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________________ jaina dharma meM vrata DaoN. e. bI. zivAjI vizva meM aisA koI dharma nahIM hai jisa ne vrata kI AvazyakatA aura usake mahatva ko pratipAdita nahIM kiyA ho| isa lekha meM hama apane Apa ko "jaina dharma meM vrata" taka hI sImita rakheMge kyoMki jisa sUkSmatA se jaina meM dharma vratoM kA anveSaNa kiyA gayA aura vistArita kiyA gayA vaisA anya dharmoM ke vidvAna nahIM kara sake haiN| jaina dharma meM vratoM ke itihAsa para dRSTi DAlane se jJAta hotA hai ki "Arambha meM vratoM kI saMkhyA bahuta thor3I thii| Adi purANa meM kevala dazalakSaNa, ratnatraya, SoDaza kAraNa, aura aSTAnhikA vratoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| adhikAMza vratoM kI kalpanA aura racanA bhaTTArakoM dvArA caudahavIM aura solahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca huI jo kAmyavratoM kI zreNI meM Ate haiM / 1 jainAgama meM vrata kI paribhASA nimna rUpa se batAI gaI hai . saMkalpa pUrvakaH sevyo niyamo'zubha karmazAH / nivRtivI vrataM syAdvA pravRti zubha karma // arthAt sevana karane yogya viSayoM meM saMkalpa pUrva niyama karanA athavA hiMsAdi azubha karmoM se saMkalpa pUrvaka virakta honA athavA pAtradAnAdika zubha karmoM meM saMkalpa pUrvaka pravRtti karanA vrata hai| devendra muni zAstrI ke anusAra vrata kA artha, kisI kArya ko karane yA na karane kA mAnasika nirNaya batalAte haiN| jise vyavahAra meM saMkalpa kahA jA sakatA hai kintu ve saMkalpa aura vrata meM antara karate haiN| ve likhate haiM -"saMkalpa mAnasika nirNaya hI hai aura nirNaya zubha tathA azubha donoM prakAra ke ho sakate haiM, para vrata sadA zubha hI hotA hai| vaha jIvana ko niyaMtrita karane vAlI svecchA se svIkRta maryAdA hai| samAja, rASTra aura parivAra kI suvyavasthA, surakSA aura sukha zAMti ke lie vrata grahaNa karanA Avazyaka hai| vrata eka prakAra kA AtmAnuzAsana hai jo zarIra, indriya aura mana ko apane anuzAsana meM rakhatA hai / " 2 vrata aura viveka meM gaharA sambandha hai kyoMki vrati kevala vrata hI nahIM letA, pahile vaha viveka ko jagAtA hai, zraddhA aura saMkalpa ko dRr3ha karatA hai, kaThinAiyA~ jhelane kI kSamatA paidA karatA hai / pravAha ke prati kUla calane kA sAhasa lAtA hai phira vaha vrata letA hai|" 3 jaina dharma meM pracalita vrata mahAvIra ne jIvana vrata sAdhanA kA prArUpa prastuta kiyA thaa| isI kAraNa sAdhanA jIvana ko do vargoM meM bAMTate hue unhoMne bAraha vrata btlaaye| ina bAraha vratoM kI tIna zreNiyA~ - 1. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, 1972 2. 3. jaina AcAra siddhAnta aura svarUpa, devendra muni zAstrI pR. 193 / pravacana DAyarI 1956-57, AcArya tulasI (168)
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________________ haiM jo zrAvaka varga ke lie hai| ye vrata, pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura zikSAvrata haiN| vaise paMca mahAvratoM kA guNagAna jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai, jisa meM (1) ahiMsA (2) satya (3) asteya (4) brahmacarya aura (5) aparigraha ginAye jAte haiN| ye pAMcoM vrata zrAvaka aura zramaNa donoM ke lie haiM, antara kevala itanA hI hai ki zramaNa jIvana meM unakA pAlana pUrNa rUpa se karatA hai aura gRhastha unakA pAlana AMzika rUpa se karatA hai| 4 aNuvrata ke antargata ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kA hI samAveza hai kintu zrAvaka apanI-apanI kSamatA evaM sthiti ke anusAra usakA pAlana karate haiN| guNavrata ke antargata dizAvrata, upabhoga, paribhoga parimANa vrata evaM anarthadaNDa kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| zikSAvrata ke antargata sAmAyika, daizAvakAzika, pauSadhopavAsa evaM atithi saMvibhAga bheda kiye gaye ahiMsA vrata ahiMsA kA pUrA AcaraNa mahAvrata kahalAtA hai aura AMzika rUpa se pAlana karanA aNuvrata kahA jAtA hai| prazna vyAkaraNa vRti ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki jahA~ ahiMsA ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai vahA~ dayA, dAna, sevA abhaya Adi kA ullekha bhI ahiMsA ke antargata hI hai| dazavaikAlika 1/1 kA udAharaNa dete hue baladeva upAdhyAya apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya darzana' meM likhite haiM "isa prakAra mana, vacana aura karma se kisI bhI prANI ko kSati na pahuMcAnA saba para samAna bhAva se dayA karanA, abhaya dAna denA, prANimAtra kI sevA karanA ahiMsA ke rUpa haiN| ahiMsA vrata ke rUpa meM " zramaNa ko ", DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA kathana hai, "sarvaprathama sva aura para kI hiMsA se virata honA hai' kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi dUSita manovRttiyoM ke dvArA AtmA ke svaguNoM kA vinAza karanA sva hiMsA hai| dUsare prANiyoM ko pIr3A evaM hAni pahuMcAnA para hiMsA hai / dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu jagata meM jitane bhI prANI haiM unakI hiMsA jAnakara athavA anajAna meM na kareM, na karAveM aura na hiMsA karane vAle kA anumodana hI kreN|" kintu eka sAMsArika vyakti athavA gRhastha ke lie jIvana nirvAha hetu hiMsA se bacanA asambhava hai isa kAraNa gRhastha ke lie pA~ca ahiMsA aNuvrata batAye gaye haiM (ka) Arambhika hiMsA - bhojana banAne, Aga jalAne, gamana karane Adi Arambhika kAryoM meM bahuta se choTe-choTe jIvoM kI hiMsA ho jAtI hai jisa se sarvathA bacanA gRhastha ke lie asambhava hai| (kha) audyogika hiMsA - kRSi Adi vyavasAyoM meM bahuta se choTe-choTe jIvoM kI rakSA karanA asambhava hai| ataH aisI hiMsA yadi hotI hai to gRhastha ke lie kSamya hai| (ga) virodhI hiMsA manuSya ko apanI, apane parivAra ke sadasyoM, samAja va rASTra kI rakSA DAkU, luTere, asAmAjika prANiyoM se karanI par3atI hai| aisI dazA meM manuSya ko apanI Atma zakti ke 5. - 4. jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 331 bhAratIya darzana- baladeva upAdhyAya pR. 65-66 / dazavaikAlika sUtra 6 / 10; jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 332 / 6. - (169
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________________ dvArA apanI evaM AzritoM kI rakSA prANa dekara bhI karanA anucita nahIM hai| vaha ahiMsA aNuvrata kA pAlana hI kahalAyegA kyoMki usa kI bhAvanA hiMsA karane kI nahIM hai| bhaya se bhAganA bhI ucita nahIM hiMsA Adi azubha bhAvanA se azubha karmoM kA baMdhana hotA hai| bhAvanA rahita, zuddha, vItarAga avasthA meM kisI karma kA bandhana nahIM hotA hai| (gha) saMkalpI hiMsA manuSya jaba vicAra, saMkalpa dvArA yA pramAda vaza kisI prANI kA jIvana naSTa karatA hai, athavA svAda yA zauka ke lie kisI pazu ko mAra kara bhojana ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai athavA jo vastu pazu pakSI ke mAre jAne se banatI hai, use saMkalpI hiMsA ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai / jahA~ taka ho sake manuSya ko saMkalpI hiMsA bhI bacanA cAhiye / satyavrata - mahAvIra svAmI ne satya ko bhagavAna ke rUpa meM mAnA hai (taM saccaM khu bhagavaM) jaina dharma evaM darzana ke anusAra pArasanAtha dvivedI apanI pustaka bhAratIya darzana meM satya kI vyAkhyA nimna rUpa se karate haiM - " satya kA artha hai asatya ( mithyA) kA sarvathA parityAga arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se mithyA AcaraNa kA sarvathA parityAga karanA 'satya' hai| satya vaha mahAvrata hai jisase hamAre jIvana meM eka mAdhurya utpanna hotA hai, navIna sphUrti evaM preraNA utpanna hotI hai, eka nayA prakAza milatA hai| satya ke vividha rUpa haiN| kSamA, nirAbhimAnatA, vinamratA, udAratA, sevA Adi sabhI satya ke rUpa haiN| rAga-dveSa, krodha, lobha, moha Adi ke vaza meM hokara kabhI mithyA AcaraNa kara baiThatA hai, ataH unakA sarvathA parityAga karanA cAhie / isa prakAra manasA, vAcA, karmaNA saba prakAra se mithyA AcaraNa kA parityAga karanA 'satya' hai| 8 cAhiye ratana lAla jaina satya kA vizleSaNa nimna rUpa se karate haiM "apane Arthika Adi lAbha ke lie dUsaroM ko dhokhA denA yA isa prakAra kahanA, saMketa karanA yA cupa rahanA jisase dUsare manuSyoM ko bhrama ho jAya yA ve anyathA prakAra samajha jAyaM asatya AcaraNa hai| yadi satya kaha dene se koI bar3A anartha hotA hai to aisA satya bhASaNa bhI ucita nahIM hai| yadi kisI satya bAta ke kaha dene se, kisI ke ghara kalaha tathA Apasa meM mAra-pITa hone kI AzaMkA ho to aisI bAta ko kahanA kabhI bhI ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI prakAra yadi koI cora, DAkU yA anya vyakti kisI ke dhana apaharaNa karane hetu, usa vyakti ke ghara kA bheda lenA cAhe aura apane duSya abhiprAya ko chipAkara mIThI-mIThI bAta banAye, to aisI avasthA meM usase satya kahanA kabhI bhI ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aise avasaroM para mauna dhAraNa karanA hI upayukta hai| dUsare manuSyoM ke gaurava kama karane yA apayaza phailAne ke hetu unake gupta doSoM ko pragaTa karanA yA anya prakAra kI burAI karanA anucita hai| satya vratI ke lie ucita hai ki vaha sadA satya kI khoja kare, pratyeka bAta para niSpakSa buddhi se vicAra evaM manana kare, satya ke lie bar3e se bar3A tyAga karane ke lie tatpara rahe, jo satya pratIta ho usa ko aMgIkAra kare, jo vicAra dhAraNAyeM asatya mAlUma ho, unako tyAga de / 9 7. .8. 9. Atma rahasya- ratanalAla jaina pR. 149 / bhAratIya darzana, pArasanAtha dvivedI, pR. 65-66 / AtmA rahasya- ratanalAla jaina, pR. 150 - 151 / (170)
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________________ lie dU AcArAMga sUtra 1/3/2, 1/3/3 meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki satya meM mana kI sthitaratA karo, jo satya kA varaNa karatA hai vaha buddhimAna pApa karmoM kA kSaya kara detA hai| satya kI AjJA meM vicaraNa karane vAlA sAdhana isa saMsAra se pAra ho jAtA hai| satya mahAvrata ke antargata pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai jinakA pAlana karanA cAhie - ( 1 ) vicAra pUrvaka bolanA cAhie, (2) krodha kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, (3) lobha kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, (4) bhaya kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, aura (5) hAsya kA tyAga karake bolanA caahie| 10 asteyavrata - svArtha vaza anya vyaktiyoM ke dhana Adi padArthoM kA binA anumati ke le lenA steya athavA caurya ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| isakA sarvathA parityAga karanA asteya kahalAtA hai| caurya ko eka prakAra kI hiMsA hI mAnI gaI hai| prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AdattAdAna (corI) saMtApa, maraNa evaM bhaya rUpI pAtakoM kA janaka hai| dUsare ke dhana ke prati lobha utpanna karatA hai| corI karanA apayaza kA kAraNa hotA hai| Atma rahasya pustaka meM likhA gayA hai, "yadi koI sampatti yA vastu supurda kI jAeM usa vastu ko har3apa kara lenA yA thor3A denA bhI corI meM sammilita hai| corI kiye hue bhUSaNa Adi vastuoM ko thor3e se mUlya meM le lenA bhI corI hI hai| dUsare manuSyoM ko corI karane kI preraNA karanA, uttejanA denA, corI DAke Adi kAryoM kI prazaMsA karanA sarvathA anucita hai| dUsare vyakti kI vastuoM ko dabAva DAlakara, dhokhA dekara yA bahalAkara le lenA bhI isa acauryavrata ke viruddha hai| kisI anya vyakti kI ajJAnatA, durvyavasthA yA mUrkhatA se lAbha uThAkara usa kI bahumUlya vastu ko kama mUlya dekara le leneM se bhI isa vrata dUSaNa AtA hai| anucita lAbha uThAne ke lie cuMgI se bacane ke hetu chipAkara vastu ko nagara meM lAnA, cuMgI ke aphasaroM ko banAvaTI bIjaka dikhAkara kama cuMgI denA, banAvaTI bahI khAtA dikhalAkara inakama Taiksa adhikArI se kama niyata inakamaTaiksa niyata karAnA rela meM binA TikiTa calanA yA nIce zreNI kA TikaTa lekara UMcI zreNI ke Dibbe meM baiTha kara jAnA, bar3hiyA zreNI kI vastu meM ghaTiyA zreNI kI vastu milA denA, choTe gaja se nApa denA, tola meM kama de denA Adi bAteM caurya karma meM sammilita hai| " 11 jaina dharma-darzana meM steya ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA (1) dravya kSetra (3) kAla (4) bhAva / dravya meM sajIva nirjiva vastuoM ko rakhA gayA hai| kSetra meM gRha, bhUmi, khetI Adi ko ginAyA jAtA hai / kAla meM vetana, RNa Adi meM kamI-bezI karane kI bAtoM ko liyA jAtA hai aura bhAva meM kisI lekhaka kI racanA, cAheM vaha kavitA, lekha athavA nibandha ho, curAne ko liyA jAtA hai| isa kAraNa steyavrata kA prAvadhAna samAja evaM vyakti donoM ke lie lAbhaprada hai / brahmacaryavrata - jIvana meM brahmacarya kA bahuta adhika mahatva hai / pA~coM mahAvratoM meM brahmacarya jIvana meM eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatA hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki brahmacarya vrata bhaMga ho jAne para sabhI vrata tatkAla bhaMga ho jAte haiN| prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki brahmacarya vrata bhaMga hone se sabhI vrata niyama, zIla, tapa, guNa Adi dahI ke samAna mathita ho jAte haiM, cUra-cUra ho jAte haiM, unakA vinAza ho jAtA hai| 12 prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra ke AdhAra para hI DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM - "brahmacarya uttama tapa niyama, jJAna, 10. jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 334 | 11. Atma rahasya- ratanalAla jaina, pR. 151 - 152 / 12. prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra, 9 (171).
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________________ darzana, cAritra, samyakatva tathA vinaya kA mUla hai| brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se manuSya kA antaHkaraNa, prazasta gambhIra aura sthira ho jAtA hai|" 13 ataH mana, vacana aura karma se samasta iMdriyoM para saMyama karanA evaM sabhI prakAra kI vAsanAoM evaM kAmanAoM kA parityAga karanA brahmacarya vidhAna ke antargata dekhA jAtA hai, brahmacarya vrata ke pAlana kA sabase sundara vizleSaNa ratanalAla jaina ne kiyA hai jo nimna prakAra se hai - " saba se uttama bAta yaha hai ki manuSya pUrNa brahmacArI rahe, kisI strI ke sAtha kAma sevana na kareM, na kAma vAsanA ko hRdaya meM sthAna de, apane mana para niyantraNa rakheM, pUrva brahmacArI honA sAdhAraNa gRhastha ke lie kaThina hai, isalie gRhastha ke lie ucita hai ki vaha apanI kAma vAsanA ko apanI vivAhitA strI ke atirikta anya kisI strI se cAhe vaha vivAhita ho yA avivAhitA, gRhasthina ho yA vezyA, kAma sevana na kreN| strI yA lar3akoM ke sAtha anaMga-krIr3A karanA vyabhicAra se bhI adhika nindya evaM dUSita hai| para strI ke sAtha azlIla hAsya karanA, manorama aMga dekhanA, ramane kI vAsanA hRdaya lAnA, Asakta honA Adi brahamacarya vrata ke viruddha hai| apanI vivAhitA strI ke bhoga vilAsa meM rata rahanA bhI kabhI ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isalie mumukSu jIva kA kartavya hai ki kAma vAsanA ko vaza kreN| jahA~ taka saMbhava ho sake, utanA kama apanI dharma patnI ke sAtha saMbhoga kreN| zreSTha to yaha hai ki kevala saMtAna utpattita ke hetu, mAsika dharma ke pazcAt apanI dharma patnI ke sAtha saMbhoga kreN| brahmacarya vratI ke lie upayukta hai ki vaha apanI Atmika zakti evaM paristhiti para bhalI bhAMti vicAra karake apane jIvana paryanta yA kiMcita kAla ke lie, apanI strI ke sAtha bhI bhoga karane ke niyama banA le| ina niyamoM se usako brahmacarya vrata pAlane meM bar3I sahAyatA milegI / " " " 14 aparigraha vrata jaina dharma meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki ahiMsA kI AdhAra zilA aparigraha hai| aparigraha kI sAdhanA ke binA ahiMsA Tika nahIM sakatI / 15 hameM yahA~ eka bAta kA smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bAta vastuoM ko chor3ane kI nahIM hai kintu vastuoM se alipta rahane kI hai| dazavaikAlika 6/21 meM mAnA gayA hai ki Antarika mUcchi bhAva yA Asakti hI parigraha hai / tatvArthasUtra bhI yahI kahA gayA hai| ataH aparigrahavrata lenA vyakti evaM samajA donoM ke lie lAbhaprada hai| vizva meM varga bheda, viSamatA, zoSaNa evaM saMgharSa-parigraha ke kAraNa hI utpanna hote haiN| ataH parigraha karmoM ke bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| aparigraha ke do pakSa haiM : Atmagata aura samAjagata | aparigraha vratI isa vrata se Atma sAdhanA kI ora to bar3hatA hI hai, sAtha-sAtha samAja kA upakAra bhI karatA hai| apane Apa kI zuddhi tathA upalabdha Aya kA vaha sImAdhikaraNa evaM visarjana karatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha loka aura paraloka kartavyoM meM apanI bhAgIdArI kA vahana ImAnadArI se karatA hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM - " jaina AgamoM meM parigraha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai, (1) bAhya parigraha aura (2) Amyantarika parigraha / bAhya parigraha meM ina vastuoM kA samAveza hotA hai - (1) kSetra (khulI bhUmi), (2) vastu (bhavana), (3) hiraNya (rajata), (4) svarNa, (5) dhana (sampatti), (6) dhAnya, (7) dvipada 13. jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 336 / 14. Atma rahasya- ratanalAla jaina, pR. 152 / 15. tIrthakara - zrI vidyAnanda vizeSAMka, pR. 133 /
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________________ (dAsa-dAsI), (8) catuSpada (pazu Adi) aura (9) kupya (gharagRhasthI kA saamaan)| jaina zramaNa ukta saba parigrahoM kA parityAga karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM use caudaha prakAra ke Abhyantarika parigraha kA bhI tyAga karanA hotA hai jaise 1. mithyAtva, 2. hAsya, 3. rati, 4. arati, 5. bhaya, 6. zoka, 7. jugupsA, 8. strIveda, 9. puruSaveda, 10. napusaMkaveda, 11. krodha, 12. mAna, 13. mAyA aura 14. lobha" uparyukta rUpa se hamane dekhA ki kisa prakAra zramaNa evaM zrAvaka ke lie vratoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| hamane guNavrata aura zikSAvrata kA bhI ullekha kiyA thA jina kA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| isa lekha ke dvArA merA nivedana jaina dharma ke samasta anuyAyiyoM se, cAhe ve zramaNa ho athavA zrAvaka, hai ki vartamAna meM vizva meM vyApta viSamattAoM se bacane evaM bacAne kA eka hI sAdhana hai aura vaha hai vrt| ataH isakA pracAra evaM prasAra karane kI aura sAtha hI sAtha jIvana meM utArane kI AvazyakatA hai jo jaina samAja meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotI hai| kyA maiM masIhI dharma kA anuyAyI hote hue AzA karUM ki jaina dharma ke anuyAyI evaM upadezaka anya dharmoM ke sammukha vratoM kA pAlana kA udAharaNa peza kareMge yA ye bAteM kevala dhArmika graMthoM taka hI sImita rahegI yA kevala jIvhA ke AbhUSaNa banegeM? ArAdhanA 27 ravIndra nagara, ujjaina apane lie to sabhI jite haiM para dUsaroM ke lie jItA haiM vahI mahAna haiN| AtyIyatA kI isa bhAvanA ke vikAsa kA bhI eka krama hotA haiN| kucha vyakti aise hote haiM jo sirpha apane lie hI svArtha tathA apane hI zArIrika sukha kA dhyAna rakhate haiN| kucha aise hote haiM jo apane parivAra va sage-sambandhiyoM kI hita ciMtA meM lIna rahate haiN| unase jo ucca hote haiM ve apane deza kI kamAI va sukhaH samRddhi kA prayatna karate haiM kintu jinakA hRdaya unase bhI adhika nizAe hotA haiM, ve vizva ke pratyeka prANI ke sukha ko apanA sukha tathA duHkha ko apanA duHkha samajhate haiN| * yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni &MA