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________________ DaoN rameza candra zarmA jaina kalA kA purAtAtvika mahatva bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa va pallavana meM jaina dharma kA viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha, asteya, syAdavAda jaise sArvabhauma aura vizva-kalyANa ke siddhAMtoM ko prastuta aura pracArita kara isane samasta mAnava jAti ko eka sUtra meM pirone kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| phalataH jaina dharma ke Adarza Adi kAla se hI loka mAnasa ko AkRSTa karate rahe haiN| pracura sAhitya ke sAtha kalA aura purAtatva ke pramANa bhI isa tathya ke sAkSI haiN| ___ jaina kalA ke vikAsa kI Arambhika kar3I kahAM aura kaba se hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| purAtatva isa dizA meM hamArI sahAyatA to karatA hai, kintu yaha tarka, vivecana aura vizleSaNa kA kSetra hai jisameM utsAha ke vega ke sAtha dhairya kA aMkuza bhI abhISTa hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra jina mUrti pUjA eka zAzvata paddhati hai jo bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke samaya se hI pracalita huii| eka tIrthaMkara se dUsare ke bIca kI avadhi kabhI-kabhI itanI adhika hai ki isakI kAla gaNanA Aja ke kampyUTara yuga meM bhI sambhava nahIM pratIta hotI to becArA purAtatva hI isa kAla avadhi taka kaise pahuMca paaegaa| yadi sindhu saMskRti ke avazeSoM ko kalA kI dRSTi se prAcInatama mAna leM (yadyapi mehara gar3ha Adi sthala aura adhika prAcIna haiM) to har3appA se nikalA mAnava dhar3a zarIra racanA, nagnAkRti, sudRr3ha AkAra kI dRSTi se kisI tIrthaMkara kI mUrti kA pratinidhitva karatA pratIta hotA hai| sindhu saMskRti abhI taka rahasya ke AvaraNa se DhakI hai aura jaba taka lipi kA prAmANika DhaMga se vAcana nahIM ho jAtA taba taka rahasya kA udghATana sambhava nahIM hai| pichale lagabhaga ATha dazakoM se purAzAstrI isa ora satata prayAsarata haiN| siMdhu saMskRti kA samaya 2700 I0 pU0 se 1500 I0 pU0 ke bIca kA hai| tatpazcAt purAtatva dIrgha kAla taka mauna sAdhanA karatA hai aura jarmana purAvettA DaoN0 e0 phyUharara ko mathurA nagara ke pazcimI aMcala meM kaMkAlI nAmaka sthala se jaina kalAkRtiyoM kA vipula koSa 1889-91 I0 ke bIca milatA hai| ye prastara kalA kRtiyAM dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 se 12vIM zatI I0 taka kI haiN| Arambha AyAga-paTTa ke maMgala cinhoM se huA tatpazcAt jina AkRtiyAM aaiiN| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha zrI kRSNa ke samakAlIna aura brajamaNDala ke nikaTavartI zauripura baTezvara (AgarA) se sambandhita the| supArzva, pArzva va mahAvIra kI bhI adhika mAnyatA thI aura antima kevalI jambU svAmI ne yahIM apanA zarIra tyAga kiyaa| phalata: yahAM aneka kAloM meM aura vibhinna caraNoM meM stUpa yA caitya banate rahe evaM jina mUrtiyAM sthApita hotI rhiiN| yaha kalA sampadA aba rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM surakSita hai| ___inameM eka jina mUrti kI carama caukI kA prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi meM ullikhita lekha advitIya mahatva kA hai| isake anusAra kuberA devI dvArA deva nirmita stUpa kA jIrNoddhAra pArzvanAtha jina ke samaya huaa| yadi anya tIrthaMkara itihAsa aura purAtatva kI sImA se bAhara bhI hoM to vardhamAna mahAvIra aura unake pUrvavartI jina pArzvanAtha avazya aitihAsika vibhUti the jinakA samaya kramaza: pAMcavI va AThavIM zatI I0 pU0 sthira huA hai| yadi sandarbhAntargata mUrtilekha aura usake puSTikartA sAhityika prasaMgoM ko prAmANika mAnA jAya to niSkarSa nikalatA hai kuberA devI dvArA sthApita mUla stUpa itanA prAcIna aura jIrNa ho cukA thA ki AThavIM zatI I0 pU0 meM usake jIrNoddhAra kI AvazyakatA anubhUta huii| avazya hI yaha kucha aura zatAbdI pUrva banA hogaa| ise deva nirmita kahane se bhI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai, kyoMki yaha kaba banA isa tathya ko loga bhUla cuke the| jisa smAraka kI sthiti AThavIM zatI se kucha zatAbdI pUrva sthira hone ke sUtra mila rahe hoM yaha bhAratIya sthApatya ke udbhava va vikAsa ke nae adhyAya kA zrIgaNeza karatA hai| jaina mUrti kalA kA sAMgopAMga adhyayana mathurA se mile avazeSoM ke mAdhyama se sambhava hai| sAtha hI jaina sthApatya (caitya stUpa) aura samAja kA bhI vizada vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| kyoMki bahuta sI pratimAeM abhilikhita aura saMvat tithi Adi se bhI aMkita haiM ata: tatkAlIna sAMskRtika adhyayana ke lie ve darpaNavat samAdRta haiN| sarasvatI kI prAcInatama pratimA jisa para devI kA nAma utkIrNa hai, yahIM se milii| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prAcIna dharma granthoM ke saMkalana, sampAdana, saMrakSaNa ke lie sarasvatI Andolana kuSANa kAla meM mathurA se Arambha huA jise mAthurI vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| samakAlIna sarasvatI pratimA kA isa dRSTi se aura adhika mahatva hai| isa Andolana se prerita ho deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM jaina hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 102
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________________ sarasvatI bhaNDAra athavA granthAgAra nirmita hue jo saubhAgya se abhI taka surakSita haiN| RSabhanAtha kI gupta kAlIna prastara paTa mUrti meM unakA nAma "RSabhasya pratimA" likhA hai| kandhe para jaTA par3I hai isase AdinAtha kI mUrtiyoM ko pahacAnane meM bar3I sahAyatA milii| kAlAntara meM to sabhI jinoM ke nizcita cinha, yakSa, zAsana devatA Adi sthira ho ge| eka ora mathurA jaina mUrtikalA, sthApatya aura dharma granthoM ke vizAla kendra ke rUpa meM IsA se kaI zatI pUrva vikasita ho rahA thA udhara bihAra meM maurya nareza AjIvaka jaina sAdhuoM ke vizrAma ke lie barAbara kI pahAr3iyoM meM kuTiyoM kI vyavasthA kara rahe the| bihAra tIrthaMkaroM kI avatAra bhUmi rahI hai ata: jaina anuyAyI athavA sahiSNu zAsakoM ke lie yaha puNyArjana kA kArya thaa| ur3IsA bhI isa dRSTi se agraNI rahA aura dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 meM khAravela nAmaka jaina samrATa ne apanI upalabdhiyoM kA byaurA bhuvanezvara ke nikaTa udayagiri guhA meM eka vistRta brAhmI lekha meM chor3A hai| inameM eka ghaTanA jaina kalA aura purAtatva ke digdarzana ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| vaha usa jina mUrti ko kaliMga vApasa lAne meM saphala huA, jise pUrvavartI magadha nareza le gae the| yaha kauna sI mUrti hai aura kahAM hai yaha vivAdAspada hai| vaise eka jaina pratimA jo paTanA ke pAsa lohAnIpura se milI aba paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| kalA zailI kI dRSTi se avazya hI yaha mauryakAla kI hai| kintu yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki khAravela ke zilAlekha meM jisa pratimA kA varNana hai vaha yahI hai kyoMki puna: yaha kaliMga se magadha kaise pahuMcI isa bAre meM itihAsa va purAtatva mauna hai| yahAM vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki jina mUrtiyAM maurya yuga meM nirmita va pUjita hotI thI aura unakI pratiSThA zAsakoM kI pratiSThA thii| khAravela ne bhI jaina sAdhuoM ke vizrAma, cintana, manana, anuzIlana ke lie udayagiri-khaNDagiri meM Azraya sthala bnvaae| ina kakSoM para aneka kathAnaka utkIrNa haiN| sthiti ko dekhate hue yaha anumAna lagAnA svAbhAvika hai ki pahAr3I kA eka bhAga sabhA sthala athavA prekSAgAra ke rUpa meM banAyA gayA jahAM se lIlA athavA nATakoM kA maMcana hotA thaa| kalA va purAtatva kI dRSTi se udayagiri-khaNDagiri kA jaina guhA samUha prazaMsanIya hai| kucha zatAbdiyoM taka guhA takSaNa atyanta lokapriya huA aura pazcimI bhArata parvata vizrAmAlayoM kA kendra bana gyaa| isa dizA meM pahale pAMca sau varSoM taka bauddhoM kA varcasva rahA jisake phalasvarUpa bhAjA, kArle, koNDAne, bAgha, ajantA Adi prasiddha guhA maNDapa bne| kAlAntara meM hindU va jaina samAja ne bhI isa paddhati ko apnaayaa| elorA isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai kyoMki yahAM tInoM dharmoM ke guhA maNDapa haiN| saMvat 30 se 34 taka ke guhA maNDapa jaina haiM jo navIM zatI meM bne| inameM choTA kailAsa aura indra sabhA prasiddha hai| yahAM yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki guhA takSaNa sAmAnya bhavana paddhati se adhika kaThina zramasAdhya tathA kuzalatA kA paricAyaka hai| guhA takSaNa kucha anya dezoM meM bhI huA kintu bhAratIya guphA maNDapoM kI koI tulanA nhiiN| vizva sthApatya ke lie bhArata kA yaha vilakSaNa yogadAna hai| sAmAnya bhavana meM to yadi koI truTi ho jAya to usakA pariSkAra va parivartana saMbhava hai, kintu parvata takSaNa meM pariSkAra va parivartana kA koI avasara nhiiN| yahAM to parvata ko kATakara hI saba kucha banAnA hai| zilpa, latAvallarI, stambha, dvAra, prakoSTha aura yahAM taka ki upAsya mUrtiyAM bhI parvata kA hI aMga hai bAhara se lAkara kucha nahIM lagAyA jaataa| ata: kalA sAdhanA meM atyanta sAvadhAnI apekSita hai| sAtha hI guhA takSaNa meM takSaNa kArya Upara se hotA hai nIce se nahIM, kyoMki yahAM nIMva kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| elorA kI jaina guphAeM isI vilakSaNatA kI dyotaka haiN| bAdAmI kI jaina guphA elorA se pUrvavartI aura choTI hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI jaina dharma kA prasAra huA aura karnATaka isa dRSTi se agraNI hai| gomaTezvara kI vizAla pratimA na kevala AkAra kI dRSTi se Azcaryajanaka hai apitu isakA kalAtmaka sauSThava bhI sarAhanIya hai| vizAlatA meM saumyatA, yauvana meM nivRtti, vaibhava meM tapovRtti Adi kA vilakSaNa samanvaya isa mUrti ke mAdhyama se digdiganta meM prasphuTita hotA hai aura hama saba isa alaukika upalabdhi ke samakSa kitane baune dIkhate haiN| jaba mandira nirmANa kA pracalana huA to jaina kalAkAra aura AzrayadAtA bhI agrapaMkti meM rhe| yugadharmIya guNoM ke sAtha kucha doSa bhI parilakSita hue| kyoMki khajurAho ke anya mandiroM ke sAtha hI jaina mandira bhI bane ata: dasavIM zatI ke pArzvanAtha Adi mandiroM meM bhI praNaya aura rati krIr3A ke prasaMga praveza kara ge| AcArya jinasena kRta navIM zatI I0 ke harivaMza purANa meM prApta eka saMdarbha ullekhanIya hai, jisake anusAra dharma se vimukha aura bhoga meM lipta tatkAlIna samAja ko devAlayoM ke prati AkRSTa karane ke lie rati aura kAmadeva kI lIlAoM kA aMkana Avazyaka samajhA gayA tAki unase mohita ho ve jinAlaya taka pahuMce aura vahAM kucha dera dhArmika pravacana sunakara sanmArga kI ora agrasita ho skeN| yahI lakSya hogA praNaya lIlAoM ko nivRtti pradhAna jaina dharma meM apanAne kaa| kintu isake duSpariNAma bhI hue| sabhI dharmoM meM isakI atizayatA se uddezya viphala ho gyaa| jaina zilpa ke vaibhava kI utkRSTatA dilavAr3A mandira samUha meM avalokanIya hai| yahAM takSaNa meM zilpa kA itanA prAdhAnya hai ki mandira sthApatya zilpa zAstra kA namUnA bana gayA hai| saMgamaramara kA pracura prayoga prathama bAra 11vIM zatI meM yahIM huaa| bAhara se mandira jitane sAde lagate haiM andara se utane hI alaMkRta / gumbada kA takSaNa vizeSa rUpa se darzanIya hai| kintu takSaNa kI atizayatA vAstu para hAvI ho gaI hai aura rUpAkRtiyoM kI nirantaratA aura eka rUpatA kucha samaya meM netroM ko khaTakane lagatI hai| "ati sarvatra varjayet" kA ullaMghana zreSThi vimala zAha ne 11vIM zatI meM kiyA aura isakI punarAvRtti 13vIM zatI meM tejapAla aura vastupAla ne kii| yadi ina kucha truTiyoM ko upekSita kara diyA jAya to dilavAr3A ke jaina mandira vAstava meM zilpa kI parAkASThA ke dyotaka haiN| jina mUrtiyAM to sAdhanArata bhAva meM baiThI dhyAnastha athavA khar3I kAyotsarga hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 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________________ rUpa meM banAI jAtI thiiN| vastra aura alaMkAroM kI yahAM upekSA thI ata: kalAkAra ko pradhAna devoM ke pradarzana meM apane zilpa camatkAra kA avasara nahIM milatA thaa| isa abhAva kI pUrti vAstu alaMkaraNa tathA avAntara devoM kI sajjA vidhA se kii| unhIM zailIgata bheda se kAla nirdhAraNa meM sahAyatA milatI hai| prastara mUrtiyoM ke atirikta jaina mata kI dhAtu mUrtiyAM bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM milI haiM jo kalA sauSThava ke sAtha purAtAtvika mahatva kI bhI haiN| gujarAta meM akoTA aura bihAra meM causA nAmaka sthala se milI mUrtiyAM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| inakA samaya gupta kAla cauthI se chaTI zatI I0 kA hai yadyapi kucha vidvAn inheM pUrvavartI bhI mAnate haiN| akoTA ke dhAtu zilpI ko tIrthaMkara kI mUrti ko vastrAbhUSaNa se sajjita karane kI yukti suujhii| phalata: use jIvanta svAmI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| vardhamAna mahAvIra yahAM rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM pradarzita kie ge| __ jaina kalA ke purAsAkSya bhArata meM to yatra tatra pracura mAtrA meM haiM hI vizva ke aneka saMgrahAlayoM va kalAvIthiyoM kI bhI zobhA vRddhi kara rahe haiN| ina sabhI kA sacitra abhilekhIkaraNa yathA zIghra apekSita hai tAki vidvAnoM va zodhakartAoM ko apane adhyayana va anuzIlana ke lie upalabdha rahe sAtha hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa meM jaina kalA kA samucita mUlyAMkana ho ske| -nidezaka - bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 104