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________________ jaina matikalA kI paramparA 0 DaoN. mArutinandana prasAda tivArI prAdhyApaka, kalA-itihAsa vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI-221005 (u0 pra0) jaina dharma meM mUrtinirmANa evaM pUjana kI paramparA kaba se prArambha huI, isakA nizcita nirdhAraNa kaThina hai| prastuta lekha meM hama upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mukhyataH isI samasyA para vicAra kareMge aura kisI tArkika niSkarSa para pahu~cane kA prayAsa kreNge| mahAvIra se pUrva tIrthakara (yA jina) mUrtiyoM ke astitva kA koI bhI sAhityika yA purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai / jaina granthoM meM mahAvIra kI yAtrA ke sandarbha meM unake kisI jaina mandira meM jAne yA jina-mUrti ke pUjana kA anullekha hai| isake viparIta yakSa-AyatanoM evaM yakSa-caityoM (pUrNabhadra aura maNibhadra) meM unake vizrAma karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|' jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjana kI prAcInatA se saMbaddha sabase mahattvapUrNa vaha ullekha hai jisameM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI unakI mUti ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai / sAhityika paramparA se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI unakI candana kI eka pratigA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| isa mUrti meM mahAvIra ko dIkSA lene ke lagabhaga eka varSa pUrva rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM apane mahala meM hI tapasyA karate hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai / cUMki yaha pratimA mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirmita huI, ataH use jIvanta svAmI yA jIvita svAmI saMjJA dI gii| sAhitya aura zilpa donoM hI meM jIvantasvAmI ko mukuTa, hAra evaM mekhalA Adi alaMkaraNoM se yukta eka rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / mahAvIra ke samaya ke bAda kI bhI aisI mUrtiyoM ke lie jIvantasvAmI zabda kA hI prayoga hotA rhaa| ___ jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyoM ko sarvaprathama prakAza meM lAne kA zreya yU0 pI0 zAha ko hai| sAhityika paramparA ko vizvasanIya mAnate hue zAha ne mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla se hI jIvantasvAmI mUti kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' unhoMne sAhityika paramparA kI puSTi meM akauTA (baDaudA, gujarAta) se prApta jIvantasvAmI kI do guptakAlIna kAMsya 1. zAha, yU0 pI0, biginigsa Ava jaina AikAnogrAphI, saMgrahAlaya purAtattva patrikA, lakhanaU, aMka 6, jUna, 1662, pR0 2. 2 draSTavya-zAha, yU0 pI0, e yUnIka jaina imeja Ava jIvantasvAmI, jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa Ava bar3audA, khaM0 1, aM01, sitambara 1651(1952), pR0 62-66; sAiDa lAiTsa Ana di lAIpha-TAima seNDalavuDa imeja Ava mahAbIra, jarnala oriNyaTala insTITyUTa Ava bar3audA, khaM0 1, aM4, jUna 1652. pR0 358-68; zrI jIvantasvAmI (gujarAtI), jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 17, aM0 5-6, 1652, pR0 18-106; akoTA bronjeja bambaI, 1956 pR0 26-28. 3 zAha, yU0 pI0, zrI jIvantasvAmI, jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 17, aM0 5-6, pR0 104. -
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________________ jaina mUrtikalA kI paramparA .................................................................... ...... pratimAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai|' ina pratimAoM meM jIvantasvAmI ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3A aura vastrAbhUSaNoM (mukuTa, hAra, mekhalA, vanamAlA, bAjUbanda Adi) se sajjita darzAyA gayA hai| pahalI mUrti la. pAMcavIM zatI I0 kI hai aura dUsarI lekhayukta mUti la0 chaThI zatI I0 kI hai| dUsarI mUrti ke lekha meM jIvantasvAmI khudA hai / uparyukta mUtiyoM ke bAda bhI jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kA krama calatA rhaa| yaha ullekha kevala zvetAmbara paramparA meM huA hai aura jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyAM bhI kevala zvetAmbara sthaloM se hI milI hai| saMbhavataH jIvantasvAmI ke vastrAbhUSaNoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa hI digambara paramparA meM inakA anullekha hai / dasavIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya kI adhikAMza jIvantasvAmI-mUrtiyA~ rAjasthAna ke zvetAmbara sthaloM meM milI hai| ye matiyA~ rAjasthAna ke jodhapura jile meM osiyA aura sevANI sthita jaina mandiroM para utkIrNa haiM (dekheM citr)| bArahavIM zatI I0 ko eka manojJa mUti saradAra saMgrahAlaya, jodhapura meM hai| pratimAlakSaNa kI dRSTi se jIvantasvAmI kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa mUrtiyA~ osiyAM aura saradAra saMgrahAlaya, jodhapura (10vI-12vIM zatI I.) kI haiN| ina mUrtiyoM meM jIvantasvAmI ke sAtha tIrthakara mUrtiyoM kI kaI vizeSatAe~ praNita haiM / ina matiyoM meM jIvantasvAmI ke sAtha aSTaprAtihArya (cAmaradhara sevaka, vichatra, bhAmaNDala, devadundubhi, surapuSpavRSTi Adi), yathApakSI yugala, mahAvidyAe~ evaM jina-AkRtiyAM nirUpita haiM, jo madhyayugIna jina-mUtiyoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ rahI haiN| jaina dharma meM mUti-nirmANa evaM pUjana kI osiyA~ (rAjasthAna) ke mahAvIra mandira ke toraNa prAcInatA ke nirdhAraNa ke lie jIvantasvAmI mUrti kI (1016 I0) kI jIvantasvAmI mahAvIra kI mUrti paramparA kI prAcInatA kA nirdhAraNa apekSita hai| Agama-sAhitya evaM kalpasUtra jaise prArambhika granthoM meM jIvantasvAmI mUrti kA ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai| jIvantasvAmI 1 zAha, yU0pI0, e yUnIka jaina imeja Ava jIvantasvAmI, jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, bar3audA, khaM0 1, aM0 1, pR0 76. 2 zAha, yU0 pI0, akoTA bronjeja, pR0 26-28, phalaka 86, bI, 126. 3 draSTavya-agravAla, Ara0 sI0, e yUnIka imeja Ava jIvantasvAmI phAma rAjasthAna, brahmavidyA, aDyAra, khaM0 22, aM0 1-2, pR0 32-34; tivArI mArutinandana prasAda, osiyAM se prApta jIvantasvAmI kI aprakAzita mUrtiyAM, vizvabhAratI, khaM0 14, aM0 3, akTUbara-disambara, 1973, pR0 215-18. 4 aSTaprAtihAryoM meM kevala siMhAsana ko nahIM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 152 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa mati ke prAcInatama ullekha Agama granthoM se sambandhita chaThI zatI I. ke bAda kI uttarakAlIna racanAoM, yathAniyuktiyoM, bhASyoM, cUNiyoM Adi meM hI prApta hote haiN| ina granthoM se kauzala, ujjaina, dazapura (maMdasaura), vidizA, purI evaM vItabhayapaTTana meM jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| jIvantaravAmI mUrti kA ullekha sarvaprathama vAcaka saMghadAsagaNi kRta vasudevahiNDI (610 I0 yA lagabhaga eka yA do zatAbdI pUrva kI kRti) meM prApta hotA hai| grantha meM AryA suvratA nAma kI eka gaNinI ke jIvantasvAmI mati ke prajanArtha ujjaina jAne kA ullekha hai| jinadAsa kRta AvazyakacUNi (676 I0) meM jIvantasvAmI kI prathama mati kI kathA prApta hotI hai| isameM acyuta indra dvArA pUrvajanma ke mitra vidyunmAlI ko mahAvIra kI mUrti ke pUjana kI salAha dene, vidya nmAlI ke gozIrSa candana kI mUrti banAne evaM pratiSTA karane, vidyunmAlI ke pAsa se mUti eka vaNika ke hAtha lagane, kAlAntara meM mahAvIra ke samakAlIna sindhu-sauvIra meM vItabhayapattana ke zAsaka udAyana evaM usakI rAnI prabhAvatI dvArA usI mUrti ke vaNik se prApta karane evaM rAnI prabhAvatI dvArA mUrti kI bhakti bhAva se pUjA karane kA ullekha hai| yahI kathA haribhadrasUri kI Avazyakavatti meM bhI varNita hai| isI kathA kA ullekha hemacandra (1166-72 I0) ne triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra (parva 10, sarga 11) meM kucha navIna tathyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai / hemacandra ne svayaM mahAvIra ke mukha se jIvanta svAmI mUrti ke nirmANa kA ullekha karAte hae likhA hai ki kSatriyakuNDa grAma meM dIkSA lene ke pUrva chadamastha kAla meM mahAvIra kA darzana vidyunmAlI ne kiyA thaa| usa samaya unake AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hone ke kAraNa hI vidyunmAlI ne mahAvIra kI alaMkaraNayukta pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA / anya srotoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki dIkSA lene kA vicAra hote hue bhI apane jyeSTha bhrAtA ke Agraha ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko kucha samaya mahala meM hI dharma-dhyAna meM samaya vyatIta karanA par3A thaa| hemacandra ke anusAra vidya - nmAlI dvArA nirmita mUla pratimA vidizA meM thii| hemacandra ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki caulukya zAsaka kumArapAla ne vItabhayapaTTana meM utkhanana karavAkara jIvanta svAmI kI pratimA prApta kI thii| jIvantasvAmI mati ke lakSaNoM kA ullekha hemacandra ke atirikta anya kisI bhI jaina AcArya ne nahIM kiyA hai| kSamAzramaNa saMghadAsa racita bRhatkalpabhASya ke bhASya gAthA 2753 para TIkA karate hue kSemakIti (1275 I0) ne likhA hai ki maurya zAsaka saMprati ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita karane vAle Arya suhasti jIvantasvAmI mUrti ke pUjanArtha ujjaina gaye the| sampUrNa adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI I0 ke pUrva jIvantasvAmI ke sambandha meM hameM kisI prakAra kI aitihAsika sUcanA nahIM prApta hotI hai / upalabdha sAhityika (vasudeva hiADI) evaM purAtAtvika (3 koTA se milI jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyA~) sAkSya pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI I0 ke hI haiM / isa sandarbha meM mahAvIra ke gaNadharoM dvArA racita Agama sAhitya meM jIvantasvAmI mUrti ke ullekha kA pUrNa abhAva jIvantasvAmI mUrti kI dhAraNA kI paravartI granthoM dvArA pratipAdita mahAvIra kI samakAlikatA para eka svAbhAvika sandeha utpanna karatA hai| kalpasUtra evaM I0 pU0 ke anya granthoM meM bhI jIvantasvAmI mUrti kA anullekha isI sandeha kI puSTi karatA hai| vartamAna sthiti meM jIvantasvAmI mati kI dhAraNA ko mahAvIra ke samaya taka (chaThI zatI I0 pU0) le jAne kA hamAre pAsa koI aitihAsika pramANa nahIM hai| 1 jaina, hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1962, pR0 62. 2 draSTavya, jaina je0 sI0, lAIpha ina ainzaNTa iNDiyA : aija DepikTeDa ina di jaina kenanasa, bambaI, 1647, pR0 252, 300, 325. 3 draSTavya -- zAha, yU0 pI0, zrI jIvantasvAmI, jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 17, aMka 5-6, pR0 18. 4 vasudevahiNDI (saMghadAsa kRta), khaM0 1, saM0 muni zrI puNyavijaya, AtmAnanda jaina granthamAlA 80, bhAvanagara, 1630, bhAga 1, pR0 61. 5 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 10-11,379-80.
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________________ vibhinna sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM jJAta hotA hai ki mauryakAla ( cauthI - tIsarI zatI I0 pU0 ) meM jaina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa nizcita rUpa se prArambha ho gayA thA / jaina paramparA ke anusAra jaina dharma ko lagabhaga sabhI samartha maurya zAsakoM kA samarthana prApta thA / candragupta maurya kA jaina dharmAnuyAyI honA tathA jIvana ke antima varSoM meM bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata jAnA suvidita hai / " kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM jayanta, vaijayanta, aparAjita evaM anya jaina devoM kI mUrtiyoM kA ullekha hai| azoka bauddha dharmAnuyAyI hote hue bhI jaina dharma ke prati udAra thA usane nirdhanyoM evaM AjIvikoM ko dAna diye the| samprati ko bhI jaina dharma kA anuyAyI kahA gayA hai| kintu maurya zAsakoM se saMbaddha ina paramparAoM ke viparIta purAtAttvika sAkSya ke rUpa meM lohAnIpura se prApta kevala eka jina mUrti hI, hai, jise maurya yuga kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina mUrtikalA kI paramparA paTanA ke samIpa lohAnIpura se milI mauryakAlIna mUrti jina mUrti kA prAcInatama jJAta udAharaNa hai / yaha mUrti samprati paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai / mauryayugIna camakadAra Alepa se yukta la0 tIsarI zatI I0 pU0 kI isa mUrti ke sira, bhujA aura jAnu ke nIce kA bhAga khaNDita hai mUrti kI nagnatA aura kAyotsarga mudrA isake jinamUrti hone / kI sUcanA dete haiM / kAyotsarga mudrA meM jina samabhaMga meM sIdhe khar3e hote haiM aura unakI donoM bhujAe~ laMbavat ghuTanoM taka prasArita hotI haiN| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mudrA kevala jaina tIrthakaroM ke mUrta aMkana meM hI prayukta huI hai| lohAnIpura ke utkhanana meM prApta hone vAlI mauryayugIna IMTeM evaM eka rajata ArhatamudrA bhI uparyukta mUrti ke mauryakAlIna hone ke samarthaka sAkSya haiM / isa mUrti ke nirUpaNa meM yakSa mUrtiyoM kA prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai / yakSamUrtiyoM kI tulanA meM mUrti kI zarIra racanA meM bhArIpana ke svAna para santulana hai, jise jaina dharma meM yoga ke vizeSa mahatva kA pariNAma svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / zarIra racanA meM prApta santulana mUrti ke mauryayuga ke uparAnta nirmita hone kA nahIM varan usake tIrthaMkara mUrti hone kA sUcaka hai / maurya zAsakoM dvArA jaina dharma ko samarthana pradAna karanA aura arthazAstra evaM kaliMga zAsaka khAravela (la0 pahalI zatI I0 pU0 ) ke lekha ke ullekha lohAnIpura mUrti ke mauryayugIna mAnane ke anumodaka tathya haiM / khAravela ke lekha meM ullekha hai ki kaliMga kI jisa jina pratimA ko nandarAja 'tivasasata' varSa pUrva kaliMga se magadha le gayA thA, use khAravela punaH vApasa le AyA / 'tivasasata' zabda kA artha adhikAMza vidvAn 300 varSa mAnate haiM / isa prakAra lekha ke AdhAra para bhI jina-mUrti kI prAcInatA mauryakAla (la0 cauthI-tIsarI zatI I0 pU0 ) taka jAtI hai / zuMgakuSANa evaM bAda ke yugoM meM jina mUrtiyoM kA kramaza: vikAsa hotA gayA aura unameM navIna vizeSatAe~ jur3atI calI gayIM / lohAnIpura jina mUrti ke bAda kI dUsarI jina-mUrti la0 pahalI zatI I0 pU0 kI hai| mastaka para sarpaphaNoM ke chatra se yukta yaha pArzvanAtha mUrti priMsa Ava velsa saMgrahAlaya, bambaI meM saMgrahIta hai| pArzvanAtha nirvastra haiM aura kAyotsarga 1 draSTavya - mukharjI, Ara0 ke0, candragupta maurya eNDa hija TAimsa, dillI, 1966 ( pu0 mu0 ), pR0 39-41. 2 bhaTTAcArya bI0 sI0, di jaina AikanogrAphI, lAhaura, 1632, pR0 32. 3 4 153 draSTavyathApara romilA azoka enDa di DiklAina Ava di mauryAja AksaphorDa, 1963 (50 mu0 ),. pR0 136-81 mukharjI, Ara0 ke0, azoka, dillI, 1674, pR0 54-55. pariziSTaparvana 9.54; draSTavya - thApara romilA, pUrvanirdiSTa, pR0 187. 5 jAyasavAla, ke0 pI0, jaina imeja Ava maurya piriyaDa, jarnala bihAra, ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, khaM0 23, bhAga 1, 1937, pR0 130-32. re, nihAra raMjana, maurya eNDa zuMga ArTa, kalakattA, 1965, pR0 155. sarakAra, DI0 sI0, selekTa inskripzanasa, baM0 1, kalakattA, 1665, pR0 215 pAdaTippaNI 6. 7 .
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________________ 154 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana prantha : SaSTha khaNDa 'mudrA meM khar3e haiN| la. pahalI zatI I0 pU0 kI hI pArzvanAtha kI eka anya mUrti baksara (bhojapura, bihAra) ke causA grAma se bhI milI hai, jo samprati paTanA saMgrahAlaya (kramAMka 6531) meM surakSita hai| isa mUrti meM pArzvanAtha sAta sarpaphaNoM ke chatra se zobhita haiM aura uparyukta mUrti ke samAna hI nirvastra aura kAyotsarga mudrA meM haiM / ina prArambhika mUrtiyoM meM vakSaHsthala meM zrIvatsa cinha nahIM utkIrNa hai, jo jina-mUrtiyoM ko abhinna vizeSatA rahI hai / zrIvatsa cinha kA utkIrNana sarvaprathama la0 pahalI zatI I0 pU0 meM mathurA kI jina-mUrtiyoM meM prArambha huaa| ye mUrtiyAM AyAgapaToM para utkIrNa haiM / lagabhaga isI samaya mathurA meM hI sarvaprathama jinoM ke nirUpaNa meM dhyAnamudrA pradarzita huii| jaina kalA ko sarvaprathama pUrNa abhivyakti mathurA meM milI / yahA~ kI zuga-kuSANa kAla kI jaina mUrtiyAM jaina pratimAvijJAna ke vikAsa kI prArimbhaka avasthA ko darazAtI haiM / sAhityaka aura Abhilekhika sAkSyoM se jJAna hotA hai ki mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA eka prAcIna jaina stUpa thaa| kaMkAlI TIle se eka vizAla jaina stUpa ke avazeSa aura vipula zilpa sAmagrI milI hai| yaha zilpa sAmagrI la0 I0 pU0 150 se 1023 I0 ke madhya kI hai / isa prakAra mathurA kI jaina mUrtiyA~ Arambha se madhyayuga taka ke pratimAvijJAna kI vikAsa zRMkhalA upasthita karatI haiM / mathurA kI zilpa sAmagrI meM AyAgapaTa, svatantra jina-mUrtiyA~, jina caumukhI (yA sarvatobhadrikA) pratimA, jinoM ke jIvana se sambandhita dRzya evaM kucha anya mUrtiyA~ pramukha haiN| kuSANa kAla meM jinoM ke sAtha pratihAryoM kA citraNa prArambha ho gayA, para ATha prArambhika pratihAryoM kA aMkana gupta kAla ke anta meM hI prArambha huaa| pratimA lakSaNa ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se guptakAla (la0 275-550 I0) kA vizeSa mahatva rahA hai| jinoM ke sAtha lAMchanoM evaM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa guptakAla meM hI prArambha huaa| rAjagiri (bihAra) kI neminAtha evaM bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI (kramAMka 161) kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM meM sarvaprathama lAMchana (zaMkha aura siMha) aura akoTA (gujarAta) kI RSabhanAtha mUrti meM yakSa-yakSI yugala nirUpita hue| 1 draSTavya-zAha, yU0 pI0, sTaDoja ina jaina ArTa, banArasa, 1655, pR0 8-6, ena arlI bronsa imeja Ava pArzvanAtha ina di priMsa Ava velsa myujiyama, bambaI, buleTina prinsa Ava velsa myujiyama Ava vesTarna iNDiyA, aM0 3, 1952-53, pR0 63-65. 2 draSTavya-prasAda, eca0 ke0, jaina bronjeja ina di paTanA myUjiyama, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDana jubalI vAlyUma, bambaI, 1968, pR0 275-80%; zAha, yU0 pI0, akoTA bronjeja, phalaka, 1 bI. 00