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________________ jaina rAjanIti DaoN. gokulacandra jaina ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 . prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra kA jo svarUpa jaina vAGamaya meM upalabdha hotA hai, usase nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM - (1) bhogabhUmi aura yaugalika vyavasthA-mAnava sabhyatA ke AdikAla meM 'yaugalika vyavasthA' thii| eka nara aura eka naarii| aise aneka yugala the / pratyeka yugala naye yugala ko janma detA aura yaha yogalika-prakriyA calatI jaatii| vRkSoM se unake jIvana kI sabhI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ho jAtI thii| ye vRkSa 'kalpavRkSa' the| bhojana, vastra aura AvAsa bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM se sampanna hote| kalpavRkSa itane the ki AvazyakatA-pUrti ke lie saMgharSa na thA / AvazyakatAe~ bhI kama thIM / saba apane meM masta / isIlie zAstrakAroM ne usa yuga ko 'bhogabhUmi' kahA hai| usa samaya parivAra nahIM the| grAma, nagara Adi bhI na the| taba kI rAjanIti, samAjanIti aura dharmanIti itanI hI thii|' jaina sAhitya meM isa 'yaugalika vyavasthA' kA jo vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai, usake ye sUtra haiN| merI dRSTi se zAstrakAroM ne apane-apane samaya taka vikasita tathA parikalpita sabhyatA ke vivaraNa bhI isa varNana ke sAtha jor3akara ise atiraMjita aura avizvasanIya-sA banA diyA hai| isIlie isakA upayoga na to rAjanItizAstra ke itihAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai aura na hI mAnava-sabhyatA ke itihAsa meN| ina sUtroM ko Adhunika anusandhAna sandarbho meM vyAkhyAyita karanA apekSita hai| (2) kulakaroM kI vyavasthA nIti-yugala yA 'yaugalika vyavasthA' ke bAda jo vyavasthA vikasita huI, use zAstrakAroM ne 'kulakara vyavasthA' kahA hai| kaI yugala sAtha rahane lge| kula bne| santati bddh'ii| kalpavRkSoM se jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM kamI huI / kulakaroM ne jIvana-yAtrA ko Age bar3hAne ke naye-naye rAste khoje| prakRti ke svarUpa ko smjhaa| hiMsaka pazuoM se rakSA karane ke upAya nikaale| saMgharSa rokane ke lie kalpavRkSoM kI sImAe~ baaNdhii| pazupAlana aura unakA upayoga karanA Arambha kiyA / saMgharSa aura aparAdha ke lie daNDa kA svarUpa-nirdhAraNa kiyaa| santAna kA pAlana-poSaNa Arambha kiyA / jIvana surakSita ho calA / vRkSa-pAdapoM aura dhAnyoM ko upajAne kA mArga nikAlA gyaa| kulakara isa vyavasthA kA kendra hotA thaa| mArga-darzana, vyavasthA aura anuzAsana kI dhurI kulakara thaa|' yaha 'kulakara vyavasthA' vikasita hote-hote rAjatantra bana gyii| isa vikAsayAtrA meM hajAroM-hajAra varSa lge| zAstrakAroM ne 'kulakara vyavasthA' kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai / yaugalika vyavasthA kI taraha yaha varNana bhI atiraMjita aura avizvasanIya-sA lagatA hai, kintu niHsandeha isameM sAMskRtika itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI vidyamAna hai| santati ke jIvana kA upAya jAnane ke kAraNa 'kulakara' ko 'manu' bhI kahA gayA hai / kula ke rUpa meM saMgaThita hokara rahane kI preraNA dene ke kAraNa ye 'kulakara' kahalAte the / kula ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa 'kuladhara' aura yuga ke Adi meM hone ke kAraNa inheM 'yugAdi puruSa' bhI kahA jAtA thaa| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ne AdipurANa ke AdhAra para 'kulakara saMsthA' ke niSkarSa isa prakAra prastuta kiye haiM yaha 'kulakara
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________________ ......... $400 $ ++++ jaina rAjanIti 'kulakara saMsthA' eka prakAra kI samAja vyavasthA ko sampAdita karane vAlI saMsthA hai| kulakara jIvana mUlyoM ko niyamabaddha kara ekatA aura niyamitatA pradAna karate haiN| aparAdha yA bhUloM kA parimArjana daNDa-vyavasthA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai / ataH kAryoM aura kriyA vyApAroM ko niyantrita karane ke lie anuzAsana kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / isa 'kulakara saMsthA' kA vikasita rUpa hI rAjya saMsthA hai, jisameM samAja aura rAjanIti donoM ke tattva vartamAna haiN| AdipurANa ke anusAra kulakara-saMsthA dvArA sAmAnyataH nimnAMkita kAryoM kA sampAdana huA hai 25 1. samAja ke sadasyoM ke bIca sambandhoM kA saMsthApana | 2. sambandhoM kI avahelanA karane vAloM ke lie daNDa-vyavasthA kA nirdhAraNa / 3. svAbhAvika vyavahAroM ke sampAdanArthaM kArya praNAlI kA pratipAdana / 4. AjIvikA, rIti-rivAja evaM sAmAjika aoM kI vyAkhyA kA nirUpaNa / 5. sAMskRtika upakaraNoM dvArA svastha vaiyaktika jIvana-nirmANa ke sAtha sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti aura santulana sthApanArtha viSaya sukha kI avadhAraNAoM meM parivartana / 6. samAja saMgaThana evaM vibhinna pravRttiyoM kA sthApana / 7. sAmUhika kriyAoM kA niyantraNa evaM samAjahita pratipAdana | carca DaoN0 zAstrI ne Age likhA hai ki "kulakara eka sAmAjika saMsthA hai| vartamAna meM parivAra, klaba, Adi ko jisa prakAra saMsthAoM kI saMjJA prApta hai, usI prakAra kulakara-saMsthA ko bhI / "" DaoN0 zAstrI ke isa niSkarSa se sahamata hone kI apekSA maiM unake isa kathana se sahamata ho sakatA hU~ ki "isa prAcIna saMsthA kA vikasita rUpa hI rAjya, svAyattazAsana, paMcAyata evaM nagarapAlikA Adi saMsthAeM haiN|"" vAstava meM kulakara vyavasthA sAmAjika, rAjanaitika aura dhArmika vyavasthA kA sammilita rUpa hai / sabhyatA ke prArambhika yuga meM isase bhinna rUpa kI sambhAvanA karanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA / kulakara vyavasthA kI tulanA manvantara-saMsthA se kI jAtI hai| kulakaroM ko bhI jinasena ne manu kahA hai| saMsthA aura kAryoM Adi meM bhI samAnatA hai / " kulakaroM kI daNDa-nIti-kulakaroM kI daNDanIti kA jo vivaraNa prApta hotA hai usake anusAra unakI daNDanIti kA vikAsa isa prakAra hai + 1. 'hA' kAra -- jaba koI maryAdA kA ullaMghana karatA to use 'hAkAra' kA daNDa diyA jAtA hai / arthAt " hA ! tUne yaha kyA kiyA ?" aisA kahakara aparAdhI kI nindA kI jAtI / 2. 'mA'kAra - isa daNDanIti ke antargata aparAdhI ko bhaviSya ke lie cetAvanI bhI dI jAtI thI ki phira bhaviSya meM aisA nahIM karanA / 3. 'dhik kAra - isake antargata aparAdhI kI tIvra vigarhaNA kI jAtI thI / jinasena ne likhA hai ki pahale mAtra 'hAkAra' kA prayoga hotA thA / usake bAda 'hAkAra' aura 'mAkAra' kA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA aura usake bhI bAda 'hAkAra', 'mAkAra' aura 'dhikkAra' kA prayoga AraMbha huaa| 'kulakara vyavasthA' ke vivaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki 14 kulakara eka lambI kAlAvadhi meM kramazaH hue / kahIM-kahIM saMkhyA meM antara hai, kintu kramazaH hue, isa viSaya meM sabhI zAstrakAra ekamata haiM / 2 jisa samaya 'kula' bane aura kulakara vyavasthA AraMbha huI, yA jaba taka yaha vyavasthA calatI rahI, taba taka sArA mAnava samAja eka kula ke rUpa meM saMgaThita thA aura usakA pramukha kulakara kahalAtA thA tathA yaha vyavasthA kramazaH 14 kulakaroM kI dIrghAvadhi taka calatI rahI aisA svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaugalika vyavasthA ke bAda mAnava samUha choTe-choTe aneka kuloM meM saMgaThita ho gayA thA aura una kuloM ke mukhiyA kulakara kahalAte the / kulakara kauna ho sakatA thA ? vaya yA zakti, kisake AdhAra para usakA cunAva hotA thA, isakI pakar3a kA koI sUtra spaSTa rUpa se granthoM ke varNana meM nahIM miltaa| unake anusAra to kulakara janma se hI kulakara hotA thA / saMbhavatayA mukhya rUpa se vayovRddha vyakti hI apane anubhava-jJAna ke Adhikya ke kAraNa apane kula kA pramukha hotA thA / kisI vizeSa sthiti meM kula ke vizeSa zaktisampanna vyakti ko bhI kula kA pramukha svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hogA / vahI kulakara kahalAtA thaa| kula ke bharaNa-poSaNa, saMrakSaNa, anuzAsana Adi ke lie bhI vaha uttaradAyI hotA hogA /
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________________ 26 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa +++ kulakara vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM eka anya jisa bAta para dhyAna diyA jAtA hai, vaha aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai / kulakaroM ke jitane bhI nAma Agama sAhitya yA anya sAhitya meM prApta hote haiM, ve sabhI puruSoM ke haiM / santati ke prajanana, poSaNa aura saMrakSaNa meM strI kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hote hue bhI kulakaroM meM eka bhI strI kA nAma na honA, vicAraNIya hai / kulakara saMsthA kA adhyayana sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanaitika kiMvA samagra sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / (3) RSabhadeva kA rAjatantra - kulakara vyavasthA ke bAda jaina vAGamaya meM rAjanIti kA jo svarUpa prApta hotA hai, vaha spaSTa rUpa se rAjatantra kA hai / prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke pitA nAbhirAya aMtima kulakara the / unake nAma ke sAtha jur3A 'rAya' zabda saMbhavatayA unake rAjA hone kA iMgita hai / ve usa rAjya kI nAbhi (kendra) the / nAbhirAya ne apane bAda apane putra RSabha ko apanA uttarAdhikArI bnaayaa| vidhivat abhiSikta hone ke pUrva se hI nAbhirAya aneka mAmaloM ko RSabha ke pAsa bheja dete the / " jaba unhoMne sArI vyavasthA sa~bhAla lI tathA unakA prabhAva dharatI aura AkAza meM phaila gayA to suroM ne Akara unheM adhirAja pada para abhiSikta kiyA / " nAbhirAja ne apanA mukuTa utArakara apane hI hAtha se apane beTe ko pahanA diyA / " RSabha ne grAma, nagara, kheTa, karvaTa Adi kI vyavasthA kI tathA kRSi, vANijya Adi kA samyak viniyoga kiyaa| bAda ke zAstrakAroM ne RSabha ke yuga kI rAjanIti kA jo varNana kiyA hai, use usa yuga kA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / usa prakAra kI zAsana vyavasthA kA vikAsa bAda meM huA / RSabha kI zAsana vyavasthA kA vivaraNa AcArya hastimala jI ne Avazyaka niyukti ke AdhAra para isa prakAra diyA hai-- " rAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAt RSabhadeva ne rAjya kI suvyavasthA aura vikAsa ke lie prathama ArakSaka dala kI sthApanA kii| usake adhikArI 'ugra' nAma se kahe jAne lge| phira rAjakIya vyavasthA meM parAmarza ke lie mantrimaNDala kA nirmANa kiyA gayA, jisake adhikArI ko 'bhoga' nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAne lgaa| isake atirikta eka parAmarza maNDala kI sthApanA kI gayI jo samrAT ke sannikaTa rahakara unheM samaya-samaya para parAmarza detA rahe / parAmarza maNDala ke sadasyoM ko 'rAjanya' aura sAmAnya karmacAriyoM ko 'kSatriya' nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAne lagA / virodhI tattvoM se rAjya kI rakSA karane tathA duSToM ko daNDita karane ke lie unhoMne cAra prakAra kI senA aura senApatiyoM kI vyavasthA kii| aparAdhI kI khoja evaM aparAdha nirodha ke lie sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bhedanIti tathA nimnalikhita cAra prakAra kI daNDavyavasthA kA bhI niyojana kiyA --- 1. paribhASaNa - aparAdhI ko kucha samaya ke lie AkrozapUrNa zabdoM se daNDita karanA / 2. maNDalI bandha - aparAdhI ko kucha samaya ke lie sImita kSetra - maMDala meM roke rahanA / 3. cAraka bandha - bandIgRha jaise kisI eka sthAna meM aparAdhI ko banda rakhanA / 4. chavi- viccheda - aparAdhI ke hAtha-paira jaise zarIra ke kisI aMga upAMga kA chedana karanA / uparyukta cAra nItiyoM ke sambandha meM kucha AcAryoM kA mata hai ki aMtima do nItiyA~ bharata ke samaya se praca lita huI thIM parantu bhadrabAhu ke mantavyAnusAra bandha aura ghAta nIti bhI RSabhadeva ke samaya meM hI pracalita ho gayI thI / "14 Avazyaka niyukti ke isa vivaraNa se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki granthakAra ke pUrva rAjanIti zAstra kA jo vikrAsa ho cukA thA, usakI bhI bahuta sI bAtoM ko isameM samAhita kara liyA gayA hai / RSabhadeva kI zAsana vyavasthA meM rAjataMtra kA jo pUrvarUpa prApta hotA hai, usase lagatA hai ki yadyapi svAyattazAsana yA sTeTsa kI taraha ke zAsana kI bhI zuruAta usa samaya ho gayI thI / kendrIya zAsana sarvocca thA aura usI kI rIti-nIti ke anusAra sabhI prazAsanika ikAiyA~ kArya karatI thIM / RSabha tIrthaMkara ke yuga ke logoM ko 'Rjujar3a" 15 kahA gyaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke usa prathama caraNa meM aparAdhavRtti atyalpa thii| jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ sImita hone ke kAraNa saMgharSa bhI kama thA aura jijJAsAoM ke samAdhAnoM ke sAmane prazna cinha lagAne kI pravRtti na hone ke kAraNa virodhajanya kalaha bhI nahIM thA / isIlie rAjanIti sarala aura zAsana mRdu thA /
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________________ jaina rAjanIti 27 (4) bhArata kA sArvabhaumika rAjya-RSabha ke eka sau putra the| saMnyasta hone ke pUrva unhoMne sabhI ko ekaeka prazAsanika ikAI sauNpii| jinheM saMnyAsa mArga rucikara lagA, ve to apane pitA ke hI sAtha saMnyasta ho gaye, zeSa ne apanA-apanA zAsana sNbhaalaa| . RSabha ke putroM meM bharata jyeSTha the| unakI dUsarI mAM ke putroM meM bAhubali sabase bar3e the| pitA ke bAda bharata ke mana meM yaha vikalpa AyA ki pitA kI taraha sattA kA kendra vahI hai| jo use honA caahie| anya sabhI ko usakI prabhusattA svIkAra karanI caahie| bharata ne apanI isa prabhusattA ko khyApita aura saMpuSTa karane ke uddezya se caturdika bhramaNa kiyA / unakI yaha yAtrA 'digvijaya' mAnI gayI / bAhubali ko chor3akara sabhI ne bharata kI saMprabhutA svIkAra kara lii| bAhubali ne kahA'pitA ne hameM samAna adhikAra aura svAtantrya diyA hai / hama kisI ke AdhIna nahIM ho skte|' bharata sattA ke darpa meM thA / usane bAhubali ko yuddha ke lie llkaaraa| tIna prakAra ke nirNAyaka yuddha hue-jalayuddha, dRSTiyuddha, mallayuddha / bAhubali tInoM meM vijayI hue / sattA ke lie bharata hiMsA para utArU ho gayA / usane bAhubali para cakra pheNkaa| bAhubali usase ghAyala nahIM hue para unakA mana ghAyala ho gyaa| unhoMne sattA ke lie hiMsA ke pratirodha meM apanA sarvasva chor3a diyA aura saMnyasta ho gye| bharata cakravartI zAsaka bana gyaa| zAstroM meM yaha prasaMga bahuta vistAra ke sAtha varNita hai| bharata-bAhubali yuddha, jaina rAjanIti ke itihAsa meM sattA ke lie saMgharSa aura saMgharSa meM parAjaya hone para anIti tathA hiMsA kA Azraya lene kI sarvaprathama ghaTanA hai / _ aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bharata ke samaya taka rAjatantra kA paryApta vikAsa ho cukA thaa| rAjya, rAjA aura rAjanIti ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa ho cukA thaa| AdipurANa ke 42veM parva meM rAjanIti kA jo vistRta varNana hai, use pUrNa-rUpa se bharata ke yuga kA to nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kintu itanA avazya hai ki usake AdhAra para bharata kI nIti kA eka sAmAnya citra avazya aMkita kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha rAjatantra dIrghakAla taka claa| (5) jaina rAjanIti aura gaNatantra-jaina rAjanIti meM 'gaNatantra' ke ullekha sampUrNa bhAratIya rAjanIti zAstra ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa haiN| jainadharma ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke yuga meM arthAt IsA pUrva chaThI zatI meM vaizAlI meM eka samRddha gaNatantra thaa| pAlI dIghanikAya meM isakA eka spaSTa citra upalabdha hotA hai / mahAtmA buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki 'vaizAlI para vijaya kisa prakAra prApta kI jA sakatI hai|' uttara meM buddha ne kahA 'jaba taka isa gaNatantra ke sadasya sAta bAtoM ko mAnate raheMge, taba taka vaizAlI vijita nahIM ho sktii|' ve sAta bAteM isa prakAra haiM (1) sammati ke lie sabhA meM ekatra honaa| (2) eka hokara baiThanA, eka hokara uThanA aura eka hokara karaNIya kAryoM ko krnaa| (3) aprajJapta ko prajJapta na mAnanA tathA prAcIna vajji dharma kA anusaraNa krnaa| (4) apane vayovRddhoM ke prati AdarabhAva rkhnaa| (5) strI varga ke sammAna kI rakSA krnaa| (6) apane caityoM kI pUjA krnaa| (7) arhatoM ke Thaharane kA suvidhAjanaka tathA surakSita prabandha karanA / vaizAlI gaNatantra meM vajjiyoM aura licchaviyoM ke nau rAjya zAmila the| isako saMcAlana karane vAlI sabhA 'bajjiyAna rAjasaMgha' kahalAtI thii| ceTaka isa gaNatantra ke adhyakSa the| ____ magadha kA zaktizAlI rAjatantra vaizAlI ke sannikaTa hone ke bAvajUda bhI vaizAlI kA prabhAva aura pratiSThA atyadhika thii| vaizAlI ke atirikta usa samaya katipaya aura bhI gaNarAjya the| zAkya gaNarAjya ke adhyakSa zuddhodhana the| isakI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu thii| malloM kI gaNarAjya kI rAjadhAnI kuzInArA aura pAvA thii| katipaya anya choTechoTe gaNarAjya bhI the|
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________________ 28 au puSkaramuni abhinandana prantha : saptama khaNDa NAVA gaNarAjyoM kA vaiziSTya usa saMgha meM zAmila rAjyoM ke svAtantrya, nirNayoM meM vicAra-vinimaya aura eka dUsare ke prati maitrI aura Adara bhAva meM thaa| (6) rAjanIti para dhArmika aura dArzanika cintana kA prabhAva-mahAvIra ke yuga taka bhogabhUmi kI 'yogalika vyavasthA' se lekara 'gaNarAjya' taka kI rAjanIti kA jo vikAsa huA thA, usameM dhArmika aura dArzanika cintana kA spaSTa prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ne pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA kA pratipAdana karake vyakti svAtantrya ko jo pratiSThA dI thI, usase 'zrAvakAcAra' kI eka vizeSa AcAra-saMhitA vikasita karane meM cintakoM ko eka nayI dRSTi prApta huii| 'anekAnta' ke cintana ne eka-dUsare ke vicAroM ko Adara dene tathA syAdvAda ne abhivyakti kI svatantratA ke niyamana kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| pAzrvanAtha ke 'cAujjAma saMvara' tathA mahAvIra ke 'paMca vratoM' ne samAja meM suvyavasthA aura samAna vitaraNa kI vyavasthA ko bala diyaa| zAsaka aura zAsita donoM ko apanI maryAdAoM kA bodha kraayaa| vibhinna sandarbho meM Aye ullekha rAjanIti ke sandarbha meM bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM / dazavakAlika meM eka sthAna para AyA hai "jahA dummassa puphphesu bhamaro Aviyai rasaM / na ya puSpaM kilAmei so ya poNei appayaM // 1/2 // " jisa prakAra bhramara phUloM se rasa grahaNa karake apanA nirvAha karatA hai, kintu phUla ko kisI prakAra kI kSati nahIM pahuMcane detA, usI prakAra zAsana ko prajA se apanA bhAgadheya grahaNa karanA cAhie / - jaina rAjanIti meM hiMsA kA prazraya lene kI bAta kahIM bhI nahIM kahI gyii| anIti kA Azraya lene kI bAta bhI anumata nahIM hai / bharata ke ina donoM kAryoM kI zAstrakAroM ne vigarhaNA kI hai| (7) rAjanIti viSayaka jaina sAhitya-Upara hamane jaina vAGamaya meM upalabdha una sandarbho kI carcA kI hai jinakA adhyayana anusandhAna 'jaina rAjanIti tathA prAcIna bhArata ke rAjanaitika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se kiyA jAnA caahie| jinasena ke AdipurANa tathA anya purANa aura carita sAhitya meM rAjanItizAstra kI jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, use mAtra jaina rAjanIti kahanA upayukta na hogA, sampUrNa bhAratIya sandarbha meM use jAMcA-parakhA jAnA caahie| rAjanIti para isa samaya jainAcAryoM kI svatantra racanAe~ mAtra do upalabdha haiN| somadeva sUri (10vIM zatI) kA 'nItivAkyAmRta' aura hemacandra sUri (11vIM zati) kI 'laghu-arhanIti' yA 'arhannItisAra' / kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke bAda bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra para saMbhavatayA ekamAtra somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRta advitIya grantha hai / pichale do dazakoM meM isa grantha para do zodha prabandha likhe gaye 1. somadeva : eka rAjanItika vicAraka / DaoN. pI. ema. jaina, AgarA vizvavidyAlaya dvArA san 1964 meM pI-eca. DI. ke lie svIkRta / aprkaashit| 2. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanItika Adarza evaM sNsthaaeN| DaoN0 ema. ela. zarmA, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pI-eca. DI. ke lie svIkRta / bhAratIya jJAna pITha dvArA 'nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti' nAma se prakAzita / / jaina rAjanIti para eka svatantra zodha prabandha bhI likhA gayA, jisa para AgarA vizvavidyAlaya ne san 1955 meM lekhaka zrI zyAmasiMha jaina (s. S. Jain) ko pI-eca. DI. kI upAdhi pradAna kii| yaha zodha prabandha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| (8) AdipurANa ke vizeSa sandarbha-jinasena (navIM zatI) kRta AdipurANa meM pratipAdita rAjanItizAstra ko DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ne guptavaMzIya samrAT dvitIya candragupta vikramAditya kI rAjya vyavasthA se tulanIya batAyA hai| jinasena rASTrakUToM kI rAjanIti aura zAsana vyavasthA se bhI nikaTa se paricita the| isalie AdipurANa meM usakA samAveza bhI svAbhAvika hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki AdipurANa meM pratipAdita rAjanaitika siddhAnta paurANika, guptavaMzIya tathA rASTrakUTa rAjanIti kA sammilita rUpa hai|
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________________ jaina rAjanIti 29 jaina rAjanIti kI dRSTi se AdipurANa ke katipaya sandarbha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM--- rAjA kA vRtta-jinasena ne rAjA kA vRtta yA dharma pA~ca prakAra kA batAyA hai-- 1. kulAnupAlana / 2. matyanupAlana / 3. AtmAnupAlana / 4. prjaanupaaln| 5. smNjstv| jinasena ne inakA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| kulAmnAya tathA kulocita samAcAra kA parirakSaNa kulAnupAlana hai|" loka tathA paralokArtha ke hitAhita kA viveka matyanupAlana hai|" isakA prayoga avidyA ke dUra karane se hI ho sakatA hai / isa loka tathA paraloka sambandhI apAyoM se AtmA kI rakSA karanA AtmAnupAlana hai / 2 viSa aura zastra Adi se rakSA lokApAya rakSA hai / paraloka sambandhI apAyoM se bacane kA ekamAtra sAdhana dharma hai| jinasena ne likhA hai ki AtmarakSA karane ke bAda rAjA ko prajAnupAlana meM pravRtta honA caahie| yaha rAjAoM kA mUlabhUta guNa hai|gvaale dvArA gAyoM ke rakSaNa kA dRSTAnta dekara prajAnupAlana kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| jinasena ke isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA ko apane bAhya aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie sarvaprathama dhyAna denA caahie| Atmika vikAsa ke uparAnta hI vaha ucita rUpa se prajA ke anupAlana meM pravRtta ho sakatA hai| samaMjasatva ke antargata duSTanigraha aura ziSTa anupAlana Ate haiM / 25 jinasena kA kahanA hai ki rAjA ko nigraha yogya zatru aura putra donoM kA samAna bhAva se nigraha karanA caahie| rAjA ke svarUpa aura kartavyoM kA ukta vivaraNa jaina rAjanIti kI dRSTi se eka Adarza rAjA yA rAjya ke pradhAna ke vyaktitva kA nidarzana hai| jisakA svayaM kA vyaktitva Adarza ho, vahI Adarza rAjA yA rAjya kA pradhAna ho sakatA hai / rAjyatantra aura gaNatantra donoM hI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa hai / prajA ke mantavyoM kA mUlya-rAjya ke vibhinna aMgoM-amAtya, purohita Adi ke mAdhyama se prajA ke mantavyoM kA prazAsana meM mUlyAMkana rAjatantra meM kiyA jAtA hai| jinasena ne eka sthAna para balavAn zatru ke AkramaNa ke samaya vRddhajanoM kI sammati lene kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| likhA hai ki yadi koI balavAn rAjA apane rAjya ke sammukha Ave to vRddha logoM ke sAtha vicArakara use kucha dekara usake sAtha sandhi kara lenA caahie| yuva kA ahiMsaka pratirodha-jinasena yuddha ke pUrNa virodhI haiM kyoMki yuddha bahuta se logoM ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai / usameM bahuta-sI hAniyAM haiM aura bhaviSya ke lie dukhadAyI haiN| isalie kucha dekara balavAn zatru ke sAtha sandhi kara lenA caahie| kaThora vaNDa kA niSedha-jinasena atyadhika kaThora daNDa kI salAha nahIM dete| unakA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra yadi apanI gAyoM ke samUha meM koI gAya aparAdha karatI hai to usakA gopAlaka use aMgachedana Adi kaThora daNDa nahIM detA pratyuta anurUpa hI daNDa detA hai usakA niyantraNa karake usakI rakSA karatA hai, usI prakAra rAjA ko bhI apanI prajA kI rakSA karanI caahie|" (6) somadeva sUri kA nItivAkyAmRta-kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke bAda somadeva sUri kA nItivAkyAmRta rAjanItizAstra kA advitIya grantha hai| isakI racanA sUtroM meM kI gayI hai| pUrA grantha battIsa samuddezoM meM vibhAjita hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra kI apekSA saMkSipta, sarala aura sahajagrAhya hone ke kAraNa yaha grantha dazavIM zatI se lekara dIrghAvadhi taka rAjAoM kA saccA patha-pradarzaka rahA hai| somadeva ne apane kAvya grantha yazastilaka meM bhI rAjanIti kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai kintu nItivAkyAmRta isa viSaya kA svatantra grantha hai / jisa samaya isa grantha kI racanA huI, usa samaya isakI atyadhika AvazyakatA thii| harSavardhana ke bAda bhArata aneka choTe-choTe rAjyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| rAjA loga apane-apane rAjyoM kI sImA vistAra ke lie apanI zakti kA durupayoga kara rahe the| isa avyavasthA kA lAbha uThAkara yavanoM ne bhArata para adhikAra kara liyA / aise avasara para somadeva ne nItivAkyAmRta kI racanA karake bhAratIya narezoM kA patha pradarzana kiyaa|
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________________ 30 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa nItivAkyAmRta meM pratipAdita rAjanIti samagra rUpa meM prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanIti kA eka Adarza rUpa hai| ise jaina rAjanIti mAnane meM bhI kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM ho sakatA / somadeva svayaM jaina sAdhu the| isalie unhoMne apane grantha meM jaina-dharma ke ucca AdarzoM kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| nItivAkyAmRta meM zAsana vyavasthA se sambandha rakhane vAle sabhI pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| rAjya ke saptAMga-svAmI, amAtya, janapada, durga, koza, bala evaM mitra ke lakSaNoM para vizada prakAza DAlA gayA hai| rAjadharma kI bhI vistAra se vyAkhyA-vivecanA kI gayI hai| somadeva ne dharmanIti, arthanIti aura samAjanIti ko rAjanIti kA abhinna aMga mAnA hai| isalie rAjanIti ke sAtha inakA bhI unhoMne vizada vivecana kiyA hai| DaoN0 zarmA ne likhA hai ki nItivAkyAmRta "mAnava-jIvana kA vijJAna aura darzana hai / yaha vAstava meM prAcIna nIti sAhitya kA sArabhUta amRta hai| manuSya mAtra ko apanI-apanI maryAdA meM sthira rakhane vAle rAjya prazAsana evaM use pallavita, saMvardhita evaM surakSita rakhane vAle rAjanItika tattvoM kA isameM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai|" nItivAkyAmRta ke TIkAkAra ne grantha ke nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki 'isa grantha ke amRta tulya vAkyasamUha vijayalakSmI ke icchuka rAjA kI aneka rAjanItika viSayoM, sandhi, vigraha, mAna, Asana Adi meM utpanna huI saMdahe rUpa mahAmUrchA kA vinAza karane vAle haiM, isalie isakA nAma nItivAkyAmRta rakhA gayA hai|" mItivAkyAmRta ke katipaya vizeSa sandarbha rAjya kA mahattva-nItivAkyAmRta ke maMgalasUtra meM rAjya ko namaskAra kiyA gayA "atha dharmArthakAmaphalAya rAjyAya namaH / " rAjya dharma, artha aura kAma puruSArthoM kI siddhi kA amogha sAdhana hai| isalie use namaskAra hai| rAjya ke lie dazavIM zatAbdI meM itanA mahattva dene vAlA yaha eka mAtra udAharaNa hai| somadeva jaise jaina sAdhu kI lekhanI se prasUta hone ke kAraNa isakA aura bhI adhika mahatva hai| somadeva ko dhArmika, Arthika aura sAmAjika nIti ke sammizrita rUpa meM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI rAjanIti kA jo dAya paramparA se prApta huA thA, use unhoMne isa rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| dharmanirapekSatA-Aja se eka hajAra varSa pUrva dhArmika saMgharSa ke usa yuga meM dharmanirapekSatA kI bAta somadeva jaisA samartha vicAraka hI kaha sakatA thaa| nItivAkyAmRta kA prathama samuddeza dharmasamuddeza hai, dharmanirapekSatA ke sambandha meM unakI nIti kA spaSTa jJAna hotA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jisakI jisa devatA meM zraddhA ho, vaha usakI pratiSThA kre| (7/17) rAjya kA adhikArI-somadeva ne krama aura vikrama donoM ko rAjya kA mela batAyA hai|" kramAgata rAjya bhI vikrama ke abhAva meM naSTa ho jAtA hai / unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai ki bhUmi para kulAgata adhikAra kisI kA nahIM hai, kintu vasundharA vIroM ke dvArA bhogya hai| niraMkuza zAsana kA niSedha-rAjatantra meM bhI somadeva niraMkuza zAsana ke himAyatI nahIM haiN| unake anusAra rAjA ko mantripariSad ke mantavyoM kI kadApi avahelanA nahIM karanI caahie| yadi vaha mantriyoM kI upekSA karatA hai to vaha rAjA kahalAne ke yogya nahIM hai|" loka hitakArI rAjya-somadeva ne loka hitakArI rAjya ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| samRddha rASTra kI kalpanA unakA Adarza hai| pazu, dhAnya, hiraNya Adi sampatti se jo suzobhita ho, vaha rASTra hai| kRSi pazupAlana, vyApAra, vANijya Adi meM kisa prakAra pragati ho sakatI hai, isa viSaya para unhoMne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| dharma, artha aura kAma tInoM puruSArthoM ko samarUpa se sevana karanA caahie|" lokanIti rAjanIti-somadeva ne lokanIti aura rAjanIti kA samanvaya kiyA hai| samAja kI unnati meM hI rASTra kI unnati hai| loka vyavahAra kI dRSTi se jo vyavasthA mahatvapUrNa hai, usakA pUrNa vivecana somadeva ne nItivAkyAmRta meM kiyA hai| varga-mevahIna rAjanIti-somadeva ne nItivAkyAmRta meM yadyapi varNAzrama vyavasthA kA varNana kiyA hai kintu isa viSaya meM unake vicAra jaina paramparA ke anurUpa bahuta udAra haiN| unhoMne likhA hai ki jisa prakAra sUrya kA darzana 00
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________________ jaina rAjanIti 31 sabhI kara sakate haiM, usI prakAra dharma sabhI ke lie hai| unakA kahanA hai ki AcAra kI pavitratA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai| jisakA AcAra zuddha hai, jisake ghara ke pAtra pavitra haiM tathA jo zarIra se svaccha hai, aisA zudra bhI deva, dvija aura tapasviyoM kI sevA kA adhikArI hai / " sadAcAra kA pAlana karanA sabhI kA samAjadharma hai| rASTrIyatA kA mahattva-somadeva ne likhA hai ki rAjA ko jahAM taka sambhava ho rAjya ke ucca padoM para svadezavAsiyoM kI hI niyukti karanI caahie| svadezavAsI meM apane rASTra ke prati adhika lagAva hotA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki nItivAkyAmRta jaina rAjanIti kA eka spaSTa citra prastuta karatA hai| (10) niSkarSa-saMkSepa meM jaina rAjanIti, dhArmika, Arthika aura sAmAjika nIti ke sAtha rAjanIti kA eka sammilita rUpa hai / dharma ko rAjanIti se alaga karane para rASTrIya caritra ke vikAsa kA spaSTa AdhAra zeSa nahIM rhtaa| samAjanIti kI upekSA karane para sAmAjika jIvana ke utthAna kI saMbhAvanAe~ kama ho jAtI haiM aura Arthika nIti para dhyAna na dene kI sthiti meM samAja aura rAjya ke vikAsa kI rIr3ha hI durbala ho jAtI hai / jaina rAjanIti laukika aura AdhyAtmika samagra vikAsa para bala detI hai| bhautikavAda ke isa yuga meM mAnava vyaktitva aura rASTrIya caritra ke vikAsa ke lie jaina rAjanIti kA vizeSa adhyayana-anusaMdhAna karake use vizva ke rAjanaitika kSitija para prastuta karane kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| sandarbha evaM sandarbha-sthAna 1 yativRSabha-tiloya-paNNatti, jIvarAja jaina graMthamAlA, zolApura, dvi0 saM0 1956 / mahAdhikAra cAra / jamalA jamalapasUyA // 334 // te jugaladhammajuttA parivArA Natti takkAle // 340 // gAmaNayarAdi savvaM Na hodi te hoMti savva kappatarU / NiyaNiyamaNasaMkappiyavatthUNi deMti jugalANaM // 341 // pANaMgatUriyaMgA bhUsaNavatthaMgabhoyaNaMgA ya / AlayadIviyabhAyaNamAlAtejaMgaAdi kappatarU // 342 / / 2 jinasena-AdipurANa bhAga 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana kAzI, dvi0 saM0 1963 / parva tIna / tiloya-paNNatti, mahAdhikAra caar| 3 prajAnAM jIvanopAyamananAnmanavo mataH / AryANAM kulasaMstyAyakRteH kulakarA ime / / kulAnAM dhAraNAdete matA: kulagharA iti / yugAdipuruSAH proktAH yugAdau prabhaviSNavaH / / -AdipurANa 33211, 212 4 DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI graMthamAlA vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa 1668, pR0 134 / 5 vahI, pR0 136 / 6 vahI, pR0 136 / 7 (ka) vahI, pR0 136-137 / (kha) AcArya hastimala-jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga 1, jaina itihAsa samiti, jayapura, 1671, pR01-8 / 8 Avazyakaniyukti-hakkAre makkAre dhikkAre caiva / hai Adi purANa 3/214.215 : tatrAdyaiH paJcabhinNAM kuladbhiH kRtAgasAm / hAkAralakSaNo daNDaH samavasthApitastadA / hAmAkArazca daNDo'nyaH paJcabhiH saMpravartitaH / paJcabhistu tataH zeSairhAmAdhikkAralakSaNaH / / 10 AdipurANa 166123-134 : nAbhirAjamupAseduH prajA jIvitakAmyayA / ___nAbhirAjAjJayA sraSTastato'ntikamupAyayuH / / 11 vahI, 15 // 172 : tadAsyAvirabhUd dyAvA pRthivyo prAbhavaM mahat / AdhirAjye'bhiSiktasya surairAgatya satvaram / / 12 vahI, 16|232-naabhiraajH svahastena maulimAropayat prabhoH / 13 jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 20 / 14 Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 2 se 14 / 15 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1972 / purimA ujjujaDA // adhyayana 23, gAthA 26 /
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________________ 32 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa 16 bistAra ke lie dRSTavya-AdipurANa, parva 35, 36 / / 17 suttapiTake dIghanikAyapAli, mahAvagga, bihAra zAsana dvArA prakAzita, 1958 / mahAparinivvAna sutta 4, pR0 56 / vajInaM satta aparihAniyA dhmmaa| (1) vajI abhiNhaM sannipAtA snnipaatbhulaa| (2) vajjI samaggA sannipatanti samaggA buTThahanti / samaggA vajjikajApanti paJcattaM na samucdiArU karonti mA (3) bajjI apaJcattaM na pajApenti paJcattaM na samucchindanti, yathA paJjante porANe vajjidhamme samAdAya vttntii| (4) vajI ye te vajjInaM vajjimahallakA te sakkaronti garUM karonti mAnenti pUjenti tesaM ca sotabba mnycntii| (5) vajI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na okkassa pasayha vaasentii| (6) vajI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni abbhantarAmi ceva bAhirAni ca tAni sakkaronti, garUM karonti mAnenti, pUjenti, tesiM dinnapubbaM katapubbaM dhasmikaM baliM no parihApentI / / (7) vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAvaraNagutti susaMvihitA, kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM Agaccheyyu, AgatA ca arahanto vijite phAsu vihreyyu| 18 AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 366 / 19 AvipurANa bhAga 1, 42/4 : taccedaM kulamatyAtmaprajAnAmanupAlanam / samaMjasatvaM cetmevamuddiSTaM paJcabhedabhAk / / 20 bahI, 42/5/ : kulAnupAlanaM tatra kulAmnAyAnurakSaNam / kulocitasamAcAraparirakSaNalakSaNam // 21 vahI, 42/31/32 : kulAnupAlanaM proktaM vakSye matyanupAlanam / matihitAhitajJAnamAtrikAmutrikAyoH // tatpAlanaM kathaM syAccedavidyAparivarjanAt / vahI, 42/113 : atrikAmutrikApAyAt parirakSaNamAtmanaH / AtmAnupAlanaM nAma tadidAnI vivRNmahe / / bhaNam // rAjA yatnaM prakurvIta rAjJAM maulo hyayaM guNaH // 24 vahI, 42/136 se 197 taka : gopAlako yathA yatnAd gAH saMrakSatyatandritaH / ___ mApAlazca yatnena tathA rakSennijAH prajAH // vahI, 42/196 : rAjA cittaM samAdhAya yat kuryAd duSTanigraham / ziSTAnupAlanaM caiva tatsAmaMjasyamucyate / / 26 vahI, 42/195 : bhUpo'pyevaM balI kazcit svarASTra yadyabhidravet / tadA vRddhaH samAlocya saMdadhyAta paNabandhataH // 27 vahI, 42/196 : 28 vahI, 42/140-142 / 26 nItivAkyAmRta saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha mANikacandra granthamAlA meM tathA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha vArANasI se prakAzita huA hai| 30 DaoN. ema. ela. zarmA-nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti, pR0 24 / 31 nItivAkyAmRta, TIkA pR0 2 / 32 vahI, 5/27/ rAjyasya mUlaM kramo vikramazca / 33 vahI 26/66/ nahi kulAgatA kasyApi bhUmiH kintu vIrabhogyA vasundharA / 34 vahI, 10/58/ sa khalu no rAjA yo mantriNo'tikramya varteta / 35 vahI, 3/3/ 36 vahI 7/14 : AdityAvalokanavat dharmaH khalu sarvasAdhAraNaH / 37 vahI, 7/12/ 38 vahI, 7/13/ 36 vahI, 10/6/ .