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________________ jaina karma-siddhAnta : tulanAtmaka vivecana DA. rAmamUrti tripAThI hindU saMskRti kA pratyabhijJApaka pratimAna hai- punarjanmavAda meM AsthA / punarjanma kA mUla hai-karmavAda / hindU saMskRti ke antargata parigaNita hone vAlI tInoM dhArAyeM-brAhmaNa (zaiva, zAkta tathA vaiSNavAdi), jana aura bauddha karmavAda meM AsthA rakhatI hai / brAhmaNa athavA vaidika dharma ke antargata parigaNita hone vAlA mImAMsA darzana to (karma) hI ko saba kucha mAnatA hai-'karmAt mImAMsakAH' / bauddha sRSTi gata samasta vaicitraya kA mUla karma ko svIkAra karate haiM aura jaina karma tathA jIvAtmA kA anAdi saMbaMdha svIkAra karate haiN| tInoM hI dhArAoM meM sRSTi kA mUla "karma" mAnane vAle upalabdha haiM-mAnavetara kisI sarvopari sattA (Izvara) ko asvIkAra karate haiN| tInoM anAdi vAsanA, kaSAya aura taNhA ko karma-baMdha kA mUla mAnate haiN| tInoM hI inakA samuccheda svIkAra karate haiN| ina tamAma samAnatAoM ke bAvajUda (karma) ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM jaina darzana kI dhAraNA sarvathA bhinna hai| janetara darzanoM meM vaizeSika darzana (karma) ko eka svatantra padArtha mAnatA hai| unakI dRSTi meM karma vaha hai jo dravya samaveta ho, jisameM svayam koI guNa na hoM, aura jo saMyoga tathA vibhAga meM kAraNAntara kI apekSA na rakhatA ho / guNa kI taraha yahAM karma - bhI dravyAzrita dharma vizeSa hai| gaNa dravyagata siddha dharma kA nAma hai, jabaki kriyA (sAdhya) hai| karma mUrta dravyoM meM hI rahatA hai aura mUrta dravya ve hote haiM jo alpa parimANa vAle hote haiN| vaizeSikoM ke yahAM AkAza, kAla, dik tathA AtmA vibhu yA vyApaka haiM--ataH inameM karma nahIM hotaa| pRthivI, jala, vAyu, teja tathA mana inhIM mUrta pAMca dravyoM meM karma kI vRtti rahatI hai| yaha karma pAMca prakAra kA hai- utkSepaNa, apakSepaNa, AkuMcana, prasAraNa tathA gamana / anya sarva vidha kriyAoM kA antarbhAva (gamana) meM hI ho jAtA hai, yahAM kabhI-kabhI kriyA aura karma paryAya rUpa meM bhI samajhe jAte haiM, kabhI-kabhI kriyA ke dvArA prApya karma kahA jAtA hai / pANini ne karma, jo kartA kI kriyA se Ipsitatama rUpa meM prApta hotA hai-use kahA hai| vivekazIla mAnava ke sandarbha meM mImAMsA darzana ne karma ke nitya, naimittika, kAmya niSedhya rUpoM para paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| mAnava ke hI sandarbha meM prArabdha saMcita aura kriyamANa karmacakra kA vicAra upalabdha hotA hai| gItA meM karma zabda kA viziSTa aura sAmAnya, sandarbhasApekSa tathA sandarbha-nirapekSa aneka rUpoM meM prayoga milatA hai / zAMkara advaita vedAnta kI dRSTi se gItAkAra ke "bhUtabhAvodbhavakaraH visargaH karmasaMjJitaH" vyAkhyA karate hue lokamAnya ne jo kucha kahA hai-usakA Azaya yaha hai ki niHspaMdabrahma meM mAyopAdhika AdyaspaMda yA halacala hI karma hai| isa prakAra sArI sRSTi hI gatyAtmaka hone se kriyAtmaka yA karmAtmaka hai / sthiti to kevala brahma hai / sthiti ke vakSa para hI 'gati" hai-halacala hai, bananAbigar3anA hai, saMsAra hai| vaizeSika darzana kA karma bhI yahI haivaise use mAyA athavA mAyodhika spaMda kA patA nahIM hai| jaina darzana bhI jaba kAvyavAGamanaH 'karma' ko 'yoga' kahatA hai, taba vaha kAyA vAk tathA manaH pradeza meM hone vAle Atma parispaMda ko hI kriyA yA yoga kahatA hai| yahAM yoga, kriyA tathA karma ko sAmAnyataH paryAya rUpa meM hI liyA gayA hai-vaise anyatra "karma" kA svarUpa sarvathA bhinna rUpa meM kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM 'karma" ke svarUpa para vicAra karate hue yaha mAnA gayA hai ki karma aura jIvAtmA kA anAdi saMbaMdha hai| karma ke hI kAraNa jIva eka sAtha hotA hai / karmoM ke hI kAraNa jIva meM kaSAya AtA hai aura kaSAya ke hI kAraNa karma ke yogya pudgaloM kA AtmA meM upazleSa hotA hai / isa prakAra 'karma' paudgalika mUrta tathA dravyAtmaka hai- bhautika hai-vaha Ayatana gheratA hai| jainAcAryoM kI dhAraNA hai ki jisa prakAra pAtra vizeSa meM phala-phUla tathA patrAdi kA madirAtmaka pariNAma vizeSa hotA hai, usI bI. ni. saM. 2503
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________________ prakAra AtmA meM ekatra yoga, kaSAya tathA yogya pudgaloM kA bhI jo pariNAma hotA hai, vahI 'karma' hai / kaSAyavaza kAya, vAk, manaHpradeza meM Atma parispanda honA hai aura isI parispandavaza yogya pudgala khica Ate haiM / isa prakAra karma se AtmA kA baMdha yA saMbaMdha hotA hai aura saMbaMdha hone se vikRti yA guNa-pracyuti hotI hai / pravacanasAra ke TIkAkAra amRtacandra sUri kA kahanA hai AtmA dvArA prApya hone se kriyA ko karma kahate haiN| usa kriyA ke nimitta se pariNAma vizeSa ko prApta hone vAle pudgala ko karma kahA jAtA hai / jina bhAvoM ke dvArA pudgala AkRSTa hokara jIva se saMbaddha hote haiM, ve bhAva karma kahalAte haiM aura AtmA meM vikRti utpanna karane vAle pudgala piNDa ko dravya karma kahA jAtA hai| paMcAdhyAyI meM to yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki AtmA meM eka vaibhAvika zakti hai jo pudgalapuJja ke nimitta ko pA AtmA meM vikRti utpanna karatI hai| yaha vikRti karma aura AtmA ke saMbaMdha se utpanna hone vAlI eka anya hI Agantuka avasthA hai / isa prakAra AtmA zarIrarUpI kAMvara meM karmarUpI bhAra kA nirantara bahana karatA rahatA hai| isI se rAhata pAnA hai-AtmA ko niravRtta karanA hai| AtmA se karma kA saMbaMdha hI "bandha" kA kAraNa banatA hai| yaha karma yA tanmalaka baMdha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-prakRti sthiti, anubhava yA anubhAga aura pradeza / karma yA baMdha kA svabhAva hI hai-AtmA kI svabhAvagata vizeSatAoM kA AvaraNa karanA / sthiti kA artha hai-apane svabhAva se acyuti / svabhAva kA tAratamya anubhava hai aura "iyattA" prdesh| svabhAva kI dRSTi se karma ATha prakAra ke kahe gae haiM-- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra tathA antarAya / inameM se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya tathA antarAya ko ghAtiyA karma kahate haiN| kyoMki ye Atma guNa-jJAna, darzanAdi kA ghAta karate haiN| avaziSTa cAra aghAtiyA haiM / jIvanmukta ke zarIra se ye saMbaddha raha kara bhI usake Atmagata guNoM kA ghAta nahIM karate / hAM, videha mukta siddha meM adhAtiyA karmoM kI bhI sthiti nahIM rhtii| jaina karma siddhAMta meM ina karma bhedoM kA bar3e vistAra se varNana milatA hai / kevala karma prakRti ke hI 158 bheda haiM / sAmAnyataH jJAnAvaraNa ke pAMca, darzanAvaraNa ke nava, vedanIya ke do, mohanIya ke aTThAIsa, Ayu ke cAra, nAma ke bayAlIsa, gotra ke do tathA antarAya ke cAra bheda haiN| phira inake avAntara bheda haiN| ___isa karma baMdha kA jisa prakAra brAhmaNa darzana yA bauddha darzana meM cakra milatA hai, vaha karma cakra yahAM bhI AcAryoM ne nirUpita kiyA hai / brAhmaNa darzana meM mAnA gayA hai ki kiyA gayA karma apane sUkSma rUpa meM jo saMskAra (adRSTa' yA apUrva) chor3ate haiMve saMcita hote jAte haiM / isa saMcita bhaMDAra kA jo aMza phaladAna ke lie unmukha ho jAtA hai, vaha "Arabdha" yA "prArabdha" kahA jAtA hai aura jo tadartha unmukha nahIM hai-vaha "anArabdha" yA * 'saMcita" kahA jAtA hai / kiyA jA rahA karma "kriyamANa" hai / isa prakAra "kriyamANa" se "saMcita" aura "saMcita" se "prArabdha" aura phira "prArabdha" yoga ke rUpa meM "kriyamANa" karma aura phira isase Age-Age kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| bauddha darzana meM use "avijJapti karma" kahate haiM, jise Upara vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra "adRSTa" tathA mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra "apUrva' kahA gayA hai / sAMkhya karma-janya sUkSma bAta ko saMskAra nAma se jAnatA hai| "avijJapti karma" kA hI sthala rUpa "vijJapti karma" hai / vastutaH bauddha darzana meM "dharma" citta aura cetasika sUkSma tatva haiM jinake ghAta pratighAta se samasta jagata utpanna hotA hai| eka anya dRSTi se inheM "saMskRta" aura "asaMskRta"-do bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai / inheM "sAsrava" aura "anAsrava" nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| saMskRta dharma hetu-pratyaya-janya hote haiM, isake bhI cAra bhedoM meM se eka hai-ruup| rUpa ke gyAraha bheda haiM- pAMca indriya aura pAMca viSaya tathA eka avijJapti / cetanAjanya jina karmoM kA phala sadya: prakaTa hotA hai unheM "vijJapti" karma kahate haiM aura jinakA kAlAntara meM prakaTa hotA hai-unheM "avijJapti" kahate haiN| inheM "saMcita" "prArabdha" ke samAnAntara rakha kara parakha sakate haiN| sAmAnyataH yaha vivecana vaibhASika bauddhoM ke anusAra hai| __ maharSi kuMdakuMda ne paMcAstikAya meM jaina cintAdhArA ke anurUpa karmacakra ko spaSTa kiyA hai| mithyAdRSTi, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga- sabhI baMdha ke kAraNa haiN| yaha to mAnA hI gayA hai ki jIva aura karma kA anAdi saMbaMdha hai / arthAt jIva anAdi kAla se saMsArI hai aura jo saMsArI hai, vaha rAga, dveSa Adi bhAvoM ko paidA karatA hai, jinake kAraNa karma Ate haiN| karma se janma lenA par3atA hai, janma lene vAle ko zarIra grahaNa karanA par3atA haiN| zarIra meM indriyAM hotI haiM / indriyoM dvArA viSayoM kA grahaNa hotA haiM aura viSayoM ke kAraNa rAga-dveSa hote haiM aura phira rAga-dveSa se paudgalika karmoM kA AkarSaNa hotA haiN| isa prakAra yaha cakra calatA hI rahatA hai| isa karma cakra se mukti pAne ke lie tInoM hI dhArAeM yatnazIla haiN| tadartha kahIM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA vidhAna hai aura kahIM samyak darzana, samyaka jJAna tathA samyaka cAritra tathA kahIM zravaNa, manana tathA nididhyAsana kA upadeza hai| kahIM paramezvara anugraha yA zaktipAta, dIkSA tathA Aya kA nirdeza hai| isa prakAra vibhinna mArgoM se hindU saMskRti kI vibhinna dhArAoM meM "karmacakra" se mukti pAne aura svarUpopalabdhi taka pahuMcane kA krama nirdiSTa huA hai / jaina darzana samyak jJAna, samyak darzana tathA samyak cAritra ko sammilita rUpa se mokSamArga mAnatA hai| rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational