kAlaka kI kathA prasiddha hI hai ki unhoMne sAdhvI ke satItva kI rakSA ke lie rAjA ke mahala para dUsare rAjA se car3hAI karavA dI thii|' pArzvanAtha ne bhI yavanarAja se prabhAvatI kI rakSA ke lie yuddha svIkAra kiyA thaa| gRhastha zrAvaka to aisI ArambhI evaM virodhI hiMsA jIvana meM karate hI rahate haiM / isa prakAra ke prasaMga yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhAvanA aura kriyA kI bar3I sUkSma kagAra para TikA huA hai / ise samajhane ke lie hI jaina darzana ke anya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAnA sArthaka hotA hai| prAkRta kathAoM ke uparyukta kucha prasaMgoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA kisI jAti yA varga vizeSa kI bapautI nahIM hai| jIvana ke kisI bhI stara aura koTi kA prANI ahiMsA meM vizvAsa rakha sakatA hai| yathAzakti use apane jIvana meM utAra sakatA hai / pazu jagat bhI ahiMsA, anukaMpA, parapIr3A Adi kA anubhava rakhatA hai| ataH usakA jIvana rakSaNIya hai / ye kathAeM yaha bhI ujAgara karatI haiM ki hiMsA kI pariNati duHkhadAyI hI hotI hai, cAhe vaha kisI bhI stara yA uddezya se kI jaaye| kintu hiMsaka kAryoM meM lipta vyakti itanA dayanIya bhI nahIM hai ki use sudhArane kA avasara na ho| vaha kisI bhI kSaNa apanI hiMsA kI UrjA ko ahiMsA kI ora mor3a sakatA hai| nirbhayatA aura prema se use koI prerita karane vAlA milanA caahie| kathAoM kA kendra-bindu yaha jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA ke svarUpa ke prati udAsInatA evaM ajJAna hI hiMsaka bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai tathA vahI parapIr3A kA kAraNa hai / ataH kAyika ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke lie aparigrahI, saMyamI evaM apramAdI honA Avazyaka hai| anekAnta evaM syAdvAda ko jIvana meM utArane meM mAnasI ahiMsA kA pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA Atmika ahiMsA kI upalabdhi to vItarAgatA kI ora bar3hane se hI hogii| zrI kRSNa ne kahA, sabase uttama yajJa vaha hai jisameM kisI bhI jIva kI hatyA nahIM hotI, pratyuta, jisa yajJa ke dvArA manuSya apanA jIvana paropakAra meM lagA detA hai| yaha puruSa-yajana-vidyA (dUsaroM ke nimitta jIne kI vidyA) zrI kRSNa ne apane guru ghora AMgirasa se sIkhI thI aura usakI dIkSA unhoMne arjuna ko bhI dI thii| usa yajJa kI dakSiNA dhana nahIM, varan, tapazcaryA, dAna, RjubhAva, ahiMsA aura satya thaa| yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki jainagranthoM meM, prAyaH zrI kRSNa jaina mAne gae haiM aura unake guru kA nAma neminAtha batAyA gayA hai| zrI kRSNa ke samaya se Age bar3he, taba bhI, buddhadeva se koI DhAI sau varSa pUrva hama jaina tIrthaGkara zrI pArzvanAtha ko ahiMsA kA vimala sandeza sunAte pAte haiM / dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki pArzvanAtha ke pUrva ahiMsA kevala tapasviyoM ke AcaraNa meM sammilita thI, kintu pArzva muni ne use satya, asteya aura aparigraha ke sAtha bAMdhakara sarvasAdhAraNa kI vyavahAra-koTi meM DAla diyaa| jaina dharma kA hindU-dharma para kyA prabhAva par3A, isakA uttara agara hama eka zabda meM denA cAheM to vaha zabda 'ahiMsA' hai, aura yaha ahiMsA zArIrika hI nahIM bauddhika bhI rahI hai| zaiva aura vaiSNava dharmoM kA utthAna jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ke bAda huA, zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki ina donoM matoM (vizeSata: vaiSNavamata) meM ahiMsA kA UMcA sthAna hai| durgA ke sAmane kUSmANDa kI bali car3hAne kI prathA bhI jaina aura bauddha matoM ke ahiMsAvAda se hI nikalI hogii| (zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' kRta saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya ke pR0 saM0 105,106 eta 116 se saMkalita) 1. jaina kahAniyAM, bhAga 2, kathA 6. 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, 1-3014. 3. nizItha, pR0 100, bhASyakahAniyAM : muni knhaiyaalaal| 4. nizIthacUNi 10,2860 kI cUNi / AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNajI mahArAja abhinandana grantha