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________________ jaina karma siddhAnta zyAmalAla pANDavIya bhAratIya saMskRti prArambha se hI AdhyAtmikatA ke AdhAra mAna kara hI apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| adhika nikaTa rahI hai| samaya-samaya para anekoM divya tIsarA artha hai-jIva ke sAtha baMdhane vAle vizeSa jAti evaM mahAna AtmAoM dvArA vibhUSita isa deza kA iti- ke skandha / yaha artha aprasiddha hai, kevala jaina siddhAnta hAsa dharma evam darzana se atyAdhika prabhAvita rahA hai| hI isakA vizeSa prakAra se nirUpaNa karatA hai| bhAratIya darzana ke vividha pakSoM ke rUpa meM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga. mImAMsA, vedAnta, jaina, bauddha tathA bhAratIya darzana meM karma siddhAntacArvAka darzana meM hameM mAnava jIvana ke prati vividha nyAya darzana ke anusAra mAnava zarIra dvArA matoM ke darzana hote haiN| inameM se cArvAka ko choDakara sampanna vividha karma; rAga, dveSa aura moha ke vazIanya samasta bhAratIya darzanoM ne paraloka, punarjanma, karma bhUta hokara kiye jAte haiN| acchA AcaraNa puNya pravRtti aura mokSa kI dhAraNA ko grahaNa kiyA hai| ye sabhI hai, jo dharma ko utpanna karatI hai| dharma karane se puNya mAnate haiM ki mAnava jaise karma karatA hai, vaisA hI phala tathA adharma karane se pApa utpanna hotA hai / dharmAdharma ko bhogatA hai| adRSTa bhI kahate haiN| adRSTa karmaphala ke utpAdana meM zAbdika dRSTi se karma ke tIna artha pramakha haiN| kAraNa hotA hai| kintu adRSTa jar3a hai aura jar3a meM pahalA-karma kAraka; karma kA yaha artha jagata prasiddha phalotpAdana zakti cetana kI preraNA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| dUsarA artha hai-kriyaa| isake aneka prakAra haiN| hai| ataH Izvara kI preraNA se hI adRSTa phala dene meM sAmAnyataH vividha dArzanikoM ne karma ke dvitIya artha ko saphala hotA hai|| 1. jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana, pro. udayacandra jaina, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara-kiraNa 1, pra. zrI devendra kumAra jaina oriyanTala risarca insaTITyUTa, ArA / pR. 38 / 135
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________________ vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra ayaskAnta maNi kI ora suI kI svAbhAvika gati, vRkSoM ke bhItara rasa kA nIce se Upara kI ora car3hanA, agni kI lapaToM kA Upara kI ora uThanA, vAyu kI tirachI gati, mana tathA paramANuoM kI prathama parispandAtmaka kriyA, ye saba kArya adRSTa dvArA hote haiM / " sAMkhya darzana ke mata meM kleza rUpI salila se siktA bhUmi meM karma bIja ke aMkura utpanna hote haiM, parantu tatvajJAna rUpI grISma ke kAraNa kleza jala ke sUkha jAne para Usara jamIna meM kyA kabhI karma-bIja utpanna ho sakate haiM / yoga darzana ke anusAra pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM kleza kA mUla karmAzaya vAsanA ko batalAyA hai / " yaha karmAzaya isa loka aura paraloka meM anubhava meM AtA hai| mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra pratyeka karma meM apUrva (adRSTa) ko utpanna karane kI zakti rahatI hai / karma apUrva utpanna hotA hai, aura apUrva se phala utpanna hotA hai / ata: apUrva, karma tathA phala ke bIca kI avasthA kA 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. dyotaka hai| zaMkarAcArya ne isIliye apUrva ko karma kI sUkSmA uttarAvasthA yA phala kI pUrvAvasthA mAnA hai / " vedAnta darzana ke anusAra karma se vAsanA utpanna hotI hai aura vAsanA se saMsAra kA udaya hotA hai| vijJAna dIpikA meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai, ki jisa prakAra ghara meM tathA kSetra meM sthita anna kA vinAza vividha rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu mukta anna kA vinAza pAcana dvArA hI hotA hai, parantu prAravya karma kA kSaya bhoga ke dvArA hI hotA hai / " bauddha dharma meM bhI, jo ki anAtmavAdI hai karmoM kI vibhinnatA ko hI prANiyoM meM vyApta vividhatA kA kAraNa mAnA hai| aMguttara nikAya meM samrATa milinda ke praznoM ke uttara meM bhikSu nAgasena kahate hai- "rAjana ! karmoM ke nAnAtva ke kAraNa sabhI manuSya samAna nahIM hote / bhagavAna ne bhI kahA hai ki mAnavoM kA sadbhAva karmoM ke anusAra hai / sabhI prANI karmoM ke uttarAdhikArI haiN| karmoM ke anusAra hI yoniyoM meM jAte haiN| apanA karma hI bandhu hai, Azraya hai aura vaha jIva kA ucca aura nIca rUpa me vibhAga karatA hai / . maNigamanaM sucabhisarpaNa mitya dRSTa kAraNam / - vaM. nU. 5 / 1:15 vRkSAbhisarpaNamityaSTakAraNam / vaM. sU. 5027 klezasalilAvasiktAyAM hi buddhi bhUmau karmabIjAnyakuraM prasuvate / tatvajJAna nidAghaNIta sakala kleza salilAyAM UparAyAM kutaH karmavIjAnAmaMkura prasana - tatva ko mudI sAMkhya kA0 67 klezamUlaH karmAzayaH dRSTASTavedanIyaH / yoga sUtra 2 / 12 navApyanutpAdya kimapi apUrva karma vinazyat kAlAntaritaM phalaM dAtuM zaknoti / ataH karmaNo vA sUkSmA kAciduttarAvasthA phalasya vA pUrvAvasthA apUrvanAbhAstIti tate / -zA. bhA. 3 / 2 / 40 jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana; pUrvAkti, pR. 40 "mahArAja kammAnaM nAnAkaraNena manussA na sacce samakA / bhAsitaM evaM mahArAja bhagavatA kammassa kAraNena mANavasattA, kammadAyAdA kammayonI, kammabandhu kammaparisaraNA kammaM satte vibhajati yadida hInappaNItatAyIti / " - aMguttara nikAya 136
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________________ __yahI nahIM bhArata ke lagabhaga sabhI pramukha dhArmika 'karma' kA artha - graMthoM meM karma siddhAnta kI mahattA tathA prakRti kA yathA maulika artha kI dRSTi se to karma kA artha bAstava saMbhava ullekha milatA hai| gItA kA mAnya siddhAnta hai meM kriyA se hI sambandhita hai| mana, vacana evaM kAya ke ki-prANI ko karma kA tyAga nahIM karanA cAhiye, dvArA jIva jo kucha karatA hai, vaha saba kriyA yA karma kintu karma ke phala kA tyAga karanA cAhiye / prANI kA hai| mana, vacana aura kAya ye tIna usake mAdhyama haiN| adhikAra karma karane meM hI hai, phala meM nhiiN| mahAbhArata ise jIva karma yA bhAva karma kahate haiM, yahAM taka karma kI meM bhI AtmA ko bAMdhane vAlI zakti ko karma kahA dhAraNA sabhI ko svIkAra hai / yaha dhAraNA kevala saMsArI hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI rAmacarita mAnasa meM jIvoM kI kriyA para hI vicAra karatI hai, arthAta kevala karma ko pradhAna kahA hai cetana kI kriyAeM hI isakI viSaya vastu haiM, jar3a kI karma pradhAna vizva kari raakhaa| kriyAoM athavA jar3a evaM cetana kI kriyAoM meM sambandhoM jo jasa karahi so tasa phala cAkhA / / para anya dhAraNAoM meM vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, jaina darzana ina donoM ke sambandha meM bhI gambhIratA pUrvaka isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM karma siddhAnta ko vicAra karatA hai| isa kAraNa usameM karma kI vyAkhyA pramukhatA dI gaI hai| lagabhaga sabhI dArzanikoM ne karma adhika vyApaka evaM vistRta hai| jaina dArzanika karma siddhAnta ke viSaya meM apane-apane dRSTikoNa se vicAra zabda kI bhautika vyAkhyA karate haiN| prakaTa kara ise jIvana-darzana kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA hai| paribhASA evaM vyAkhyAjaina karma darzana zrI kSu. jinendra varNI ke anusAra- "bhAvakarma se karma siddhAnta kA jitanA savistAra prabhAvita hokara kucha sukSma jar3a pudagala skandha jIva ke vivecana kiyA gayA hai, vaha anya darzanoM meM karma siddhAnta pradezoM meM praveza pAte haiM aura usake sAtha baMdhate haiM, yaha ke vivecana se kaI gunA hai / jaina bAGmaya meM isa saMbaMdha bAta kevala jainAgama hI batAtA hai| yaha sUkSma skandha meM vipula sAhitya bhaNDAra upalabdha hai| prAkRta bhASA ajIva karma yA davya karma kahalAte haiM aura rUpa rasAdi kA jaina graMtha "mahAbandha", karma siddhAnta para vizva kA dhAraka mUrtIka hote haiM / jaise karma, jIva karatA hai, vaise sabase vRhada graMtha hai, jisameM cAlIsa hajAra zloka haiN| hI svabhAva ko lekara dravya karma usake sAtha baMdhate haiM isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra karmakANDa, aura kucha kAla pazcAta paripakva dazA ko prApta hokara labdhisAra tathA kSapaNAsAra Adi karma siddhAnta viSayaka udaya meM Ate haiN| usa samaya inake prabhAva se jIva ke vRhada graMtha haiM / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma darzana ko jJAnAdi gaNa tirobhUta ho jAte haiN| yahI unakA phalavizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai, tathA usakI sakSma vivecanA dAna kahA jAtA hai| sUkSmatA ke kAraNa ve dRSTa nahIM kI gaI hai| 8. karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana / / mA karmaphalaheturbhU: mA te saMgo'stavakarmaNi ||--bhagavadgItA 2147 "karmaNA badhyate jantuvidyayAtu vimucyate", mahAbhArata--zAntiparva (240-7) jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhA. 1,-jinendra varNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, pR. 25 137
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________________ isa prakAra jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki yadi pravakta hotA hai, taba karma rUpI raja jJAnavaraNAdi rUpa se 'karma' bhautika svarUpa kA hai, to 'kAraNa' bhI bhautika Atma pradezoM meM praviSTa hokara sthita ho jAtA hai / svarUpa kA hogaa| arthAta jaina dharma yaha mAnatA hai ki- zrI akalaMka deva ne karma kI sodahAraNa vyAkhyA karate cUMki vizva kI sabhI vastueM sUkSma skandhoM yA para- hue kahA hai ki --- "jisa prakAra pAtra vizeSa meM rakhe mANuoM se banI haiM, ata: paramANu hI vastu kA kAraNa' gae aneka rasa vAle bIja, puSpa tathA phaloM kA madirA haiM aura cUMki paramANu bhautika tatva hai, ata: vastuoM ke rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai, usI prakAra, krodha, mAna, 'kAraNa' bhI bhautika tatva haiN| isa sambandha meM AlocakoM mAyA aura lobha rUpI kaSAyoM tathA mana, vacana aura kI isa Apatti kA ki "anekoM kriyAe~, yadA-sukha, kAya yoga ke nimitta se Atma pradezoM meM sthita pudagala duHkha, pIr3A Adi vizuddha rUpa se mAnasika haiM, isaliye paramANuoM kA karmarUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai|" unake kAraNa bhI mAnasika hone cAhiye, bhautika nhiiN|" isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne karma kI viSada evaM sUkSma uttara dete hue kahA hai ki- ye anubhava zArIrika kAraNoM se sarvathA svatantra nahIM haiM, kyoMki sukha, duHkha vyAkhyA kI hai jo anya darzanoM meM kI gaI vyAkhyAoM se nitAnta bhinna hai| jahAM anya darzana pariNamanarUpa bhAvAityAdi anubhava, udAharaNArtha- bhojana Adi se sambandhita hote haiM / abhautika sattA ke sAtha sUkha Adi kA tmaka paryAya ko karma na kahakara kevala parispandana rUpa koI anubhava nahIM hotA, jaise ki AkAza ke sAtha / / kriyAtmaka paryAya ko hI karma kahate haiM, vahAM jaina karma ataH yaha mAnA gayA hai ki - ina anubhavoM ke pIche siddhAnta ina donoM ko hI karma kahatA hai / jaina darzana meM karma kI yaha vyAkhyA atyanta vyApaka hai| 'prAkRtika kAraNa' haiM, aura yahI karma hai| isI artha meM sabhI mAnavIya anubhavoM ke liye sukhada yA duHkhada karma aura AtmAtathA pasaMda yA nApasaMda--karma jimmevAra haiN| lagabhaga sabhI darzana, jo karma kI dhAraNA para vicAra isI kAraNa vibhinna jaina dArzanikoM ne jIva ke karate haiM, karma ko AtmA se sambandhita avazya mAnate rAgadveSAdika pariNAmoM ke nimitta se jo kAmaNa vargaNA haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra AtmA anAdikAla se rUpa pudagala-skandha jIva ke sAtha bandha ko prApta hote haiM, karmabandhana se yukta hai, kama bandhana janma janmAtara AtmA ko unheM karma kahA hai| AcArya kunda-kunda ke anusAra- bAMdhe rahate haiM, isa dRSTi se AtmA aura karma kA sambandha "jaba rAgadveSa se yuktA AtmA acche yA bure kAryoM meM anAdi hai| parantu eka dRSTi se vaha sAdi bhI hai; jisa 11. 'karma grantha', 1.3 12. jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, esa. gopAlana, vAIlI isTarna li., pR. 151. 13. pariNamadi jadA appA suhammi asuhammi rAgadosa judo| taM pavisadi kammarayaM NANAvaraNAdibhAvehi // -pravacana sAra-15 14. yathA bhojana vizeSe prakSiptAnAM vividharasabIja pUSpalatAnAM madirAbhAbena parimANaH tathA pudagalAnAmapi Atmani sthitAnAM yogakaSAyavazAt parimANo veditavyaH / --tatvArthabArtika pR. 264 138
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________________ prakAra vRkSa aura bIja kA sambandha santati kI dRSTi se mukti para hI mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| isa prakAra anAdi hai, aura paryAya kI apekSA se vaha sAdi hai. isI jaina darzana meM mokSa kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa, karma darzana prakAra karmabandhana santAna yA utpatti kI dRSTi se anAdi ke vikAsa para hI AdhArita hai| aura paryAya kI dRSTi se sAdi hai| jaina darzana meM karma ___ karma ke bheda --- aura AtmA ke sambandha meM isa vyAkhyA ke kAraNa hI Age calakara use vaijJAnika rUpa diyA hai jisa kAraNa jaina dArzanikoM ne karma kI vRhada vyAkhyA karate hue vaha anya darzanoM se alaga hai| jaina darzana karmabandhana ko kahA hai ki--karma mithyAtva, ajJAna, avirati, yoga, anAdi aura paryAya kI dRSTi se sAdi mAnakara hI Age moDa tathA krodhAdi kaSAya ye bhAva jIva aura ajIva ke yaha aura vyAkhyA karatA hai, ki--paryAya kI dRSTi se meda se do-do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra karma ko do sAdi hone ke kAraNa pUrva ke karmabandhanoM ko tor3A bhI AdhAroM bhautika tathA mAnasika ke AdhAra para do bheda jA sakatA hai| koI bhI sambandha anAdi hone se ananta kiye gae haiM--'dravya karma' evaM 'bhAva krm'| dravya karma nahIM ho ja te, virodhI kAraNoM kA samAgata hone para kA artha hai jahAM dravya kA AtmA meM praveza ho gayA ho anAdi sambandha TUTa bhI jAte hai, jisa prakAra bIja aura arthAta jahAM rAgadveSAdi rUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara vRkSa kA sambandha anAdi hote hue bhI, paryAya vizeSa meM jo kArmaNa bargaNArUpa pudagala paramANu AtmA ke sAtha sAdi hotA hai, aura paryAya vizeSa meM kisI bIja vizeSa baMdha jAte haiM unheM dravyakarma kahate haiM / yaha paudagalika haiM, ke jala jAne para, arthAta virodhI kAraNoM ke samAgama aura inake aura bhI bheda kiye gae haiN| ke kAraNa usameM aMkura utpanna nahIM hotaa| isa viSaya meM AcArya akalaMka deva tatvArtharAja vAtika (2/7) meM bhAva karma, AtmA ke caitanya pariNAmAtmaka haiN| aisA hI dRSTAMta dekara samajhAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra inameM icchA tathA anicchA jaisI mAnasika kriyAoM kA bIja ke jala jAne para aMkura nahIM utpanna hotA, usI samAveza hotA hai| arthAta jJAnaraNAdirUpa dravya karma ke prakAra karmabIz2a ke bhasma ho jAne para bhavAMkura utpanna nimitta se hone vAle jIva ke rAga dveSAdi rUpa bhAvoM nahIM hotaa| ko bhAvakama kahate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki, jaina dArzanikoM ne AtmA ke dravya kama aura bhAva karma kI pArasparika kAryasvabhAva kI sakArAtmaka vyAkhyA karate hue use vizuddha kAraNa paramparA anAdikAla se calI ArahI hai| ina evaM amIma kSamatAoM vAlI kahA hai| unake anusAra donoM meM naitika sambandha hai| bhAvakrama kA nimitta karma ke duSTa pranAva ke kAraNa vaha apane ko sImita dravyakarma hai aura dravya karma kA nimitta bhAbakarma hai| anubhava karatI hai| karma ke isa duSTa prabhAva se AtmA rAga dvaSAdirUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara dravyakarma AtmA ko mukta karA pAne para hI sadakarmoM kI utpatti hotI se baMdhatA hai aura dravyakarma ke nimitta se AtmA meM rAga hai, sadakarmoM se karmabandha TUTate haiM aura karmabandhoM se pUrNa dveSAdi mAvoM kI utpatti hotI hai / 15. micchatta puNa duvaha jIbamajoba taheva aNNANa / aviradi jogo moho kohAdiyA ime bhAvA / samayasAra / mUla / 87 / pra.-ahiMsA mandira prakAzana, dehalI 16. jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana, pUrvAkta, pR. 47 136
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________________ karma bandha-- aura duHkha meM asamartha hai| yaha jIva Izvara kI preraNA jaina darzana ke anusAra donoM hI prakAra ke karmoM se se svarga meM yA naraka meM jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anuutpanna karmANa vibhinna kAlAvadhiyoM ke liye manuSya ko sAra karma svayaM apanA phala dete haiM, kisI ke mAdhyama se bAMdhakara rakhate haiN| isa prakAra karmabandha karma aura AtmA nhiiN| isI kAraNa kahA hai ki usa kama se utpanna kiyA ke sambandha ke pariNAmasvarUpa utAnna avasthA hai| yaha jAne vAlA sukha duHkha karmaphala hai 120 yaha karmaphala karma avasthA kaSAya evaM yoga ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai| kI prakRti se prabhAvita hotA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AcArya gRddhapiccha ne kahA hai ki7-- "jIva kaSAya zubha eva azubha bhAvoM se kiye gae karmoM meM jIva para sahita hone ke kAraNa karma ke yogya pudagaloM ko grahaNa acchA aura burA prabhAva DAlane kI zakti hotI hai, ataH karatA haiM / isI kA nAma bandha hai / zuddha AtmA meM karma ina bhAvoM kA prabhAva karma paramANuoM para bhI hotA hai, kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, kintu kaSAyavAna AtmA hI aura isI ke anusAra ve karma apane udaya ke avasara para karma kA vandha karatA hai| AcArya jina senAcArya ne bhI sadanurUpa sukha aura duHkha pradAna karate haiN| karmabandha kI lagabhaga aisI hI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma siddhAnta kI atyanta hai ki--"yaha ajJAnI jIva iSTa aura aniSTa saMkalpa sakSma evaM viSada tathA vaijJAnika vivecanA kI gaI hai jo dvArA vastu meM priya aura apriya kI kalpanA karatA hai, yaha batalAtI hai ki manuSya svayaM apane karma kA saSTA isase rAgadveSa utpanna hotA hai aura isa rAgadveSa se evaM bhAgya vidhAtA hai| Izvara yA anya koI zakti na karma kA bandha hotA hai, isa prakAra rAgadveSa ke nimitta to usake karma ko nirdhArita karatI hai. na hI usake phala se saMsAra kA cakra calatA rahanA hai / 18 ko| yahI nahIM IzvarIya yA anya koI aisI zakti isa prakAra rAgadveSa rUpa bhAvakarma kA nimitta use bare karmoM ke udaya yA phala bhogane se mukta bhI pAkara dvavyakarma AtmA se baMdhatA hai aura dravyakarma ke nahIM karA sktii| karmoM se mukti ke liye kartA dvArA nimitta se AtmA meM rAgada Sa rUpI bhAva kama utpanna svayaM karmakSaya karanA Avazyaka hai| karmakSaya se koI bhI hAtA h| ina kamA sa utpanna paramANu pratyaka samaya jIva zuddha avasthA arthAta mUkti yA mokSa ko prApta kara baMdhate rahane se anantAnanta hote haiN| yaha bandha kevala sakatA hai| isI kAraNa svAmI kArtikeya ne kahA hai ki jIvapradeza ke kSetravartI karma paramANuoM kA hotA hai, na to koI lakSmI detA hai, aura na koI isakA upakAra bAhara ke kSetra meM sthita karma paramANuoM kA nhiiN| karatA hai| zabha aura azabha karma hI jIva kA upakAra Atma pradezoM meM hone vAlA yaha karmabandha prati samaya hotA hai| yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki kisI samaya kinhIM Naya ko bi dedi lacchI Na ko vi jIvassa kuNaI uvayAra Atma pradezoM ke sAtha bandha ho aura kisI samaya antha uvayAraM avayAraM kamma pi suhAsuhaM kUNadi // AtmapradezoM ke sAtha / ---svAmI kArtikeyAnuprekSA 318 karmaphala-IzvaravAdI darzana Izvara ko karma kA phaladAtA mAnate haiN| unake anusAra yaha ajJa prANI apane sukha 17. sakaSAyatvAjjIvaH karmaNo yogyAna pudagalAnAdatte sa bandhaH / -tatvArthasUtra 82 18. saMkalpavazo mUDhaH bastviSTA niSTatAM nayeta, rAgadverSoM tatastAbhyAM bandhaM durmocamaznute // mahApurANa 24 // 21 19. ajJo janturanIzo'yamAtmanaH sukha duHkhayoH / Izvara prerito gaccheta svarga vA zvabhrameva vA // --mahAbhArata, vana parva 30128 20. tasya karmaNo yanniSpAdya sukha duHkha tatkarma phalama / pravacanasAra/ta. pra./124. 19. azAparato gaccheta svarga vA tatkarma phalama / 140